Conference Session

Innovative Ideas for Energy Labs

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

James Johnson; Donatus Cobbinah; Ahmed Rubaai

junior-and senior-levelundergraduate lecture classes.1 BackgroundIn recent years there have been enormous financial pressures on engineering departmentsstruggling to deliver to increased enrollments, unchanging budgets, and the need to maintaineducational quality. As departments look for ways to cut costs, hands-on instructionallaboratories, typically expensive to develop and maintain, are slowly being replaced withsimulated experiments [1-3]. While simulations are an important component for teachingstudents about general system behavior, they cannot always account for all the details that mustbe considered in designing and analyzing a physical system in an interdisciplinary, team-orientedenvironment. Furthermore, a laboratory curriculum based

Collection

2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Craig J. Gunn, Michigan State University

coming in to sightWhen it feels so rightTakes all my mightTo change my mindLook behindAnd be okayWith what I sayAnd what I doSo close to youBut I feel too trueTo myselfPlease give me helpTo move beyondThe feelings so strongThey eat awayHappiness staysDon’t you leaveNo not againPain happensBack in sightNot black and whiteCan I be okayWith all these shades of greyAnother area that might allow students to branch out from the engineering curriculum is free-hand drawing, a drawing that is executed by hand without guiding instruments, measurements, orother aids. Freehand drawing enables visualization of an idea in the form of a sketch. It is also auniversal language designers use to communicate with other participants of a project. That iswhy freehand

Collection

2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Craig J. Gunn, Michigan State University

coming in to sightWhen it feels so rightTakes all my mightTo change my mindLook behindAnd be okayWith what I sayAnd what I doSo close to youBut I feel too trueTo myselfPlease give me helpTo move beyondThe feelings so strongThey eat awayHappiness staysDon’t you leaveNo not againPain happensBack in sightNot black and whiteCan I be okayWith all these shades of greyAnother area that might allow students to branch out from the engineering curriculum is free-hand drawing, a drawing that is executed by hand without guiding instruments, measurements, orother aids. Freehand drawing enables visualization of an idea in the form of a sketch. It is also auniversal language designers use to communicate with other participants of a project. That iswhy freehand

Conference Session

Been There, Done That: Advice for New Faculty

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

- 5 mA Threshold of sensation 5 - 20 mA Involuntary muscle contraction ("can't-let-go") 20 - 100 mA Pain, breathing difficulties 100 - 300 mA Ventricular fibrillation (changes in heart beat), possible death > 300 mA Respiratory paralysis, burns, unconsciousnessThe amount of the current flowing through the body during an electric shock depends on thevoltage and the resistance between the terminals of the voltage source. This resistance consists of[12] : ≠ resistance of the contact point between body and circuit (e.g., a ring or a watch) ≠ skin resistance at the point the current flows into the body, ≠ internal

Conference Session

Simulations and Visualizations

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudio Luiz Curotto, Federal University of Parana, Brazil; Kurt C. Gramoll, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, Gramoll13-15 has been developing multimedia content for several engineering basiccourses, included among them Dynamics. This content is available for free, to all teacherswishing to use it in their courses, at the eCourses16 web site. This web site includes allinstructional material to conduct a course. There is no cost to either the instructor or studentusing it. Features include eBook (with simulations or Flashlets in each topic), database ofhomework/quiz/test problems and their solutions, lectures in both QuickTime and Flash format,computer grading, and utilities. To help facilitate communications between students, instructors,and TAs there is an integrated web board and collaborative drawing board. The instructorcontrols and manages his own web

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Nirmal Khandan

that it is asummative evaluation of engineering education and is a prerequisite for professional licensure,such poor performance is alarming. This paper presents a computer-based system that has thepotential to improve and assess problem-solving skills of engineering students.Literature ReviewThe importance of conceptual knowledge as one of the prerequisites for expert-like problem-solving has been recognized in several studies [5-11]. Dufresne et al [9, 11] have proposed amodel for problem solving, identifying three key knowledges: i) concept knowledge, ii)operational/procedural knowledge, and iii) problem-state knowledge. According to this model,the conceptual knowledge of an expert is richly clustered and hierarchically arranged with

