Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margot Vigeant, Bucknell University; Richard Moore, Bucknell University

fundamental chemical engineering concepts. Assessment shows both thetechnical and affective objectives of the seminar were accomplished. This seminar should beportable to other institutions, or with some modification, could be used in outreach activities withhigh school students. We plan to use this seminar again in the coming academic year.Bibliography1. Vigeant, M., J. Baish, R. Kozick, S. Petrescu, R. Zaccone, and R Ziemian. Introducing First-Year Students toEngineering, Economics, and Social Responsibility: Ada Compliance as a First Project. In American Society forEngineering Education. 2004. Salt Lake City, UT.2. Vigeant, M., S. Velegol, J. Baish, R. Kozick, R. Zaccone, and R Ziemian. Restructuring Exploring EngineeringAt Bucknell University. In

Conference Session

Trend in Construction Engineering Education I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ifte Choudhury

Tagged Divisions

Construction

) in theearly 1990’s to about Tk. 200 billion (3.33 billion US dollars) in 2003. Figure 1 shows a steadyincrease of the country’s construction output which is presently over 8 per cent of its GDP1.Most of the construction works are in the public sector. Funding for a high percentage ofconstruction projects come from multilateral development agencies (MDA) like the World Bankor Asian Development Bank.The rapid growth in the construction sector demands an adequate number of professionals with abroad understanding of the principles of construction science as well as leadership skills in Page 11.473.2motivating teams and integrating a wide range of

Conference Session

On Pedagogy of Lab Courses and Their Design

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

was supported through the National Science Foundation through theCAREER program (NSF9984896); the Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvementprogram (NSF0088279), and the Department Level Planning Grants for Engineering Education(NSF0230695). LASER CULT case studies are available on-line3, as are portfolios of studentwork8. The author acknowledges generous equipment donations from Melles Griot andThorlabs.Bibliography1 Committee on Optical Science and Engineering, Harnessing light: Optical science and engineering in the 21st century. (National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 1998).2 S. B. Feichtner and E. A. Davis, "Why some groups fail: a survey of students' experiences with learning groups," J. Organ. Behav. Teaching Soc

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharnnia Artis, Virginia Tech; Glenda Scales, Virginia Tech; Odis Griffin, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

a new skill. Using role play enhanced the students’ interest in the course andafforded opportunities of how to apply training concepts in the corporate environment. Thestudents obviously enjoyed the use of role play as an instructional method, developed thenecessary skill set to design effective training programs, and highly recommended this course toother engineering graduate students. With the necessary planning and preparation, the use ofrole play in a graduate engineering course can be successfully implemented to provide a moreproductive student-centered approach to teaching and learning.Bibliography1. Andrianoff, S. K., and Levine, D. B. (2002). Role playing in an object-oriented world. SIGCSE Bulletin.2. Brady, K. M., Forton, M. B

Conference Session

Preparing Engr Students for International Practice

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn Hobson, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

International

2006-1657: THE ROLE OF ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENTRosalyn Hobson, Virginia Commonwealth University Rosalyn S. Hobson is an Associate Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University. She received her B.S. ('91), M.S. ('95), and Ph.D. ('98) degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Virginia. Her research includes the use artificial neural networks for signal processing and controls problems, science and technology in international development and engineering education. She joined VCU in the fall semester of 1996. Page 11.1326.1© American Society for

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Otieno, Northern Illinois University; Clifford Mirman, Northern Illinois University; Abul Azad, Northern Illinois University

Commerce and Economic Opportunity, http://www.commerce.state.il.us/dceo/Bureaus/Facts_Figures/Factsheets/ 2. Illinois Board of Higher Education Data Bank, http://www.ibhe.state.il.us/Data%20Bank/default.htm 3. National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Statistics http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/race.htm 4. S. T. Hill. (2002). National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resources Statistics, Science and Engineering Degrees, by Race/Ethnicity of Recipients: 1991-2002, NSF 02-329, Arlington. 5. L.J. Bottomley, S. Rajala and R. Porter. (1999) Engineering outreach teams: K-12 outreach at North Carolina State University. Proceedings of Frontiers in Education Conference, v 3, pp. 13a7-14 - 13a7-17 6. M. Mooney

