Conference Session

Myths About Gender and Race

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carroll Suzanne Seron, University of California, Irvine; Erin A. Cech, University of California, San Diego; Susan S. Silbey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Brian Rubineau, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering

…:” Making Meanings of Being a Woman in EngineeringAbstractEngineering is often described as one of the last bastions of a macho culture where womencontinue to experience minority status. In this article we ask, how do women make meaning ofthis status? We explore this question in the context of students‟ socialization into the professionover the course of their engineering education. Drawn from diary data, our findings show thatyoung women hold multiple and contradictory perspectives about their status as women inengineering. The strands of these perspectives are articulated around (a) a feminist critique, (b)gender essentialism, (3) meritocracy and individualism, and (d) exceptionalism. These findingssuggest that their taken-for-granted assumptions

Conference Session

Expanding the Borders of Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Ingram, University of Manitoba; Anita H. Ens, University of Manitoba; Marcia R. Friesen, University of Manitoba

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

preparation in a co-op program that provides IEGs the opportunity todevelop social capital through explicit instruction in cross cultural differences, mentorship andnetworking may be one successful avenue in reducing the barriers IEGs face in securing relevantprofessional employment.AcknowledgmentThis research was supported by grants from the Social Sciences and Humanities ResearchCouncil of Canada (SSHRC) and Manitoba Aerospace.References1 personal communication, Canadian Association for Co-operative Education, 2010.2 Blair, B. F

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Jansen Perry, Baylor University; Emily M Hunter, Baylor University; Steven C. Currall, University of California, Davis; Ed Frauenheim, The Great Place to Work Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Paper ID #11561Organized Innovation: A Framework for Effectively Managing InnovationDr. Sara Jansen Perry, Baylor University Sara Jansen Perry is an assistant professor of management in the Hankamer School of Business at Baylor University. She teaches organizational behavior and human resource management courses, including ne- gotiation and principles of management. She earned her PhD in 2009 from the University of Houston in Industrial-Organizational Psychology, also earning the Meredith P. Crawford fellowship in I-O Psychol- ogy from HumRRO that year. In the 2013-14 academic year, she held the Professional Land

Conference Session

Graduate Aerospace Systems Engineering Design

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Conrad Newberry

sort from point A to point B, or perform some sort of surveillance. Airplanes arecharacterized by their relatively frequent takeoffs and landings. Aircraft are generallyreuseable. Missiles, with some notable exceptions, are typically used as weapons of war. Theyare usually launched in an instantaneous manner (no taxi or takeoff run) from an airplane or aground station, and explode with some degree of lethality at their terminus (instant landing).Moreover, missiles are generally not reuseable.Airplane wings generally have higher aspect ratios than missile fins, although some fightersmight be viewed as exceptions. Airplanes are usually powered by reciprocating or jet engines.With some exceptions, missiles are typically powered by either liquid

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 12: Promoting Student Success and Motivation

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phapanin Charoenphol, Texas A&M University; Arkasama Bandyopadhyay, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

section. Note that each of the bonuscategories had multiple questions. A greater percentage of students from each section receivedfull/partial credit on questions at the Understand level than the Evaluate level likely becauseEvaluate is a higher cognitive level. (A) (B)Figure 2: Student performance on Quiz 2. (A) Total quiz scores (with and without bonus), out of14 points. (B) The percentage of students who received partial or full credits on the quiz problemsat different cognitive levels. Error bars represent the standard deviations.The grades for students from the two class sections on questions from Chapter 2: Fluid Statics onMidterm 1 were compared using a Mann-Whitney

Conference Session

Going Viral: Effective Instructional Techniques in an Online Environment

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie S. Ivey, University of Memphis; Rachel Margaret Best, University of Memphis; Charles V. Camp, University of Memphis; Paul J. Palazolo, University of Memphis

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

objectives tied to each expected cognitive outcome are as follows: Year 1: Demonstrate technical competency in fundamental GIS skills utilizing existing GIS data to examine Civil Engineering problems. a. Define key GIS terminology b. Identify the process required to import data into GIS software c. Recognize two methods for making measurements within GIS d. Manipulate data to prepare maps demonstrating solutions to simplified Civil Engineering problems using GIS software Year 2: Analyze Civil Engineering problems by generating GIS data and integrating it with existing data while demonstrating comprehension of multiple decision factors. a. Collect GIS data and import to tables, shapefiles or

