Conference Session

Improving ME education: Broad Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University; Andrew Davol, California Polytechnic State University; Joseph Mello, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

presentations – all time spent constructingInfluence of advisor involvementTo optimize the learning experience for the students it is imperative to have an involved advisor(or several). Many of the lessons learned by the students mentioned in this paper will occur with Page 11.1155.5or without this involvement, and the students may even have some success on their own. But thelikelihood of a successful competition goes up markedly if the students are guided and feel thattheir advisor(s) is genuinely interested in the project3,7.In recent years, our clubs have received increased attention from the faculty advisors

Conference Session

K-12 Activities

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leilah Lyons, University of Michigan; Zbigniew Pasek, University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Engineering Exhibit,“ Proceedingsof the 2006 Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE2006), Chicago, IL, June18-21, 2006.9. Macdonald, S. & Silverstone, R.. "Science on Display: The Representation of Scientific Controversy inMuseum Exhibitions." Public Understanding of Science 1, 1, 1992.10. Paris, S., Yambor, K, & Packard, B. "Hands-On Biology: A Museum-School-University Partnership forEnhancing Students' Interest and Learning in Science." The Elementary School Journal 98, 3, 1998.11. Sandvig, C. & Murase E. Social Research Through the Unobtrusive Observation of Network Traffic:Methodological and Ethical Challenges. In Proc. AIR 2000, AIR 2000. Consulted January 27, 2005.http://aoir.org/members/papers

Conference Session

Civil Engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christy Jeon, Georgia Institute of Technology; Adjo Amekudzi, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

areas, andecological balance and diversity. Different people will put different valuations on these assets [9]. Valuations can include economic, ecological, aesthetic, and ethical components. Theeconomic consultant who undertakes such a valuation must use judgment in deciding not onlywhich methods to use to assess values but also whether and how to quantify them. If s/hedecides to quantify environmental values, different methods will yield higher or lower figuresand it will be tempting (especially if s/he wants future work) to use the method that suits theclient's desired outcome [9]. Students will find out how subjective such an evaluation processcan be through the following exercise in which they can make judgments to conduct

Conference Session

Evaluation and Assessment of IE Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. Radharamanan, Mercer University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

years showed continuous improvement inthe course contents, lab assignments, hands-on experiences, teaching methods, testing methods,and students’ learning/performance at MUSE.Bibliography1. Brawner, C. E., Anderson, T. J., Zorowski, C. F. & Serow, R. C. (2001), “Quality Approach Supports Engineering Education Reform,” Quality Progress, Vol. 34, No. 7, pp. 75-81.2. Canic, M. J. & McCarthy, P. M. (2000), “Service Quality and Higher Education do Mix,” Quality Progress, Vol. 33, No. 9, pp. 41-46.3. Cornesky, R. (1993), “The Quality Professor: Implementing TQM in the Classroom,” Magna Publications, Inc., Madison, WI.4. Fournier-Bonilla, S. D., Watson, K. L. & Malavé, C. (2000), “Quality Planning in Engineering

Conference Session

International Exchange/Joint Programs in Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard McGinnis, Bucknell University; Jeffrey Evans, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

International

informationcoupled with synthesis and interpretation in the context of UK, European and US practices, wasa major daily component of the students’ activities. Finally, within 5 weeks of the completion ofthe abroad experience the students were required to submit a 4,500-word minimum paper.Specifically, for each of the program’s learning objectives the students had to identify anddescribe an experience (or collection of experiences) and examine how the experience(s) ledthem to accomplish the objective. For those learning objectives not met, the students describedhow their experiences fell short of enabling a meeting of the objective. In addition, students hadto describe how the course is likely to impact their future and their professional careers

Conference Session

Approaches to Teaching Entrepreneurship

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Minnie Patel, San Jose State University; Anuradha Basu, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

survey results and the existing participation of engineering students in the Near IdeasFair, this paper proposes two complementary approaches to learning, namely, (i) case studies and(ii) active learning,, to make the engineering students aware of what entrepreneurship means andto help them to dispel some of the common fears and myths they hold about entrepreneurship.References1. Nichols, S. P. and Armstrong, N. E., “Engineering Entrepreneurship: Does Entrepreneurship Have a Role inEngineering Education?” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol 45, No. 1, February 20032. Mechanical Engineering in the 21st Century: Trends Impacting the Profession, (a report prepared for theCommittee on Issues, Identification, Council on Public Affairs, The

