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Displaying results 17011 - 17040 of 17518 in total
Conference Session
Cooperative & Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hans J. Thomas P.E., U.S. Military Academy; Michael Nowatkowski, U.S. Military Academy; Brodie K. Hoyer, U.S. Military Academy; Michael J. Benson, U.S. Military Academy; Bruce Floersheim, U.S. Military Academy; Luksa Luznik, United States Naval Academy; Wesley Anderson, U.S. Air Force Academy; Steven J. Condly, United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
Paper ID #9282Optimizing Summer ExternshipsMajor Hans J. Thomas P.E., U.S. Military Academy Hans Thomas is a Major in the US Army, and is currently an Instructor in the Civil & Mechanical Engi- neering Department at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. He has his Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering from the United States Military Academy (2002), his Master of Science in Engineering Management from Missouri Science & Technology (2008) and his Master of Sci- ence in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the University of Washington (2012). His teaching focus is thermodynamics, fluid
Conference Session
Miscellaneous Topics in Energy Education
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chris Foreman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Karina Clarissa Halim, Purdue University; Rajeswari Sundararajan, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
Paper ID #8771The Future of CoalDr. Chris Foreman, Purdue University, West Lafayette Chris Foreman (Ph.D. Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville, 2008) is a Senior Member of IEEE, the Power and Energy Society, and holds both B.S. (1990) and M.Eng. (1996) degrees in Electrical Engineering, also from the University of Louisville. He is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology at Purdue University. He teaches and performs research in renewable energy systems, smart power grids, industrial control systems, and cyber- security. He has over 15 years of
Conference Session
California on the Move: A Robust Array of Student Success Initiatives
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sharnnia Artis, University of California, Berkeley; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Two Year College Division
improve the self-efficacy of community college students as it relates to research andwhether this has an impact on their long-term career plans to pursue a STEM career.Transfer-to-Excellence Research Experiences for Undergraduates ProgramIn 2011, the University of California, Berkeley developed the Transfer-to-Excellence ResearchExperiences for Undergraduates program (TTE REU), a summer research program forcommunity college students that is catalyzed by early hands-on involvement in research projectsthat apply nanotechnology and biotechnology to address energy problems in a high caliberresearch environment. The program objectives are to: 1) provide challenging science andengineering research projects in leading edge research laboratories; 2
Conference Session
Design Teamwork
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Junichi Kanai, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Mark Anderson, Rensselaer
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
the other hand,laboratory courses and engineering design courses are often used to teach communication andteamwork skills 1. Typical communication skills include, but are not limited to, maintaininglab/design notebooks, writing technical reports, and oral presentations. A project-based coursemay also include writing a proposal.On-line collaboration tools, also known as groupware, are widely used in many organizations toimprove their productivity and the quality of their products. Currently, Wikipedia includes over95 software tools 2. Types of collaboration tools include bulletin (discussion) boards for threadeddiscussions, public folders for sharing documents, and version control systems for concurrentediting software source codes or CAD
Conference Session
Best of Computer in Education Division
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Virginia Tech; Christopher B. Williams, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
Paper ID #6979Student Attention in Unstructured-Use, Computer-Infused ClassroomsMahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Virginia Tech Jean Mohammadi-Aragh is a Ph.D. candidate and dean’s teaching fellow in Virginia Tech’s Engineer- ing Education Department. Prior to joining the Engineering Education Department, Mohammadi-Aragh earned her B.S. in 2002 and her M.S. in 2004 in Computer Engineering at Mississippi State University. Mohammadi-Aragh was a scientific visualization and virtual reality researcher for the Geosystems Re- search Institute, and outreach coordinator for Mississippi State’s Electrical and Computer Engineering
Conference Session
Community Engagement Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ella Willard-Schmoe, University of Massachusetts Lowell; John J. Duffy, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Emmanuelle Reynaud, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
professors “felt the students were able to demonstrate adeeper understanding for the subject areas than in earlier versions of these courses.”4 Thestudents, while agreeing that their learning was enhanced by the service aspect of their projects,were unsure about the net benefit of participating. Biology students were concerned thatperformance in traditional laboratory courses would be weighed more carefully thanparticipation in S-L courses by graduate schools and employers, and many students worried thatthe perception of a lack of scientific rigor would reflect poorly on them. A barrier to faculty’simplementation of S-L was a resistance to the idea of reflection as a learning or evaluation tool,in spite of its integral nature in the effective