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Idir Azouz, Midwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

] Smith, K. and Waller, A., “New Paradigms for Engineering Education,” Proceedings of the 1997 Frontiers inEducation Conference, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, November 1997.[7] Clark, M.C. et al., “The evolution of Curricular Change Models Within the Foundation Coalition,” Journal ofEngineering Education, January 2004.[8] Duerden, S. and Green, M., “Enhancing Freshman Engineering Education: Integrating Freshman EnglishComposition with Engineering, Math, Physics, and Chemistry,” found on the internet athttp://fie.engrng.pitt.edu/fie95/3a6/3a62/3a62.htm Page 11.459.8 Appendix I

Conference Session

Innovative Techniques in Graphics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Judith Birchman; Mary Sadowski, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

course: Re-examining the curriculum. Engineering Design Graphics Journal, 66(1):5-10. 3. Forsha, Harry I. (1995). Show me: The complete guide to storyboarding and problem solving. Wisconsin: ASQC Press. 4. Fraioli, J. O. (2000). Storyboarding 101: A crash course in professional storyboarding. California: Michael Wiese Productions. 5. Hanks, K., Belliston, L. (1992). Draw! A visual approach to thinking, learning and communicating. California: Crisp Publications. 6. Hanks, K., Belliston, L. (1990). Rapid Viz. California: Crisp Publications. 7. Katz, S. D. (1991). Film directing shot by shot. California: Michael Wiese Productions. 8. Laseau, P. (2001). Graphic thinking for architects and

Conference Session

Issues in Computer Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hasasn Rajaei, Bowling Green State University; Mohammad Dadfar, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, Evgenia, ”Multiple-queue Backfilling Scheduling with Priorities and Reservations for Parallel Systems” Department of Computer Science, College of William and Mary Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA5. Srinivasan, S., Kettimuthu, R., Subramani, V., and Sadayappan, P., “Characterization of backfilling strategies for parallel job scheduling”. IEEE International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops, pages 514– 519, August 2002.6. Bode, Brett, Halstead, David M., Kendall, Ricky and Lei, Zhou “The Portable Batch Scheduler and the Maui Scheduler on Linux Clusters”. In Annual Technical Conference, USENIX, June 1999.7. Alagusundaram, Kavitha “A Comparison of Common Processor Scheduling Algorithms for Distributed- Memory

Conference Session

Capstone Courses I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Smith, University of Kentucky-Lexington; Jamey Jacob, University of Kentucky; Suzanne Smith, University of Kentucky; James Lumpp, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

, T.R. Smith and D. Cadogan, “Development of UV-Curable Inflatable Wings for Low-Density Flight Applications,” AIAA Paper 2004-1503, AIAA GossamerSpacecraft Forum, Palm Springs, CA, April 2004.7. Usui, M., J.D. Jacob and S.W. Smith, S. Scarborough and D. Cadogan, “Second GenerationInflatable/Rigidizable Wings for Low-Density Flight,” AIAA-2005-1883, AIAA Gossamer Spacecraft Forum,Austin, TX, April 2005.8. Simpson, A., et.al., “Flying on Air: UAV Flight Testing with Inflatable Wing Technology,” AIAA 2004-6570, AIAA Unmanned Unlimited Conference, Chicago, IL, September 2004.9. Simpson, A., Jacob, J.D., and Smith, S., “Morphing of Inflatable Wings.” AIAA 2005-2110, AIAA SDMAdaptive Structures Conference, Austin, TX, April, 2005.10

Conference Session

Assessing K - 12 Engineering Education Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Karen Hollebrands, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

course exam)? Page 11.693.3 • Describe the types of activities or projects that you use with students. • Describe the ways in which you and your students use technology to teach/learn Algebra II. • If you have taught Algebra II for several years, what changes have you made in Algebra II? Why? • In what way(s) do you think using technology in the classroom enhances (or not) the teaching and learning of algebra II concepts? • Describe the characteristics of different students to whom you teach Algebra II (what courses have they taken and what do they take after Algebra II

