Asee peer logo
Well-matched quotation marks can be used to demarcate phrases, and the + and - operators can be used to require or exclude words respectively
Displaying results 22171 - 22200 of 22622 in total
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session - Ethics Across Contexts
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rockwell Franklin Clancy III, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong Joint Institute; Horst Hohberger, University of Michigan - Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
,unvalidated version of the MFQ, such that the results do not support their claims.[69] Althoughthe authors of this paper find those responses convincing, as Owen Flanagan has recently andrightly noted, not all characteristics of MFT proposed by its creators/advocates logically entaileach other, such that trouble for one or some does not necessarily entail trouble for all.[70]The chief interest in MFT for the present study is as a pluralist, social intuitionist theory of morality– in other words, that, first, morality is about many things rather than only one; second, the contentsof moral judgments are socially oriented and culturally variable; third, moral judgments are closerto/result from feelings than rational reflection. As mentioned above, this
Conference Session
ET Curriculum & Programs
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey L. Newcomer, Western Washington University; Nikki Larson, Western Washington University; Todd D. Morton, Western Washington University; Derek M. Yip-Hoi, Western Washington University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
such as CATIA. Most classes in all three majors, especiallyupper division classes, included laboratories, so students gained familiarity with much of theequipment through exposure in multiple classes.The model for the three engineering technology programs was effective. Over most of the yearsof the programs’ existence until the late 2000s they each graduated 10-20 students per year. In thelate 2000s interest in the degrees began to increase, starting with the PET program and then fol-lowing with the MET program and to a lesser degree the EET program. In the period from 2009to 2015, the average graduating class sizes were approximately 17 for EET, 25 for MET, and 31for PET. That EET was the smallest program was a reflection of the additional
Conference Session
Innovations in Curriculum, Projects, and Pedagogy in Aerospace Engineering Education
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael C. Hatfield, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; Denise Thorsen, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
-Related Opportunities.The increase of aerospace-related courses and opportunities at UAF and resulting interest bycurrent and prospective students has (not surprisingly) also been reflected in increasedparticipation in the AIAA student chapter, the aerospace minor, and other aerospace-relatedcourses. These, in turn, generate a higher target population and more awareness of and interest inall of the above. For a small school such as UAF, this impact has been significant.Career options. Beyond the university realm, students participating in aerospace courses andactivities have had good success in transitioning directly into an aerospace job, whether in spacesystems or in aeronautics. UAF has a strong record of supplying its graduates to NASA, the
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Beata Johnson, Purdue University; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Conference Session
Women in Engineering Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Jennifer J. VanAntwerp, Calvin College; Joanna Wright, University of Washington; Lauren Summers, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
Women in Engineering
this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views ofthe National Science Foundation. The authors also wish to thank Dr. Rebecca Bates, Dr. TamaraFloyd-Smith, Dr. Melani Plett, and Dr. Nanette Veilleux for their help in recruiting interviewparticipants for this project.References[1] S. Fayer, A. Lacey, and A. Watson, “Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations: past, present, and future : Spotlight on Statistics: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,” U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Jan. 2017.[2] D. J. Nelson and C. J. Brammer, “A national analysis of minorities in science and engineering faculties at research universities,” Oklahoma University, Norman, Oklahoma, Jan
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session - Classroom Practices
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Marilyn A. Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
of the ecosystem: howchanges in the natural world specifically affect our species [61]. More recent theorists, however,are exploring the concept of “deep ecology,” that is, “nature as a whole has moral value” [62, p.97], irrespective of interplay with the human population. Viewing the natural world as having anintrinsic worth is, indeed, one of the major challenges facing environmental philosophers [63].Ocean gyres, particularly the GPGP, are a topic ripe for ethical reflection in engineering classesfor a number of reasons. First, it involves public safety, which engineers in all fields pledge touphold as professionals in their respective areas. Second, it involves establishing and maintaininga sustainable environment, which engineering