Conference Session

Biology in Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark McConkie, Utah State University; Timothy Taylor, Utah State University; David Britt, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

Page 11.1072.2restructuring. We will describe our efforts as they apply to the field of biological engineering ingeneral, the department’s overall curriculum, and specific educational / instructional activities.BackgroundDuring the early 1990’s enrollment was decreasing in agricultural related engineering programsaround the United States. Utah State University was no exception, with a total AgriculturalEngineering undergraduate enrollment approaching ten students. In response to the decline inenrollment and to address the emergence of the biological engineering degree programs aroundthe country the Biological Engineering degree program was created in 1993. Since then, it hasbeen the fastest growing undergraduate engineering discipline on

Conference Session

Reforming the Industrial Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Chase, University of San Diego; Rick Olson, University of San Diego; Leonard Perry, University of San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

IE to an organization.1 IntroductionSince the mid-90’s, lean has been a hot topic among practitioners of industrial engineering. Theannual IIE Solutions Conference features many sessions promoting lean and helping attendeeslearn to apply lean concepts in their jobs. IIE has held focused Lean Conferences. In San Diego,the IIE Chapter meetings featuring lean are the best attended events. Other organizationsincluding AME, APICS, ASQ, INCOSE, and SME offer lean meeting programs. Professionalorganizations and for-profit groups have developed lean certificate programs. Universities alsooffer lean programs, but these are often offered by Schools of Business Administration, orthrough extension programs.And yet few industrial engineering programs

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students III

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Claudia Morrell, University of Maryland-Baltimore County; Anne Spence, University of Maryland-Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

FPD6 -- Early Intervention & Retention Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Froyd; Xiafeng Li, Texas A&M University; Arun Srinivasa, Texas A&M University; William Bassichis, Texas A&M University; Jacque Hodge, Texas A&M University; Donald Maxwell, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Conference Session

TC2K Methods and Models

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Skvarenina, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

an average of 0.7, which seems to indicate a significant improvementin the minds of the students. When asked what courses helped and didn’t helped, students werealmost as likely to indicate their first-year composition course. Many frequently mentioned theECET courses that have comprehensive lab reports as helping them improve their writing. Thisseems to be borne out by the response to questions 3 through 5. Question 3 asks whether theEnglish and Comm classes helped and the responses are in the low 3's. Questions 4 and 5, withscores typically above 4, indicate the students believe the curriculum provides sufficientopportunities for them to improve and the ECET professors provide them with feedback Ingeneral, these results seemed to indicate

Conference Session

Building Communities for Engineering Education Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi Diefes-Dux, Purdue University; Robin Adams, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Deborah Follman, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

development.Robin Adams, Purdue University Robin S. Adams is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She is also leads the Institute for Scholarship on Engineering Education (ISEE) as part of the Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education (CAEE). Dr. Adams received her PhD in Education, Leadership and Policy Studies from the University of Washington, an MS in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Washington, and a BS in Mechanical Engineering from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Dr. Adams' research is concentrated on understanding design knowing and learning (particularly iterative cycles in design

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Turns, University of Washington; Jessica Yellin, University of Washington; Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington; Kathleen Gygi, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

identify and define our key coding categories, briefly discuss the implications ofthese different activities in terms of learning, and, finally, show examples of participantinteraction that illustrate the ideas captured by the coding category. These examples are labeledwith the associated session number (in terms of week), section identifier (Tuesday orWednesday), and participant code (Tuesday participants were indicated with S followed by anumber while Wednesday participants were indicated with T followed by a number). Thecategories are shown in alphabetical order so that no particular activity is privileged in thelisting. The next section focuses on the alignment between our results and three relevant theoriesof learning.Audience. Participants

Conference Session

Energy Curriculum Advancements

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Somerton, Michigan State University; Andre Benard, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

SystemSemester: Spring 2004Summary: Provide a preliminary design for an oscillating water column system power withinthe territory of the United States for two different sites. The following sites have been targetedfor this study. 315 NM W of Aberdeen (WA) 78 NM SSW of Aberdeen (WA) S. Aleutians (AK) Hilo (HI) Pensacola (FL)For each site, the design team will undertake a design study to determine • the optimal chamber height (within 0.5 m) • the optimal chamber diameter (within 0.5 m)The objective function used in the design study will be the predicted cost of the electricity in$/kW⋅hr, under the constraint that the