Conference Session

Leadership and Administration in ET

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wael Ibrahim, ECPI College of Technology; Rasha Morsi, Norfolk State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

accreditation criteria document states requirements for accreditation.Example program names are shown below: • Aeronautical Engineering Technology • Computer Engineering Technology • Construction Engineering Technology • Drafting/Design Engineering Technology (Mechanical) • Electrical/Electronic(s) Engineering Technology • Environmental Engineering Technology • Industrial Engineering Technology • Information Engineering Technology • Manufacturing Engineering Technology • Surveying/Geomatics Engineering Technology • Telecommunications Engineering TechnologyNAITThe National Association of Industrial Technology [3] was

Conference Session

Innovative Teaching Methods in IE Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Durward Sobek, Montana State University; Susan Freeman, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

been introduced. Page 11.252.2Course Descriptions and BackgroundThe NU course is a required four-credit sophomore course for Industrial Engineering majors,with a few engineering students taking IE as a minor. The course covers core IE topics, aboutone topic per week, using selected chapters from Turner, et al.’s text5 along with supplementalmaterial. The class meets three times weekly: one class is generally an introductory lecture withproblem-solving, the second includes more problem solving or further exploration of the topic,and the third is a laboratory or hands-on classroom activity. The students complete homeworkproblems and an

Conference Session

Questions of Identity

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Graham, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Amy Wendt, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Paul Peercy, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Patrick Farrell, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jay Martin, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Sarah Pfatteicher, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Jeffrey Russell, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

ideas that are helpful whenthinking about how to redesign the college.IntroductionImpending changes are presenting engineering schools across the country and around the globewith new challenges. Our task force at the UW-Madison COE has been engaged in efforts toassist the college in meeting these challenges. Some of these challenges are specific to the UW-Madison College of Engineering. Many of them, however, are universal. Our hope is that indiscussing the path(s) that we are following, we can broaden the conversation beyond a singlecampus. We do not want to mislead anyone: we do not claim to have the answers, and wecertainly have many unanswered questions, however, we believe that a national dialogue isrequired if engineering education is to

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Laboratory Systems

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Anderson, Iowa State University; Thomas Daniels, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Results Number of Scripts Running Mean Time to Standard Concurrently Complete Scripts (s) Deviation 1 116.95 4.45 2 119.34 16.51 3 119.06 14.66 4 132.74 37.51 5 128.04 26.18 6 124.73 24.52 7 130.43 27.78 8 128.55 23.72 9 126.70 19.22 10 130.75

Conference Session

Promoting Scientific and Technological Literacy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Douglas, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

developers of pre-college curricula face?Challenge #1: Developing sustainable practices. An innovative educational initiative isrelatively straightforward to offer once or twice in a few classrooms where the extent ofthe impact is limited, with significant involvement of the initiative’s creator(s) anddeveloper(s) invested. To have truly lasting impact, however, one needs to developeducational initiatives that can be transferred from expert to novice, that have appropriatedocumentation procedures in place, and are economically viable for all partnersinvolved.Challenge #2: Placing a curriculum in an environment that is over-prescribed in termsof content and resources. Adding new educational content to a pre-college curriculuminevitably means that

Conference Session

Tools and Support for Software Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Gannod, Arizona State University; Kevin Gary, Arizona State University; Harry Koehnemann, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

A should review the reqs and the product knowledge to put consider follow-up questions. together a useful questionnaire. 7. Subgroup A re-interviews subgroup B to ask • Perform Research (Y): We all follow-up questions. researched OWL-S and WSDL 8. Subgroup A should review the requirements specifications in order to better understand Stakeholder for validity. requests

Conference Session

Ocean, Marine, and Coastal Engineering Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Waters, U.S. Naval Academy; Randy Broussard, U.S. Naval Academy; Jenelle Piepmeier, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

surface data encompassed a roughly0.5m×3.5m swath. Three different wave frequencies were tested with wave periods of T = {1.1,1.2, 1.3}s and a sequence of images was taken for each wave period. Figure 6 shows a MATLABinterpolation of the Cartesian data from the T=1.1s experimental run. As mentioned earlier,texturizing the water surface with sufficient mist or spray is essential to getting good results.Figure 7 shows the Periodogram of the averaged data from Figure 6. The peak corresponds to apredominant frequency wavelength of 1.71m for this run. The average wavelength for the entiresequence of images was 1.93m; this shows excellent agreement with the wave gauge wavelengthof 1.90m.In another experiment, a series of stereo images were taken along