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division (FYP) - Technical Session 2: Program Design

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sukeerti Shandliya, University of Cincinnati; Gibin Raju, University of Cincinnati; So Yoon Yoon, University of Cincinnati; Cedrick Kwuimy, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

successfulin their social integration, (b) more confident in stepping out of their comfort zones, (c) fostershigher critical thinking skills, and (d) be a more open-minded and inclusive person. As such,transformative learning readiness could be considered an important student characteristic toconsider while determining the effectiveness of a summer bridge program, thus, improving theretention of first-year students.ConclusionSummer Bridge Programs participants are recruited from a diverse range of prior experiences,familial and cultural values, as well as unique career and educational aspirations andmotivations. By acknowledging and incorporating these varied backgrounds, the transformativelearning framework accounted for the distinct experiences of

Conference Session

Experiential Learning in Mechanics

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ardakani; Joshua Ellis, Ohio Northern University

laboratory unit,” 2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access Proceedings, June 22 - 26, 2020. [4] N. A. Brake and F. A. Adam, “Integrating a 3-D printer and a truss optimization project in Statics,” 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, New Orleans, LA, USA, June 26 - 29, 2016. [5] A. A. Ferri, J. I. Craig, B. H. Ferri, M. Alemdar, and B. Klein, “Development of team- based hands-on learning experiences,” 2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access Proceedings, June 22 - 26, 2020. [6] R. A. Marlor, “Incorporating a truss design project into a mechanics & statics course,” 2007 North Midwest Section Meeting Proceedings, Houghton, MI, September 21, 2007. [7] X. Le

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Huseyin Sarper P.E., Old Dominion University; Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

(7) 𝐹𝐹 𝑡𝑡𝑏𝑏 = 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡 = 𝐼𝐼 (8) 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 𝑎𝑎� (9) 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚 𝑉𝑉𝑡𝑡2Practical Experience: Rocket Car LaunchesEach team launched all three vehicle types: coupe, truck, and bus using progressively morepowerful engines of A, B, and C type. A total of about 65 data gathering experiments wereperformed in addition to 25 other practice and fun (e.g. collision) test launches. Figure 3 shows atruck just launched

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ying Tang, Rowan University; Ryan Hare, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

: An analysis of the failure of constructivist, discovery, problem-based, experiential, and inquiry-based teaching,” Educational Psychologist, vol. 41, no. 2, p. 75–86, 2006. [2] J. Hattie, “Visible learning,” 2008. [3] H. Siy, B. Dorn, C. Engelmann, N. Grandgenett, T. Reding, J.-H. Youn, and Q. Zhu, “Sparcs: A personalized problem-based learning approach for developing successful computer science learning experiences in middle school,” 2017 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT), 2017. [4] D. Brabazon, L. Donovan, M. Melia, M. P. O’Mahony, A. Egan, and B. Smyth, “Supporting problem-based learning in moodle using personalised, context-specific learning episode generation,” Proceeding of 1st

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 6: Computer Science Freshman Courses

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joe Michael Allen, University of California, Riverside; Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

<= 0) { wallHeight = Get next input cin >> wallHeight; } For loop statement for i = 0; i < 5; i = i + 1 for (i = 0; i < 5; i = i + 1) { Put i to output cout << i; } And/or/not (a < b and a < c) or (not(a > d)) (a < b && a < c) || (!(a > d))The language features listed above eliminate many common errors by beginning programmers,and enable the Coral simulator to provide clear helpful feedback on syntax

Conference Session

Labs and Experiential Learning

Collection

2021 Illinois-Indiana Regional Conference

Authors

Benjamin D McPheron, Anderson University; Kenneth M Parson, Thor Motor Coach; Matthew Stein, Roger Williams University