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hiroyuki Ishizaki, Shibaura Institute of Technology; Maria Anityasari, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology; Masaomi Kimura, Shibaura Institute of Technology; Faiqoh Agustin, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

programs. VAx represented not onlya conversion from traditional travel-based programs but was a departure from conventionalprograms featuring unique characteristics as follows [6]:1) Participation of six engineering institutes and universities from five countries across Asia (Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines),2) A 14-class interdisciplinary curriculum led by 12 multiethnic lecturers including six each in technological and social science fields, supplemented by non-lecture activities like group discussions and team presentations,3) An engineering knowledge component designed to stimulate participants’ borderless engineering interests beyond their specific field of study and teach participants to apply combined

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 2 Slot 8 Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Kimberly Young-McLear, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Sharon Zelmanowitz P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Royce Warner James Ph.D., United States Coast Guard Academy/Air Force Institute of Technology; Dani Brunswick, U.S. Coast Guard; Thomas W. DeNucci, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

Paper ID #28273Beyond Buzzwords and Bystanders: A Framework for SystematicallyDeveloping a Diverse, Mission Ready, and Innovative Coast Guard Work-forceDr. Kimberly Young-McLear, U.S. Coast Guard Academy Dr. Kimberly Young-McLear is currently an Assistant Professor (Permanent Commissioned Teaching Staff) at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. She has served at a variety of Coast Guard units since 2003. She holds engineering and technical degrees from Florida A and M, Purdue, and The George Washing- ton University (Ph.D in Systems Engineering). She has taught a breadth of courses including Operations and Project Management

Collection

1998 Annual Conference

Authors

G.J. Freeman; A.M. Mankowski; Daniel J. Pack

power supply module. Once the four separate modules arecreated, they must then be integrated into an overall control module for the fire-fighting robot. Page 3.10.1In this paper, we discuss two different fire-fighting robot projects and their impact on thecorresponding teams concerning the desired educational outcomes. The emphasis of the paper isbased on the project completed during the 1997 spring semester with discussion on the secondfire-fighting robot project currently under construction. For the remainder of the paper, we willrefer to the group who completed the project in the spring of 1997 as the past team, and the groupnow creating

Conference Session

CANCELLED: Track 5: Technical Session 6: Think-Aloud Insights: Exploring QuantCrit Challenges and Diverse Survey Responses Among Undergraduate Engineering Students

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Sheila Kathryn Castro, University of Florida; Bruce Frederick Carroll, University of Florida; Janice Mejía, Northwestern University; Kent J. Crippen, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

appointment in Engineering Education. His research interests include engineering identity, self-efficacy, and matriculation of Latine/x/a/o students to graduate school. He works with survey methods and overlaps with machine learning using quantitative methods and sequential mixed methods approaches.Dr. Janice Mej´ıa, Northwestern University Dr. Mejia is an Associate Professor of Instruction in the Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Sciences. She also teaches in the Design Thinking and Communication (DTC), Masters in Engineering Management (MEM), and College Prep programs. Her research interests focus on mixed methods research in engineering education, curriculum assessment and development, and engineering

Conference Session

Mechatronics and Robotics II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michael A. Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Nima Lotfi, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University; Monique Jethwani, Columbia School of Social Work; Vikram Kapila, New York University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

is in MRE, I feel like this multidisciplinary subject has particularly challenging aspects in terms of curriculum generation and presentation. I feel like many of the current courses fall short. I am intensely interested in learning about ways to prepare to teach MRE, as well as to get more involved in the MRE community.Participants reported that their students are interested in this growing field and that they hopedtheir respective institutions would respond. One participant stated: I believe mechatronics is an extremely important area for the future and is exciting and interesting as a draw for students.Whether they had plans to start a new robotics major, were trying to incorporate MRE content intotheir engineering courses, or

Conference Session

Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guanghsu A. Chang, Minnesota State University, Mankato; William R. Peterson, WRP Associates

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

engineeringdisciplines and the stakeholders in the success of the product design phase. Manufacturingengineers usually play a vital role in the conceptual design phase. In order to educate the nextgeneration of manufacturing engineers, we introduced and integrated the DFA methodology intoour Manufacturing Engineering Technology (MET) curricula at Minnesota State University-Mankato (MSU). A detailed description of this model, including advantages and disadvantages,future directions and recommendations, are included in this paper.Keywords: design for assembly, active learning, product development and designIntroductionDesign for assembly (DFA) is a systematic analysis process primarily intended to simplifyproduct structure and reduce the assembly costs of a