Conference Session

1st Year Retention Programs for Women Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Urban, Arizona State University; Mary Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Faye Navabi, Arizona State University; Debra Banks, Consultant

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

to enhance the placement examination througha smart online version that provides tailored tutorial material.1References 1. Tushar Chandra, Gitanjali Gunnam, and Joseph E. Urban, “Smart Online Placement Examination,” Proceedings of the IASTED International Conference on Web Technologies, Applications, and Services (WTAS 2004), July 4-6, 2005, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, pp. 204-208. 2. James S. Collofello, Joseph E. Urban, Mary R. Anderson-Rowland, Faye Navabi, and Doris Roman, “COOL (Computer Outreach Opportunities for Learning) Project,” Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Nashville, Tennessee, June 22-25, 2003. 3

Conference Session

Innovative and Computer-Assisted Lab Studies

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne Johnson, Armstrong Atlantic State University; Alesia Ferguson, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Patrick Hager, Armstrong Atlantic State University; Aristide Sanou, Armstrong Atlantic State University; Daniel Shenoda, Armstrong Atlantic State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

system. In further work, the system willbe expanded to monitor temperature and relative humidity.Bibliography 1. Camann, D.E., Harding, H. J., Geno, P. W., and Lewis, R. G. Relationship Among Drag Sled, PUF Roller and Hand Press Transfer of Pesticide Residues From Floors. in Proceedings of the US EPA and ADWMA International Conference. 1994. Durham, N C. 2. Ross, J., Fong, H. R., Thongsinthusak, T., Margetich, S., and Krieger, R., Measuring Potential Dermal transfer of Surface Pesticides Residue Generated from Indoor Fogger Using the CDFA Roller Method. Chemosphere, 1991. 22(9-10): p. 975-984. 3. Vaccaro, J.R., and Nolan, R. J. Evaluation of Dislodgeable

Conference Session

Electrical ET Projects and Applications

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Asgill, Southern Polytechnic State University; Thomas Fallon, Southern Polytechnic State University; Walter E. Thain Jr.

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

effects of data traffic congestion on VoIP Quality of Service (QoS) and protocol efficiencyThe students were also expected to demonstrate their expertise in project management bydeveloping a project management plan with GANTT charts for the capstone project. Althoughstudents were allowed to develop their own sub teams to accomplish various tasks, they receivedinstruction about the overall team structure from the instructor with the following guidelines: i)students were to elect a project director, ii) sub teams were organized and assigned specifictask(s) by the director, iii) sub teams reported periodically to the director about the progress ofvarious sub goals set by the team towards the completion of assigned tasks, iv) the

Conference Session

New ET Curriculum and Teaching Methods

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Strangeway, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Edward Chandler, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Roger Brown, Chippewa Valley Technical College; Kenneth Exworthy, Northeast Wisconsin Technical College (retired); Jeffrey Fancher, Western Wisconsin Technical College; Walter Hedges, Fox Valley Technical College; Terry Fleischman, Fox Valley Technical College; Patrick Hoppe, Gateway Technical College; Richard Lokken, Milwaukee Area Technical College; Thomas Martin, Northeast Wisconsin Technical College; Daniel Merkel, Milwaukee Area Technical College (retired); Michael O'Donnell, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Terry O'Laughlin, Madison Area Technical College; Mark Porubsky, Milwaukee Area Technical College; Robert Steker, Waukesha County Technical College; Timothy Tewalt, Chippewa Valley Technical College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

addition to the usual institution-wide policy on transfer ofindividual courses). Among these 119 programs, 31 programs had websites that referred totransfer/articulation agreements that were specific to the electrical-discipline engineeringtechnology baccalaureate program. Of these 31 programs, nine programs hadtransfer/articulation agreements that were presented as course-based agreements, that is, lists oftransferable courses specific to the electrical program. Another 18 of the 31 programs hadprogram-level transfer/articulation agreements that cited specific AAS-level program(s) that intheir entirety would transfer from other institution(s). The remaining four of the 31 programshad transfer policies that permitted any AAS-level engineering

