necessary forany apparent decrease in structural racism. Derrick Bell argued that the gains made by AfricanAmericans during the Civil Rights Movement [11] only came about because the interests ofAfrican Americans converged with the self-interests of Whites in that White elite groups neededa breakthrough for African Americans for the sake of global appearances and competition [12].In the end, however, he argued there were minimal to null gains in education after the Brown v.Board of Education decision because the decision also led to many schools closing and Blackadministrators and teachers being dismissed, which produced limited access to high-qualityschool curricula for many people of color [11].The third tenet is the social construction of race