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Chassidy Miles, University of North Texas

moreclosely with academic and professional goals.Through an analysis of survey data, external benchmarking, and faculty-library collaboration, thispaper highlights the strategic role libraries can play in engineering education. By integrating libraryresources and expertise into faculty teaching practices, libraries can help foster student-centeredlearning environments that emphasize high-impact educational practices. This paper providespractical recommendations for faculty and librarians seeking to advance PBL, interdisciplinarycollaboration, and the transition from academia to industry, illustrating how libraries can serve askey partners in engineering education. MethodologyThis project, funded by the UNT

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Chan Hilton, Florida State University

. However, students often cite poor teaching as a reason for leaving engineeringmajors.6 Moreover, most teaching does not stimulate intellectual excitement because it ispassive and does not place material into real-world contexts. Thus a need exists to enhancestudent learning through the use of effective teaching techniques that include hands-on and real-world activities that are thoughtfully integrated into courses.At the ___ College of Engineering, minorities and women comprise approximately 50% of thestudents in the Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE) department. Thus students fromunderrepresented groups will be directly affected and involved in all aspects of this project. Thisproject addresses the need for more underrepresented

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Daniel H. Linder

computerengineering curriculum. However, programming assignments in VHDL or other exercises that useCAD tools can be difficult to add to a course for several reasons. CAD tools often have complexinterfaces that take time to learn. An assignment using a CAD tool can quickly turn into a strugglewith tool usage rather than a reinforcement of lecture concepts. Licensing can be another prob-lem. Many students prefer to work on their own PCs instead of coming to a centralized lab, butCAD tool vendors may be reluctant to make an expensive tool available on all student machines.Finally, if every student has the same assignment, interactions among students can degeneratefrom discussing concepts to merely exchanging details of how to get the assignment working.When

Conference Session

Engineering and Engineering Technology Transfer and the Two-Year College Student Part 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred W. Depiero, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Dominic J. Dal Bello, Allan Hancock College; Lizabeth L. Thompson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Stephen R. Beard

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College Division (TYCD)

lower division courses o Highly significant predictor in 4 of 4 cohorts o With an ideal transfer environment, students would not take any lower division coursework at their 4-year institution. o Appears to be a systemic issue due to curricular that are FTFY-oriented. Curriculum redesign is underway as part of the semester conversion. • Number of upper division courses o Highly significant predictor in 3 of 4 cohorts, or significant o An unusual result. Transfers take 3-4 more upper division courses, typically, compared to FTFY. The difference is significant, although with a small to moderate effect size. Issue deserves more

Conference Session

Promoting Inclusivity and Broadening Participation

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Risë Crum, Columbia University; Kristin Leigh Bennett, University of Washington; Stuart Adler, University of Washington; David S Bergsman, University of Washington; Nicole Minkoff, University of Washington; Alexis N Prybutok, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)

at Austin in 2016 and her Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Northwestern University in 2022. Her areas of expertise include computational modeling of cell-based therapies and integrating social justice concepts into engineering curriculum. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 To record or not to record? Collaborating through conflictPOSITIONALITY STATEMENTWe acknowledge that the authors all vary in disability status, and those disabilities representedby the authors are far from representative of the entire community. We also represent faculty,staff, and students from a wide range of backgrounds who were initially at conflict over theissues presented. Through surveys, discussions

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Eugene Niemi

Instruction Integrated Into an Introductory EngineeringCourse,” Journal of Engineering Education, v. 87, no. 4, October 1998, pp. 377-383.4. Petroski, Henry, “Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project,” Journal of Engineering Education, v. 87, no.4, October 1998, pp. 445-448.5. Little, Patrick, and Mary Cardenas, “Use of “Studio” Methods in the Introductory Engineering DesignCurriculum,” Journal of Engineering Education, v. 90, no. 3, July 2001, pp. 309-318.6. Sorby, Sheryl A., and Beverly J. Baartmans, “The Development and Assessment of a Course for Enhancing the3-D Spatial Visualization Skills of First Year Engineering Students,” Journal of Engineering Education, v. 89, no. 3,July 2000, pp. 301-307.7. Fournier-Bonilla, Sheila D., Karan L