Conference Session
Promoting Technical Communication Skills
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Kristine Horvat, University of New Haven; Judy Randi, University of New Haven
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
analysis because all the reports required a discussion of the results(In some labs, students were not required to include all the report sections). Moreover, scores onthe discussion section were deemed likely to reflect students’ understanding of content Tables 6 and 7 provide comparison of students’ lab report scores on three lab reportsections (i.e., abstract, results, and discussion) in the junior and senior level courses, respectively.In the junior course, four lab reports were required (as shown in Table 6); other laboratoryactivities required only informal writing, such as lab notebooks, and so they were not included inthe analysis of technical writing skills. In the senior course, lab reports were required for all fivelabs
Conference Session
Approaches to Encouraging Student Engagement
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Panagiotis Apostolellis, University of Virginia; Sitong Wang, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
terms of performance, we did not find a significant effect of the quiz mode on studentscores, when the quiz was administered in class. The only exception was when the quiz wastaken at home (b), in which case the mean score (Mquiz=7.41/8) was significantly higher thanall other modes (F=23.78, p<0.001). Although the quiz was open-notes, open-book in everycase, we believe there is an apparent effect of stress when the quiz is taken in a classroomenvironment that immediately affects student performance. However, we do not claim thatthe higher score reflects greater learning gains and more investigation is needed for a safeconclusion. Nonetheless, the evaluation results indicated that the specific design of movingtesting time right after lecture
Conference Session
First-year Programs: Focus on Students
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Christopher Rennick, University of Waterloo; Carol Hulls P.Eng., University of Waterloo; Mary A. Robinson, University of Waterloo
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
. Purposivesampling of students who remained on campus was used for the interviews to ensure theirperspective was captured by the researchers.Results show a significant number of students, regardless of where they spent the break, studiedinefficiently during the break from school, which is reflected in their academic performance; andstudents who remained on campus while most of their peers left, found the time lonely andlargely unproductive.IntroductionAlthough a fall break has become the norm for many universities in Canada, little research hasbeen conducted to determine the impact of fall breaks on students, whether it is an evaluation asto whether the stated goals of the break – which typically focus on stress and mental health [1] –are being met, or
Conference Session
Engineering Management Division 4: Teaching and Learning in Engineering Management
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Sandra L. Furterer, University of Dayton
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
92% with a standard deviation of 5% (shown in Figure 4). Thestudents’ grades demonstrated that the students effectively applied the systems engineering toolsand methods to model the food justice system. An example of the instructor’s grading rubricsfor the first two phases are provided in tables 6 and 7. The instructor assessed how well that the students learned the material by grading thephase reports. The average grade across all teams and phases was 92% with an average standarddeviation of 5%, as shown in Figure 4. The instructor was pleased with the learning.Additionally the students completed a reflection on the food challenge experience
Conference Session
Preparation for Graduate Research
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Eric Holloway, Purdue University, West Lafayette; David F. Radcliffe, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kerrie A. Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
Conference Session
Manufacturing Education Curriculum
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Tom Borkes, The Jefferson Institute
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
began toorganize around what seemed to be a natural division of physics into its constituent parts –electronics, mechanics, chemical, etc. While engineering became specialized in theorganizational structure of a technical business, schools reflected this specialization as well bycreating majors and even specifying different types of engineering degrees – e.g., mechanical,electrical, industrial. Companies hired based on these degrees. “We need to hire 4 electricalengineers, 6 mechanical engineers and 5 industrial engineers.” Departments were created tomanage these areas of engineering specialization – grouping engineers of similar training – andthe organization pyramid began to form. Each department has group leaders, section heads anddepartment
Conference Session
First-year Programs Division: Design
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Richard Whalen, Northeastern University; Susan F. Freeman, Northeastern University; Jennifer Ocif Love, Northeastern University; Kathryn Schulte Grahame, Northeastern University; Joshua L. Hertz, Northeastern University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Conference Session