Tagged Topics

Labs and experiential learning

minimumpercentage to earn a B in the course. Basic achievement of the SO is set to be 73%, the minimumto earn a ‘C’, as students are required to average at least a 2.0 to graduate.There are two measures that will be employed for testing student success based on this masterygoal. The first measure is to take the average scores course-wide and compare against the masterytarget. A higher average than the target suggests that the majority of students exceed theperformance goal. The second metric is to evaluate each student individually to see if they exceedthe mastery goal. Ideally every graduate of our engineering program should demonstrate masteryin each of the 7 SOs. Both measures contribute to both assessing the efficacy of the courseinstruction and

Conference Session

Enrollment, Instruction and Pedagogy - Focus on Design-Based Projects

Collection

2017 FYEE Conference

Authors

Rouzbeh Tehrani, Temple University; Mohammad F. Kiani, Temple University; Evangelia Bellas, Temple University; John Joseph Helferty, Temple University; Won H Suh, Bioengineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University

Tagged Topics

FYEE Division - Paper Submission

interdisciplinary [2] Goeser, P.T. , Coates, C.W., and Johnson, W.M "The role of ancharacter of the Final Project, starting in Spring 2017 the introduction to engineering course on retention." ASEE Southeast Section Conference. 2011.mechanical engineering and civil & environmentalengineering (CEE) projects were combined into a [3] Zhu H., Mertz, B “Redesign of the introduction to engineeringcooperative project to design and build an underpass truss course and its impact on students’ knowledge and application of thebridge (led by the ME team) to support a water treatment engineering design process”facility

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Frederick Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

), the studentauthor is taken to what the reviewer said to justify the numerical evaluation.We have found that by carefully crafting the performance questions in the rubric, we are able toelicit peer commentary exhibiting characteristics of the three higher levels of Bloom’sTaxonomy: • Analysis: Breaking down objects or ideas into simpler parts and seeing how the parts Page 12.156.11 relate and are organized • Synthesis: Rearranging component ideas into a new whole • Evaluation: Making judgments based on internal evidence and external criteria.Table B provides some sample student commentary taken from assignment #3: Product

Conference Session

How to Effectively Teach Using Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman Dennis, University of Arkansas; Kevin Hall, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

four design teamsin order to create independent concept designs for a crossing that would support three potentialloadings; pedestrian only, ATV traffic, and the construction tractor. An estimated cost and rough Page 12.323.6 a bFigure 2. a. Four wheel ATV emergency vehicle (1670 lb.) b. Small construction tractor withbox blade and front end loader (5700 lb).bill of materials was created for each concept design. Two weeks after the initial visit eachdesign team had prepared a formal presentation to brief the members of the ONSC staff andboard of

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hyun Kim, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

) student-faculty interaction b) communication c) feedback d) understanding of fundamentals e) engineering reasoningThe assessment activities have been received favorably by students. They felt that the activitieshelped them gain knowledge effectively and improved their learning curves significantly. Thatsentiment is well reflected in the final assessment surveys. The ratings have been improvinggradually since the course assessment has been implemented. The Course Assessment is one ofthe most efficient and economical assessment tools that a small or medium-sized engineeringprogram can effectively incorporate as a core assessment tool to achieve students’ learningoutcomes and the educational objectives of the program.Bibliography 1

Conference Session

Design Communications

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Linsey, Texas A&M University; Kristin Wood, University of Texas at Austin; Arthur Markman, University of Texas- Austin

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Rotational Brainwritng: Team A Rotational Brainwritng: Team B (did not see original Round 1:Problem Statements design problem) R2: Single Words from Tree R1:General & Alternative Domain Problem Statements & Words R3: Patent Results and Researched Analogies R2: Actual domain statements & words R3: Patent Results and Researched Analogies Summarize Results and Continue with Design Process Figure 2: Overview of the WordTree Design-by

Conference Session

Issues and Opportunities in IE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marlin Thomas, Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

widely among IEprograms a single approach is not likely to be applicable. The following approach shouldtherefore be taken as guidelines for developing an integrated course. It is convenient to assumethere are three existing sets of courses topics A, B, and C, from which the integrated course, I isto be developed. The procedure is as follows: (1) Start with development of course objectives for I. (2) Decompose each of A, B, and C into learning elements. (3) Construct a concept map from the combined set of elements in (2) that will achieve the objectives in (1). (4) Detail an outline and syllabus for the proposed course. For our purpose here, A, B, and C represent concepts from quality control, reliabilityengineering, and