Conference Session
Using Student Competitions to Enhance Learning
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven D Hart, U.S. Military Academy; Johnette C. Shockley, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center; Leah R Ellis, University of Nebraska, Peter Kiewit Institute; Berndt Spittka P.E., Unitee States Military Academy- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Partnership and the American Society of Civil Engineers including services on the Committee on Critical Infrastructure as well as the American Society of Engineering Education.Johnette C. Shockley, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center Johnnie Shockley is a Civil Engineer/Technology Transfer Officer with the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Office of Technology Transfer out of the ERDC’s executive office located in Ft. Belvoir, Va. Johnnie currently works virtually as the Office of Research and Technology Applications (ORTA) for the ERDC Cold Regions Research Laboratory in Hanover, NH., and the Topographic Engineering Center, Research
Conference Session
MECH - Technical Session 6: Curriculum Development and Pedagogical Strategies
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dave Kim, Washington State University, Vancouver; Lurana Crowley, Washington State University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)
Paper ID #41343Supporting First-year Students in an Introductory Mechanical EngineeringCourse to Succeed in StaticsDr. Dave Kim, Washington State University, Vancouver Dr. Dave Kim is Professor and Mechanical Engineering Program Coordinator in the School of Engineering and Computer Science at Washington State University Vancouver. His teaching and research have been in the areas of engineering materials, fracture mechanics, and manufacturing processes. In particular, he has been very active in pedagogical research in the area of writing pedagogy in engineering laboratory courses. Dr. Kim and his collaborators attracted
Conference Session
Problem- and Project-based Learning in Engineering Mechanics
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ardakani, Ohio Northern University; Josh Wiseman, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics Division (MECHS)
Teaching Award.Josh Wiseman, Ohio Northern University ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Testing an EML Activity in StaticsAbstractEquilibrium of a rigid body in 3D is one of the most important, yet challenging topics forengineering students in Statics. It includes knowing supports and free-body diagrams (FBD) in3D, having the ability to visualize vectors in 3D, and understanding moments in 3D. Theconcepts of moment and FBD in 3D are widely used from bridge design in civil engineering toanalyzing the aerodynamic forces on plane wings in aerospace engineering. To help studentsunderstand the concepts and connect to a real-world scenario, an intuitively designed, hands
Conference Session
Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON) Technical Session 1 - Sustainability & Environmental Justice
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alexa Rihana Abdallah, University of Detroit, Mercy; Katherine C. Lanigan, University of Detroit, Mercy
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering Division (ENVIRON)
approach in an undergraduate engineering mechanics course," in 2021 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 2021: IEEE, pp. 1-5.[6] P. Buckley and E. Fahrenkrug, "The Flint, Michigan water crisis as a case study to introduce concepts of equity and power into an analytical chemistry curriculum," Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 97, no. 5, pp. 1327-1335, 2020.[7] G. A. Lasker, K. E. Mellor, M. L. Mullins, S. M. Nesmith, and N. J. Simcox, "Social and environmental justice in the chemistry classroom," Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 94, no. 8, pp. 983-987, 2017.[8] A. Miller and A. Gift, "Community awareness and service learning in Analytical Chemistry laboratories," Journal of Chemical
Conference Session
Continuing Professional Development Division (CPD) Technical Session 1
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University; Dirk Joel-Luchini Colbry, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Continuing, Professional, and Online Education Division (CPOED)
RicoMayaguez, University of Tennessee, University of Wisconsin); research facilities (NCSA, NCAR,Jackson Laboratory); and as part of outreach activities like the Mississippi Coding Academy. TheCyberAmbassadors materials were also adopted as the core curriculum of the professional developmentprogram of Tau Beta Pi (TBP), the Engineering Honor Society. This partnership with TBP was part of thesustainability plan for the CyberAmbassadors pilot; as a non-profit TBP is committed to hosting the open-source CyberAmbassadors curriculum materials and ensuring that they will continue to be freely availableto interested facilitators and participants.Although the pilot project wrapped up in summer 2023, the CyberAmbassadors curriculum continues tobe used
Collection
2017 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Nathan M. Schneider; Mark Janzen; Eylem Asmatulu