Professional Development for Teachers
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sai Prasanth Krishnamoorthy, New York University; Sheila Borges Rajguru, New York University; Vikram Kapila, New York University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
. collaborated on thedevelopment of a software package based on the Robot Operating System (ROS) to facilitateseamless communication and transfer of location information between robots. To effectively setupa distributed network (see Figure 7) and enable information transfer between the robots, they hadto understand the concept of custom messages in ROS. Later, using fiducial marker-based tracking,they extracted localization information and constructed a custom message that is transferred topeer robots. The project further involved reflecting the localization information of the robots intoan iPad app for user interaction.4.6. Game-based tele-rehabilitative solutions for stroke patients: The goal of Mr. A.R. in thisproject was to iterate through the
Conference Session
Software Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James R Vallino, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Bryan Basham, Software Alchemy (with RIT)
Tagged Divisions
Software Engineering Division
Python on top of the Django framework. The low level of design skills wasnoted by faculty teaching the following design course, SWEN-262 Engineering of SoftwareSubsystems, which emphasizes design abstraction and design patterns. Students were talkingabout design information learned in their first-year CS course and not the Introduction toSoftware Engineering course. The department's Industrial Advisory Board also identified this asa problem after having discussions during our annual meeting with students at all year levels.Learning Goals for the CourseIn considering yet another redesign of our Introduction to Software Engineering course, we gavesome reflection on why we had so much trouble getting this course "right". We were
Conference Session
Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Scott Alexander Kaiser, Utah Valley University; Reza Kamali, Utah Valley University; Paul Weber, Utah Valley University; Afsaneh Minaie, Utah Valley University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Physics and Physics
connectionbetween parts one and two.The quantum dot data collection went very smoothly, and all three students were able tobuild a spreadsheet with their data and results without issues. It is possible that afreshman or sophomore may experience more difficulties when reading the theory andcollecting data due to less experience in a laboratory setting.6 AcknowledgementsThis project is supported by the National Science Foundation through the ATE program,Award No. ATE 1700695. Any opinions, findings, and recommendations expressed in thispaper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation.References [1] Klaus D. Sattler, Ed., Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots - Google Books. Boca
Conference Session
Engaging Faculty Across Disciplines, Colleges, and Institutions
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jinsung Cho, California State Polytechnic University Pomona; Giuseppe Lomiento, California State Polytechnic University Pomona; Gad M. Ghada, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Katrin Terstegen, Cal Poly Pomona
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 11
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Liping Liu, Lawrence Technological University; James A. Mynderse, Lawrence Technological University; Robert W Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University; Andrew L Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
. Throughout most of the projectFollowing the questions above, the students were also asked about their team dynamics: s. To what extent did you work as a team?Answers were provided in five scales: 1. Almost never 2. Rarely 3. Sometimes 4. Often 5. Almost alwaysDirect assessment about students’ technical learning was conducted using a PBL rubric that theinstructors used to grade their design reports. This score indicates the quality of their design andhow much actually they satisfied their customer. Sometimes there is a discrepancy between howmuch the students believe they learned and how much the instructor determines they learned.One of the contributing factors is that the students’ perspective reflected from the survey aboveis
Conference Session
Student Empathy and Human-Centered Design
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emily Dringenberg, Ohio State University; Annie Abell, Ohio State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
. However, students’ exposure to intuitive reasoning, which plays a role in all decision-making, is limited during their undergraduate engineering formation. In an effort to generate abaseline for how we can operationalize intuition in the context of engineering education, thepurpose of our current research was to synthesize characterizations and portrayals of intuitivereasoning. We focused on literature from the field of management because intuition isconsidered in the context of complex, strategic decisions, which are reflective of the designdecisions central to engineering. The specific research questions addressed in this study are 1)how does extant management literature characterize intuition?, and 2) how does extantmanagement literature