Conference Session

FPD9 -- Technology & Textbooks

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Kosky, Union College; William Keat, Union College; George Wise, Union College; Robert Balmer, Union College

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

verygood at articulating the excitement of engineering to freshmen). The following list contains asample of freshman texts currently available. They differ widely in intent and in subjectcoverage. a) Studying Engineering, R.B. Landis, Discovery Press, 2000 (ISBN: 0-9646969-5-9). b) Engineering your Future, (4 volumes), W.C. Oakes et al , Great Lakes Press, 2004, (ISBN:1-881018-78-4, 1-881018-51-2, 1-881018-74-1, 1-881018-26-1) c) Introduction to Engineering Design, A.R. Eide, F.D. Jenison, L.H. Mashaw, and L.L. Northup, McGraw Hill, 1998 (ISBN: 0-07-018922-6). d) Introduction to Engineering Design and Problem Solving, M.D. Burghhadt, McGraw Hill, 1999 (ISBN: 0-07-012188-5). e) Concepts in Engineering, M.T. Holtzapple

Conference Session

MET Papers 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry Dupen, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Itincludes four distinct recommendations, every one of which is specific enough to be actionable.The graph below shows the final course grades for the past five years plotted as a function of thetotal number of words each student submitted. Each of the 276 points represents a studentenrolled in the class in a particular semester, therefore any student repeating the course appearsas more than one point on the graph. The points are color-coded according to course grade: A =blue, B = red, C = orange, and D or F = black. The passing grade in this course is a C.We can rank the students by the total number of words they wrote: less than 1000, 1000 to 2000,2000 to 3000, and more than 3000. The table below shows that students who wrote the mostwere more

Conference Session

Virtual Instruction and Collaboration

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yizhe Chang, Stevens Institute of Technology; El-Sayed S. Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Zhou Zhang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Mingshao Zhang, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Sven K. Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science)

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

exercisesdesigned using this game-based virtual laboratory platform will be conducted.References[1] J. E. Corter, S. K. Esche, C. Chassapis, J. Ma and J. V. Nickerson, "Process and learning outcomes from remotely-operated, simulated, and hands-on student laboratories," Computers & Education, vol. 57, no. 3, p. 2054–2067, 2011.[2] D. Magin and S. Kanapathipillai, "Engineering students' understanding of the role of experimentation," European Journal of Engineering Education , vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 351-358, 2000. Page 26.1637.12[3] B. Dalgarno, A. G. Bishop and W. Adlong, "Effectiveness of a virtual laboratory as a preparatory resource

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: The Art of Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nelson Fumo, University of Texas at Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

(ASHRAE standards for example).4) The device must average the air velocity of the air in the duct with at least the number of points specified by ASHRAE standards.For this project, two teams of four students competed. To avoid replication, one requirement wasthat the physical principle of response of the device should be different. As a result, the projectshown in Figure 5-a was based on heat transfer and the prototype shown in Figure 5-b was basedon differential pressure. (a) (b)Fig. 5 Picture of Prototypes for the Duct Mounted Airflow Measurement System Project, (a)prototype based on heat transfer principles and (b) based on differential pressure.Project 2017

Conference Session

Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Landis, The Technology Collaborative; Stan Komacek, California University of Pennsylvania; Carol Adukaitis, PA State System of Higher Education; Robin Shoop, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Acompetency list for the Beattie Robotics Technology program was created that mapped onto fiveCal U courses required in an existing associate degree, including automation, robotics, circuitanalysis, digital electronics, and computer science. Full details of the articulated curriculum areavailable on the 2+2+2 program website.2 The agreement requires students to earn a B averageor better and to be recommended by the Beattie robotics teacher. Credits only, not grades, willbe recorded on the transcript when a student enters the Cal U associate degree program.Third Step: expansion and needs validationIn the 2006-07 academic year, DCED funded expansion of the 2+2+2 robotics partnership.McKeesport Area Technology Center (McKeesport) was added as a