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devin R. Berg, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Matthew Wigdahl, Oaklawn Elementary School; Charis Dawn Collins, Oaklawn Elementary School

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #18170Assisstive Technology for Freshman Design and K-12 OutreachDr. Devin R. Berg, University of Wisconsin, Stout Devin Berg is an Associate Professor and Program Director of the B.S. Mechanical Engineering program in the Engineering and Technology Department at the University of Wisconsin - Stout.Mr. Matthew Wigdahl, Oaklawn Elementary School Matthew Wigdahl is a National Board Certified 5th grade teacher using Design Thinking to empower his students to solve problems. He has taught elementary grades for 17 years.Ms. Charis Dawn Collins, Oaklawn Elementary School Charis Collins is a writer and teacher, specializing

Conference Session

Collaborations with Engineering Technology

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

PK Raju; Chetan Sankar; Glennelle Halpin; Gerald Halpin

mission of the laboratory is to develop and disseminate innovative instructionalmaterials that bring real-world issues into classrooms, using multimedia informationtechnologies and cross-disciplinary teams. We have developed seven multimedia case studiespartnering with industries to bring real-world engineering problems into classrooms. The casestudies illustrate how a problem in an industry is analyzed and solved. The format chosen by usenabled the students to experience the problem as it happened and develop and compare theirsolutions with what happened in the industry.These innovative educational materials received several awards including the Thomas C. Evans,Jr., Instructional Unit Award of ASEE Southeastern Section, Premier Award for

Collection

1997 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert P. Hesketh; C. Stewart Slater

Engineering Education Milwaukee, WI, June 15-18, 1997ABSTRACTThis paper describes two demonstration experiments: an automatic drip coffee maker and amanually operated reverse osmosis unit, that have been used to show the basic principles ofchemical engineering processes to high school and multidisciplinary freshman engineering audi-ences. The demonstrations are integrated into a combined lecture/lab format and also can beutilized at various points in the curriculum as well as to pre-college students. The value of dem-onstrations and follow-up mini-laboratory experiments to reinforce the hands-on approach to en-gineering education will be mentioned. A particular focus of the paper is how chemical engi-neering

Conference Session

Energy Programs and Software Tools

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Sexton

Institute are exposed to the method ofenergy system design based on system simulation and optimization in several of the required andelective courses in the curriculum. These courses include a required course in Energy ConversionDesign, and elective courses, such as, Internal Combustion Engines and Aircraft Propulsion.These energy systems design courses contain design projects that require the application ofthermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer in the design of energy conversion systemsand system components using simulation and optimization in the design process. Several of thesedesign simulations have been previously published. Sexton [2] described the simulation of a gasturbine engine that was used as a project for a senior energy

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University; Richard . Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; David Jonathan Woehr, University of North Carolina Charlotte; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

and his team received Best Paper awards from the Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is Chair of the IEEE Curriculum and Pedagogy Committee and an ABET Program Evaluator for ASEE. He was the 2002–2006 President of Tau Beta Pi and is a Fellow of the ASEE and IEEE.Dr. Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University Misty L. Loughry is a Professor of Management at Georgia Southern University, where she teaches strat- egy and organizational behavior. She received her Ph.D. in management from University of Florida and was on the management faculty at Clemson University. Prior to her academic career, she had a ten-year career in banking. Dr

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University; David Jonathan Woehr; Richard . Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Journal of Engineering Education in 2008 and 2011 and from the IEEE Transactions on Education in 2011. Dr. Ohland is Chair of the IEEE Curriculum and Pedagogy Committee and an ABET Program Evaluator for ASEE. He was the 2002–2006 President of Tau Beta Pi and is a Fellow of the ASEE and IEEE.Dr. Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University Misty L. Loughry is a Professor of Management at Georgia Southern University, where she teaches strat- egy and organizational behavior. She received her Ph.D. in management from University of Florida and was on the management faculty at Clemson University. Prior to her academic career, she had a ten-year career in banking. Dr. Loughry’s research focuses on teamwork and social control