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alex C. Szatmary, King's College
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
inundergraduate engineering programs. However, reported survey results depend on how questionsare asked and how results are interpreted. Outcomes involving design of experiments, theNavier-Stokes equations, static equilibrium in 3D, and teamwork could be assessed to someextent on the FE, but they are not; is this a reflection of the consensus of faculty surveyed or aconsequence of the survey process? How do we confirm that the content and emphasis of the FEreflects the opinions of the surveyed faculty members? Additionally, how are the specificationstranslated into questions? How is the handbook developed? Is it involved in determining examcontent? What do the numbers on the subject matter reports even mean?The FE might be reliable but it is not
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bobby G Crawford P.E., Quinnipiac University; Jose Antonio Riofrio, Quinnipiac University; Richard Melnyk, U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
analysis techniques. (level: analysis) 3 Model and test virtual circuits. (level: application and analysis) 4 Construct and test circuits on a bread board. (level: application and analysis) 5 Design, construct and test a multi-output DC power supply circuit. (level: synthesis) 6 Analyze a basic AC circuit using mathematics and circuit analysis techniques. (level: analysis) 7 Analyze AC/DC motors and generators. (level: analysis)`The ABET outcomes associated with the CLOs are listed below. Note that these will have to beupdated to reflect the ABET changes that will go into effect for the 2019-20 accreditation cycle.(a) Ability to apply knowledge of math, science
Conference Session
Practice II: Curricular Innovations
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nathan M. Hicks, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Kerrie A. Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
byexplaining that, “if I get something wrong when I’m taking the quiz, I think there’s somethingwrong with the quiz or the rubric.” This participant is not reflecting on the results of the trainingin a way that will improve consistency. They perceive training as being quizzed to prove abilityrather than the calibration process it is intended to be.Implications and Recommendations Each of the themes identified in the previous section indicate potential root causes forinconsistencies in grader interpretations, decisions, and behaviors. While some of these issueshave been identified previously in the literature, these findings present a few new ideas andprovide additional nuance to refine or extend upon old ideas. Notably, these findings
Conference Session
Pre-College: Robotics
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
S. M. Mizanoor Rahman, New York University; Sonia Mary Chacko, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education Division
movement and stopping of two LEGO robot cars (local and express).The colored paper pieces help identify the locations where the robots stop temporarily.Throughout the two lessons, the following general assumptions are made: (i) the robots are well-designed and the programs are accurate; (ii) the students possess basic skills to operate the LEGOrobots, e.g., commanding the robots by pressing buttons; (iii) the students are able to use theactivity sheets and the selected activities truly reflect the lesson topics; (iv) the students areinterested to perform hands-on activities in teams; (v) the lesson topics and the activities align withthe CCSSM and the NGSS; etc.Statistics of the teachers and students who participated in the robotics-focused
Conference Session
Life After Graduation
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bernhard Schadl, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; Helen L. Chen, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Associate Vice Provost for Graduate Education.Dr. Helen L. Chen, Stanford University Helen L. Chen is a research scientist in the Designing Education Lab in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Director of ePortfolio Initiatives in the Office of the Registrar at Stanford Univer- sity. Chen earned her undergraduate degree from UCLA and her Ph.D. in Communication with a minor in Psychology from Stanford University. Her current research interests include: 1) engineering and en- trepreneurship education; 2) the pedagogy of ePortfolios and reflective practice in higher education; and 3) redesigning the traditional academic transcript. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017
Conference Session
Teams, Teaching, Leadership, and Technical Communications in Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Traci M. Nathans-Kelly, Cornell University; Rick Evans, Cornell University
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
through, for example, iterative revision, peer response and reflection, to be continually ready to learn to learn how and to teach each otherRather quickly it became clear that to be able to realize these needs, we needed to create a newMAE communications curriculum and design a research program for assessment. This newcurriculum and the adjoining research program is known as the MAE/ECP EngineeringCommunications Initiative.There are three key components to the initiative: 1. Creating a pilot partner course, ENGRC 2250, Communication for Mechanical Engineering Design at the sophomore level to be taught in conjunction with MAE 2250, Mechanical Synthesis. 2. Coordinating and supporting through teaching partnerships communication