Conference Session

Public Engineering of Engineering, K12 Standards, and Overview

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tylisha Baber, Michigan State University; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Bridge. 2000 [cited Jan 2008]; Available from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bridge/build.html.21. NOVA Mars: Design a Parachute 2004 [cited Jan 2008]; Available from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/mars/parachute.html.22. PBS Kids: Goldburger To Go 2005 [cited Jan 2008]; Available from: http://pbskids.org/zoom/games/goldburgertogo/.23. Staff, D.N., Engineers Making a Difference. Design News, 2001. 56(24): p. 50-56.24. Terrill, B. and G. Dierkers, The Unofficial MacGyver How-to Handbook: Actual Working Tricks As Seen on MacGyver. 2005, Washington, DC: American International Press.25. Terrill, B. and G. Dierkers, The Unofficial MacGyver How-to Handbook: Revised 2nd Edition. 2005, Washington, DC: American

Conference Session

Preparing Engr Students for International Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Gary Downey, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

International

understandingengineering work that differ from your own. Even if other countries do not have single cultures,they nonetheless provide high-probability sites for encountering unfamiliar ways of thinkingabout engineering work. The additional competency gained from effectively engaging peoplefrom other countries is to learn to work with people who define problems differently. The key questions in problem definition include (a) what counts as relevant knowledge, orhow engineers, and non-engineers, draw boundaries around their problems?; and (b) who countsas engineers, or how do issues of life and career affect engineering work? The opening quiz questions provide examples of each of these. In the first question, theAmericans were amazed that the drawings the

Conference Session

Using graphics in the rest of the engineering courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard W Marklin Jr, Marquette University; Jay R. Goldberg P.E., Marquette University; Mark Nagurka, Marquette University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

1st Class 8th Class 3 2 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V StudentFigure 7. Reviewer 1 scores of the sketches of the pipe fitting drawn in the first and eighthclasses (1= poor, 7=excellent). Scores for 15 students improved (green), 3 decreased (red), and 4stayed the same. 7 6 5 1st Class Score 4 8th

Conference Session

Innovations in the CHE Laboratory

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Ronald Willey; Ralph Buonopane; Deniz Turan; Alfred Bina; Guido Lopez

the original pH injection system.Figure 7. Students working on the experiment Page 8.88.10“Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference &Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education” A: Empty Tube Re=40 Dye spreads from density difference. B. Empty Tube Re=170 Dye Streamlines

Conference Session

Energy Education and Industry Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jai Agrawal, Purdue University, Calumet; Omer Farook, Purdue University, Calumet; Chandra Sekhar, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

/manager/professional who hold baccalaureate in other technology fields. Thecertificate courses introduce the concepts and technology of harvesting energy from sun, windand other alternative sources, thermoelectric, electrochemical, bio-photosynthetic and hydrogenbased energy systems. The certificate consists of 12 credit hours, equivalent of four courses: 1)Solar Engineering Systems, 2) Wind and Alternative Energy Technology, 3) Energy Networkingand 4) Energy Neutral Living.Courses in the certificate can be delivered in traditional classroom/distance learning formats.Each course comprises of three components: a) content, b) critical review of current researchpapers and c) project. The course content consists of study of sources of energy and

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Warren Myers; Jack Byrd; Robin Hensel

155 Page 10.417.11in the 2003/04 AY was 53.2% compared to 51.8% in 2002/03, 43.1% in 01/02 and 38.3% in2000/01. Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering EducationFigure 8. Stacked Bar Figure of MATH 155 Grades Including AY-GPA and % of Grades => C A B C D F I W 100% 90% 80

Conference Session

Assessment & Quality Accredition in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

John Rowe; Tim Mulroy

: Page 9.92.2 Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering Education a. understanding of the operation of an industrial organization and the nature and importance of the engineering dimension within it; b. understanding of systems of communications and control within organizations; c. personal skills of working with other people at all levels in an organizations; d. understanding of the organizational and administrative principles of running a business particularly the roles of financial control, costing and marketing; e. appreciation of the kinds of work in