solarand wind energies and recycling and reusing of engineering materials.Mark JanzenHe graduated from Cowley County Community College in Spring 2012 with an Associate ofArts Degree. He is a BS student in Mechanical Engineering at WSU. He is expecting to join thegraduate school for his further studies in renewable energy and other related technologies.Dr. Eylem AsmatuluDr. Asmatulu is currently an Engineering Educator in the Department of MechanicalEngineering at WSU and actively involving in teaching, research, and scholarship activities inthe same department. She received her PhD degree from the Department of Industrial andManufacturing Engineering at WSU in May 2013, which was mainly focused on the “Life CycleAnalysis of the Advanced Materials
Collection
2008 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Roy T.R. McGrann
) Demonstrate the integration of the elements of modeling and analysis in a CAE design project, and (VI) Prepare a complete design project report. 3The course is structured as two one-hour lectures each week and one 2½-hour computer lab. Thematerial presented in each of the two “lecture” sessions each week is distinct. One session consists ofpresentations of design methodology, engineering graphics fundamentals, kinematic and force analysisof mechanisms, and FEA. The other session consists of Pro/Engineer (Pro/E) training. The trainingsessions and the laboratory assignments are complementary. These training session lectures have beenrecorded for student self-study.Three projects are the
Conference Session
International Division (INTL) Technical Session #3: Student Perspectives
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Manuel José Alejandro Baquero-Sierra, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Cristián Eduardo Vargas-Ordóñez, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Jacqueline E McDermott; Stephen Mark McBride, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
International Division (INTL)
University. His research interests include arts and engineering integration for epistemic justice and multicultural engineering edu- cation. He has experience in teaching and designing curricula for various educational programs, including o˜ first-year engineering and underrepresented pre-college students. Vargas-Ord´ nez also has engineering experience in fields such as environmental control and operations management. He has published several papers on topics such as academic identity construction and transdisciplinary STEAM education.Dr. Jacqueline E McDermott Dr. Jackie McDermott joined Purdue University in August 2018. Jackie completed her
Collection
2013 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Scott A. Sinex
, spreadsheet simulations, random and systematic errors Proceedings of the Spring 2013 Mid-Atlantic Section Conference of the American Society of Engineering Education 223Introduction:Getting students to deal with measurement error is not a trivial task, but is the hallmark of a goodscientist and engineer. So many K-16 laboratory activities tend to explore a single dependentvariable as the independent variable in changed. Then students address the question: “Whaterrors influence your results?” This is an important question to address; however, novicelearners need to investigate error not have it thrown in as an after
Collection
2006 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
William E. Kelly; Theodore A. Bickart; Richard J. Forselius
built on the ABET requirement for engineering programs and NSS objective 11.The United States Standards Strategy (USSS) was recently released and it calls for expanded and strengthened efforts to assistuniversity and college programs in their efforts to educate students on standards and conformity assessment [3]. The USSS isessentially an update of the NSS.The ANSI CoE has been assisted in its work by a number of US standards developers including ASTM International (ASTM) , theAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Underwriters Laboratories (UL) and others. This effort has also had broad participation andsupport from federal
Collection
2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
David Lanning
failure to pass the prerequisite skillsexam can be a useful indicator for at-risk students.IntroductionThe Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering undergraduate degree programs at Embry-RiddleAeronautical University (ERAU) in Prescott, Arizona, are somewhat traditional four-yearundergraduate engineering degree programs. The Prescott campus of ERAU may be categorizedas a “teaching institution,” where the engineering faculty place emphasis on instructor-studentinteraction, design experiences, and hands-on laboratory learning.Student retention is receiving increasing interest at Embry-Riddle, especially in recent monthswith the troubled economy. This is not a unique position for a small, private, tuition-drivenuniversity such as Embry-Riddle. Many such
Collection
2008 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Roy T.R. McGrann
) Demonstrate the integration of the elements of modeling and analysis in a CAE design project, and (VI) Prepare a complete design project report. 3The course is structured as two one-hour lectures each week and one 2½-hour computer lab. Thematerial presented in each of the two “lecture” sessions each week is distinct. One session consists ofpresentations of design methodology, engineering graphics fundamentals, kinematic and force analysisof mechanisms, and FEA. The other session consists of Pro/Engineer (Pro/E) training. The trainingsessions and the laboratory assignments are complementary. These training session lectures have beenrecorded for student self-study.Three projects are the
Collection
2008 Northeast Section Meeting
Authors
Roy T.R. McGrann