Conference Session

Supporting the Capstone Experience

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Leslie R. Brunell, Stevens Institute of Technology; Alex Dubro, Stevens Institute of Technology; Viraj Vasudev Rokade, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, streamlined standards would help assess thesustainability components, even if the project directly addresses sustainability, e.g. greeninfrastructure, solar energy. To fulfill the capstone requirement for a Masters of Science in aSustainability Management (SM) program at Stevens Institute of Technology, the Co-authordesigned the Sustainability Implications Scorecard (SIS) while working with several SeniorDesign capstone coordinators. The student additionally conducted field research, interviews, andbenchmarking against the UN SDGs, Envision, and ABET.The SIS is a flexible, adaptive, and project-focused rubric that simultaneously guides andevaluates how successfully an engineering design or project team integrates sustainabilitycomponents. In

Collection

2021 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Meeting

Authors

Joshua S Wiley, United States Military Academy; MICHAEL Robert GREIFENSTEIN, United States Military Academy, Department of Geography & Environmental Engineering; Andrew Ross Pfluger P.E., United States Military Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

than the mean of thatsample’s time sum value. Differing QA/QC standards would influence some overall trends. 17Conclusions1. Additional subsequent weeks of data integration are necessary to differentiate between the threepossible framework explanations for faculty and cadet time relationships. In an 18-week semester,five or six weeks constitute a one-third slice of a continuous academic campaign including six-and ten-week grades reports (in the case of USMA), a significant quantity and diversity in gradedevents, course modules, extracurricular activities, and mandatory and optional beneficial furtheractivities. However, an expansion of the time period along with a greater sample size

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Bruce R. Dewey; Raymond Jacquot

buckling problems is integral to the study of civil, mechanical andaerospace engineering. The academic introduction to the bending of beams with constant crosssection is usually given to students of these disciplines early in the engineering curriculum in acourse in mechanics of materials. That which is presented here is not meant to supplant thefundamental understanding of the bending phenomenon but rather to provide an introduction tonumerical approximations often needed for real-world applications. It is important for students tofirst gain understanding of the static bending problems from an analytical and physical point ofview. Typical courses where static bending problems are encountered are structural analysis,advanced mechanics of materials

Conference Session

Advancing Research on Engineering Leaders’ Confidence, Careers, and Styles

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Doug Reeve P.Eng., University of Toronto; Serhiy Kovalchuk, University of Toronto; Mike Klassen, University of Toronto; Milan Maljkovic; Emily L. Moore, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development

participants have actuallylearned along the way. Our study aims to fill this gap by tracing the career long leadershiplearning journeys of 28 Canadian engineers with at least twenty-five years of work experience.Theoretical perspective: Situated leadership learningThe notion of situated learning is central to our investigation of senior engineers’ leadershiplearning experiences [52]. In contrast to the didactic learning opportunities students encounter inschool, which follow a pre-existing curriculum and are tightly mediated by an instructor, situatedlearning opportunities are shaped by everyday practices and left largely to novices forinterpretation. Lave and Wenger’s situated learning theory [52] highlights the type of learningthat occurs in

Conference Session

Construction Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sanjeev Adhikari, Kennesaw State University; Caroline Murrie Clevenger P.E.; Rui Zhang, University of Colorado Denver

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering

has always been praised by students and department for his outstanding teaching and research excellence. To supplement his teaching and research, he has been involved in numerous professional societies, including ASCE, ACI, ASEE, ASC, ATMAE and TRB. His research output has been well disseminated as he has published thirty journal papers and thirty-nine conference papers. His research interests are 1) Creating Innovative Sustainable Materials, 2) Structural BIM Integration, 3) 4D/5D BIM, 4) Virtual Testing Lab, 5) Innovative Construction Demolition, and 6) Carbon Footprint Analysis on Roadways.Dr. Caroline Murrie Clevenger P.E., Caroline M. Clevenger is an Associate Professor and Assistant Director of Construction

Conference Session

Engineering Student Experiences

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Blum, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

administrative policies, faculty interactions, curriculum andpedagogy, and peer relationships. Other factors included elements of the study environment,quality of effort on the part of both faculty and student, and integration of the student into theculture of the institution. The student outcomes are explained by Astin to encompass thoseaspects of student development that the university purposefully attempts to influence, thoughdefining the outputs of interest is “clearly the sine qua non of meaningful research on collegeimpact” (p. 224). Astin1 also explained the relationships between these three factors. The collegeenvironment was clearly affected by the kinds of students who enroll (shown in relationship A).The principal concern relating to