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Janna, University of Memphis; John Hochstein, University of Memphis

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

2006-578: COLLABORATION OF FRESHMAN WITH SENIORS IN A CAPSTONEDESIGN COURSEWilliam Janna, University of Memphis William S. Janna joined the faculty of The University of Memphis in 1987 as Chair of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. He served as Associate Dean for Graduate Studies and Research in the Herff College of Engineering. His research interests include boundary layer methods of solution for various engineering problems, and modeling the melting of ice objects of various shapes. He is the author of three textbooks, a member of ASEE and of ASME. He teaches continuing education courses in the area of piping systems and in heat exchanger design and selection, for ASME. Dr

Conference Session

Capstone Design I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susannah Howe, Smith College; Jessica Wilbarger, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

havebeen missed or dismissed.Survey responses were compiled and processed electronically. Most of the questions hadparticipants choose from a list of responses, and could thus be digitally tallied and graphed withrelative ease. The qualitative section at the end presented more of a challenge, however, and thedata from that are still being processed. Many questions throughout the survey allowed space forcomments, particularly if "Other" was an option. We read through these comments, and ifenough respondents wrote in a similar answer, tallied the remark and presented it with thecorresponding quantitative data.The questions/results presented in this paper are primarily those discussed in Todd et al.'s "ASurvey of Capstone Engineering Courses in North

Conference Session

Topical Public Policy Issues

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Devon, Pennsylvania State University; Elizabeth Kisenwether, Pennsylvania State University; Richard Schuhmann, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Pangborn, Pennsylvania State University; Kim Barron, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

(as well as with Japan and South Korea), both for importing inexpensivemanufactured goods that lowers U.S. inflation, and for return flows of dollars that finance theU.S.’s federal deficit. U.S. corporations, like those of other countries, have also been quick tosee value in investing in China’s manufacturing base and pursuing opportunities in its domesticmarket.9A further corrective to the alarmist view was recently published in a well researched report byGereffi and Wadha at Duke University, “Typical articles have stated that in 2004 the United States graduated roughly 70,000 undergraduate engineers, while China graduated 600,000 and India 350,000. Our study has determined that these are inappropriate comparisons. These

Conference Session

Curricula of the Past, Present, and Future

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvonne Ng, College of St. Catherine; Lori Maxfield, College of St. Catherine

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the curricular components: a. Primary Parallel: Key phrases regarding the project particulars were underlined and classified along one of the parallels. Then the paper was looked at as a whole: The primary parallel was determined by the most frequently occurring parallel. b. Secondary Parallel(s): The secondary parallels were then identified and their relationships to the other parallels were determined.These curricular design components were then considered as a whole, using the PCM. In design,each curricular component seeks to motivate, instruct, or assess students in the content areas. Byusing the PCM “lens,” the relationships of curricular components to the parallels

Conference Session

Student Misconceptions and Problem Solving Abiltiy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University; Peggy Van Meter, Pennsylvania State University; Monica Wright, Pennsylvania State University; Jonna Kulikowich, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Energy Laboratory Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Gerhart, University of Evansville; Andrew Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

D Variable Resistive Load E BURNER N S -Qc Fuel flow sensor E R LP / NATURAL GAS TANK CONDENSATE COLLECTION TANK Page

Conference Session

Teaching Innovation in Arch Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Betz, SUNY-College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

the use of this new technological process for economic reasons?This paper will apply a series of existing theories developed from the post World War II periodto the pre CAD period of the 1980’s to explain technological changes and apply them tocomputer automation design process of today. These ideas will help to develop a theory tounderstand this new design process. It will outline characteristics of this new design process andpresent a framework to examine the effects in a Construction Design course. Student surveysand supporting data are presented. Recommendations for new assessment are offered. Thelarger goal of this paper is to obtain feedback for a more serious journal length article.Theoretical BackgroundThere is a substantial body of

Conference Session

Computer ET Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Lin, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne; Melissa Lin, Exactech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

'), grid on Page 11.1237.10 A m p lit u d e R e s p o n s e - G a in 0 Av = Vo/Vi 10 -1 10 -2 10 0 1 2 3 10 10 10 10