) Demonstrate the integration of the elements of modeling and analysis in a CAE design project, and (VI) Prepare a complete design project report. 3The course is structured as two one-hour lectures each week and one 2½-hour computer lab. Thematerial presented in each of the two “lecture” sessions each week is distinct. One session consists ofpresentations of design methodology, engineering graphics fundamentals, kinematic and force analysisof mechanisms, and FEA. The other session consists of Pro/Engineer (Pro/E) training. The trainingsessions and the laboratory assignments are complementary. These training session lectures have beenrecorded for student self-study.Three projects are the
Collection
2014 ASEE Zone 1 Conference
Authors
Carolyn Jean Sher-DeCusatis; Casimer DeCusatis
programs.reports on the transformative power of early curriculumredesign efforts in this field [10]. As part of this Fall Semester 2012 student enrollment was 16,208, oftransformation, the gap between teaching methods and whom 35% attended part-time. Approximately 31.5% ofpractitioner’s skills can be addressed, at least in part, through students self-identified as Black (non-Hispanic), 33.8% asindustry and academic partnerships [11], which have been Hispanic, 20 % as Asian/Pacific Islander, 11.3% as White,shown to help foster interdisciplinary education. We have 0.6% as Native American, and 2.8% as Other. Sixty-onefound that this approach can also be beneficial to a percent (61
Conference Session
Professional Papers
Collection
2025 ASEE Southeast Conference
Authors
Montana Jane Lang, Mississippi State; Taylor Cagle, Mississippi State University; Isaac L. Howard P.E., Mississippi State University
Tagged Topics
Professional Papers
perspectives. The review also found studentssometimes failed to see the relevance of producing videos. The existence of this review led theauthors of this paper to lessen emphasis on literature that was older than about seven years.Within the past seven years (i.e. after the review documented in [10]), videos were successfullyused during the COVID-19 pandemic. Two examples are [11] and [12]. Therein, implementationof video modules into classrooms has shown students responded favorably and were engaging andcomprehensive as they aided course content understanding. Also, these references showed videoassignments being effectively implemented into laboratories. During this same time frame, [13]showed videos were helpful for peer learning.Based on the
Collection
2015 ASEE Zone 3 Conference
Authors
Timothy Burg; Pamela Mack; Ian Walker; Richard Groff
used at Clemson University and that we will usethroughout this proposal), it refers to the attempt to motivate students to be inquisitive about the 1 © American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 2015 ASEE Zone III Conference (Gulf Southwest – Midwest – North Midwest Sections)broader implications of science and technology and give them tools to analyze the potential prosand cons of emerging ideas. The need for such learning is widely recognized; however, theapproach to teach the tools and the means to evaluate the level of competency is still evolving.In spite of
Conference Session
Track 5: Technical Session 1: Evaluating the five pillars of a Summer Bridge Program and their influence on participants' intentions to complete an engineering degree
Collection
2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Lorena Benavides-Riano, Mississippi State University; Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Mississippi State University
Tagged Topics
2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity
State University. Through her interdependent roles in research, teaching, and service, Jean is actively breaking down academic and social barriers to foster an environment where diverse and creative people are successful in the pursuit of engineering and computing degrees. Jean’s efforts have been recognized with numerous awards including the National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development award, the American Society for Engineering Education John A. Curtis Lecturer award, and the Bagley College of Engineering Service award. Jean earned her B.S. and M.S. in computer engineering from Mississippi State University, and her Ph.D. in engineering education from Virginia Tech
Conference Session
Embedded Systems & Cybersecurity for ECE
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
B. Lorena Villarreal, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Jeremy N. Thomas, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Christian Hassard, Digipen Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
parallel with this project-based design course. In the theoreticalcourse, students learn the technical concepts about sensors, actuators and communicationprotocols using an embedded platform and C programming.Since students must make use of the laboratory facilities and fabrication tools (Appendix E), bythe time they have been enrolled in this course, they already have attended some lectures aboutlaboratory safety procedures and standards in previous courses.Course methodology and promoted skillsAs mentioned before, it is important for the students to be already familiarized with electroniccircuits, some tools and programming in such a way that allows them to have the lead in aproject of their own. For this course, sessions are a mix between
Collection
ASEE-NE 2022
Authors
Ahmed Hassebo, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Sharif IM Sheikh, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Wayne Bynoe, Wentworth Institute of Technology