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Engineering Programs
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
J. Sonnenberg-Klein, Georgia Institute of Technology; Randal T. Abler, Georgia Institute of Technology; Edward J. Coyle, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
, the VIP Program is intended forstudents of sophomore rank and above. Freshmen who participate are exceptions to the rule, who oftenhave related experience and high motivation. The higher means reflect these traits. If the programactively recruited freshmen, the mean would likely approach that of or be lower than the sophomoremean.Analysis of variance on giving help also showed statistical significance for the number of semestersstudents were in VIP, with groupings of one, two, and three or more semesters. However, VIP experienceis related to academic rank, as both increase over time. The correlation is not one-to-one, because studentscan begin VIP at any academic rank, but they are related. This can be seen by visually mapping upperoutliers
Conference Session
Engineering/Engineering Technolgy Transfer Issues: Two-year College to Four-year College
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amelito G. Enriquez, Cañada College; Nicholas Langhoff, Skyline College; Erik N Dunmire, College of Marin; Thomas Rebold, Monterey Peninsula College; Wenshen Pong P.E., San Francisco State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Two-Year College
necessarily reflect the views of theNational Science Foundation or the US Department of Education.REFERENCES1. NSF, Division of Science Resources Statistics. 2017. Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering. Available at https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2017/nsf17310/.2. National Center for Education Statistics, Digest for Education Statistics, Available at https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_219.70.asp.3. Joint Venture Silicon Valley (2012). The 2012 Index of Silicon Valley p. 36, Available at http://www.jointventure.org/images/stories/pdf/2012index-r2.pdf.4. NSF, Division of Science Resources Statistics. 2017. Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering
Conference Session
Faculty Development Medley
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sylvia L. Mendez, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs; Valerie Martin Conley, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs; Comas Lamar Haynes, Georgia Tech Research Institute; Rosario A. Gerhardt, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jennifer Tygret, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
Tagged Topics
Diversity, Faculty Development Constituency Committee
thedata collection and analysis process, with coding in cycles and frequent reflection as described inthe following sections. Cycle 1: Initial read-through with attribute coding. Silverman (1993) assertedsuperior qualitative research must draw interpretations and remain consistent with the dataIMPACT MENTORING PROGRAM 12collected. Therefore, an initial read-through of the transcripts was independently conducted usingthe basic deductive concepts of thematic content analysis to develop attribute codes. This processallowed for detection and identification of factors that potentially influenced any issuesgenerated by the participants that aligned to the conceptual
Conference Session
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering
technological literacy. 12.Tobias, Sheila Comment on John Heywood’s paper: Technological literacy and for whom?13.Trevelyan, James and Bill Williams. Literacies of entrepreneurship and value creation. 14 –16.Cheville, Alan. Technological literacy without proficiency is not possible. 17 – 18.Krupczak, John. Unfinished business for the ASEE TelPhe Division and other engineeringeducators 19.Siller, Tom. The purpose of technological and engineering literacy. 20 – 21.Mina, Mani. Why and for whom as historical reflection. 22 – 23.Drew, David. E. Moving the needle from literacy to knowledge. 24 – 25.Sychov, Sergev. V. Technological literacy and global society. 26.[2] K. Richmond Culture and General Education. A Survey. London. Methuen, 1963[3] B. Hirsch
Conference Session
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Krupczak Jr., Hope College; John Heywood, Trinity College Dublin; Carl O. Hilgarth, Shawnee State University
Tagged Divisions
Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering
‘Technique’. Ball equated engineering design with Bloom’s synthesis. The workingparty also found that the sub-abilities did not necessarily apply to the category they had beendesignated when attempts were made to utilize Bloom. To be fair, the authors of the Taxonomyunderstood that their categories would not fit every subject. Moreover, when considered from theperspective of the process of engineering they were not hierarchically ordered.Eventually the working party took the view that for each major component or domain objectiveof the examination a particular type of assessment would be necessary. Because the examinationincorporated a number of different objectives it was originally called a multiple objectiveexamination. This also reflected the