communications, 4G/5G dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithms, Smart grid applications, and IoT mission critical applications.Dr. Sharif IM Sheikh, Wentworth Institute of Technology Dr Sharif Iqbal Sheikh has completed his graduate degrees from University of Manchester (UMIST), UK. During his teaching carrier in Asia, Europe, and North America, he was awarded multiple distin- guished awards related to teaching, advising, use of instructional technology and supervision to student organizations. He also received several research awards including Best antenna paper in an IEE flagship conference. He has 100+ scholarly publications in refereed journals, conferences proceedings and US patents. His current research interest includes
Conference Session
ERM: New Research Methods and Tools
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joseph Mirabelli, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Karin Jensen, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Sara Vohra; Eileen Johnson, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign
worked with Dr. Pablo Perez-Pinera working on new genetic engineering tools. There, she became interested in engineering education after helping develop and teach an online only laboratory class. She currently works as a research associate under Dr. Karin Jensen with a focus on engineering student mental health, retention, and development of resources. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered by www.slayte.com Exploring the Exploratory Factor Analysis: Comparisons and Insights from Applying Five Procedures to Determining EFA Item RetentionIntroductionThis theory paper considers standards in the use
Conference Session
ETD - ET Curriculum and Programs I
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ashis Nandy
reports and discussions on continuous improvement plan, g) development andenhancement of laboratories, facilities, and other student support services through external grants,and institutional support. These initiatives were prioritized in terms of timelines, resourceallocation, and personnel responsibilities as demanded by the program accreditation requirements,and were reviewed periodically. These strategies were found to be extremely useful in securingthe initial full-accreditation by ABET (in August of 2020) within five years of program inception,with the optimized use of limited resources of our small rural institution serving underrepresentedminority (URM; 77%, approximately 72% Hispanics) and academically underprepared students
Conference Session
ERM: Student Professional Development: Professional Skills and Moving Beyond the Classroom
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Olewnik, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Bahar Memarian, University of Toronto
student objectives and characteristics such as learningstyles [16]. Such bold realization, however, requires appropriate training and understanding ofhow assessments and hence teaching and learning change depending on the conceptualframework taken for all individuals involved (e.g., administrators, students).Research StructureStep 1 – Practice: Complementing the pedagogical/philosophical perspectives are the structure(e.g., research question, participants, and their way of participation) that shape the research. Theresearch structure can be considered as the detailed plan of steps taken throughout the research,with the overarching goal of answering a research goal. To study the research question,participants such as students are needed to be
Conference Session
PCEE Session 11: Engineering Outreach / Summer Programs
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maya Denton, University of Texas at Austin; Bryant Chambers; Indu Venu Sabaraya; Navid Saleh, University of Texas at Austin; Mary Kirisits, University of Texas at Austin
questions and interact with the panelists. In the year 3 AP environmental science course, we conducted two engineering modules.Engineering Module 1 (three meetings) focused on water resources engineering and occurred inthe fall. The project team gave two lectures on water resources engineering. Then, in a field tripto the local university, the students delineated a local watershed of their choice using theprofessional engineering software suite Arc GIS© (Esri; Redlands, CA) and took a tour of theenvironmental engineering laboratories. In Engineering Module 2 (nine meetings), whichoccurred in the spring, groups of three to four students were tasked with a semester-long waterfilter design and construction project. The project team gave three
Conference Session
Session 7 - Track 1: Expanding Conversations about Accessibility to Include Faculty
Collection
2023 Collaborative Network for Computing and Engineering Diversity (CoNECD)
Authors
Cali Anicha PhD, North Dakota State University; Cecilia Aragon, University of Washington; Canan Bilen-Green, North Dakota State University; Brianna Blaser, University of Washington; Larry Napoleon Jr., North Dakota State University
Tagged Topics
CoNECD Paper Sessions, Diversity
].STEM academic positions often require substantial needs for laboratory space andinstrumentation, along with startup funding that often comes with timeline constraints, all ofwhich can pose particular challenges when disabilities are not considered in the design andimplementation of the workplaces. Furthermore, despite decades of research that has addressedincreasing diversity among STEM faculty, very little work has addressed accessibility and equityfor disabled faculty. Conference participation poses challenges for some faculty with disabilitiesranging from access to spaces, accessible technology, sign language interpreters, extra travelexpenses, and appropriate food [27]. Further, communication and networking with otherparticipants can be