Conference Session

Women & New Faculty Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Jessop, University of Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

ticking, and you’re getting antsy. You’ve delayed starting a family because youwanted to get settled into your academic position; however, that doesn’t seem such a good ideanow that you’re approaching your mid-30’s. What factors should you consider in making thedecision to start your family? Once you’ve decided to take the plunge into family life, what arestrategies you can use to strike a balance between your family and career? Here, personalexperiences of several female engineering faculty members from the University of Iowa will beshared, along with tips from other resources. Topics include: (1) Negotiating with your supervisor [how will baby’s arrival affect your contributions to the department/college?]; (2

Conference Session

Successful Outcomes of Student Entrepreneurship

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Thornton, University of Maryland-College Park; Anik Singal, Affiliate Classroom, Inc.; David Barbe, University of Maryland-College Park; James Green, University of Maryland-College Park

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

M.B.A. from the University of Maryland. She managed her own career as a performing musician for 25 years and taught at Towson University and Jacksonville University. Ms. Thornton was a Fulbright Scholar. Page 11.289.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 “Bringing Student Innovations to Market: A Hinman CEOs Success Story” James V. Green, Anik Singal, David F. Barbe, and Karen S. Thornton University of Maryland, College ParkAbstractThis paper discusses a study of the challenges and opportunities navigated by Anik Singal

Conference Session

Standards Based Approaches to K -12 Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Merrill, Illinois State University; Vincent Childress, North Carolina A&T; Rodney Custer, Illinois State University; Craig Rhodes, North Carolina A&T

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

,National Science Foundation, Washington, DC.32 Loucks-Horsley, S, Love, N., Stiles, K. E., Mundry, S., & Hewson, P. W. (2003). Designing professionaldevelopment for teachers of science and mathematics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.33 Iversen, D. J., & Kalyandurg, C. (November, 2004). Engineering in the K-12 classroom: An analysis of currentpractices and guidelines for the future. Washington, DC: The American Society for Engineering Education. Page 11.762.13

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi Loshbaugh, Colorado School of Mines; Tawni Hoeglund, Colorado School of Mines; Ruth Streveler, Colorado School of Mines; Kimberley Breaux

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

student’s presentcapacity, making her/him stretch to acquire the new ability or knowledge. If material ispresented at a too-rapid pace or at a level that is significantly beyond the student’s ability, s/hecan become overwhelmed and frustrated; students struggle to gain mastery in such a teachingand learning environment. Additionally, the student’s emotional reaction to the difficulty furthercomplicates her/his ability to gain mastery over the new knowledge. [6] Students who feelfrustrated or defeated by their learning experiences do not gain mastery over new material.MT students repeatedly describe circumstances of unmanageable difficulty. A strong perceptionthat courses are designed to “weed” students out permeates the campus. Physics, Calculus

Conference Session

ECE Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chia-Jeng Tseng, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, Vol. CAD-5, No. 3, pp. 379-395,June 1989.10. Tseng, C. J., Wei,R. S., Rothweiler, S. G., Tong, M. M. and Bose, A. K., “Bridge: A Versatile Page 11.387.20 Behavioral Synthesis System,” Proceedings of the 25th Design Automation Conference, Anaheim, California, June 1988.11. Xilinx, “Xilinx Synthesis Technology (XST) User Guide,” California, 2002. TM12. Xilinx, “Spartan-3 Development Board,” California, 2004. Page 11.387.21

Conference Session

Retention Issues

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annita Alting, City College of the City University of New York; Ardie Walser, City College of the City University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

academically disadvantaged students). 3. For transfers, number of previous schools, associate degree, transferring from a 2-year, 4- year, or foreign institution. 4. Level of placement in mathematics (math starting level). This is a variable with values 1 for the lowest level of math (fundamentals of algebra), to 5 for the highest level, calculus II and higher. 5. Number of transfer credits in the engineering mathematics sequence, physics, other sciences, engineering courses and English and liberal arts. The credits had to be transferable toward the intended major. Credits outside of the major were not counted. 6. Cumulative GPA in previous school(s) (previous GPA). 7. Age. 8. Gender. 9. Ethnicity. White, Black

Conference Session

FPD7 -- Service Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

P.K. Raju, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Public Interest: NSB-00-99,5/4/2000.xiii Hingorani, K., Sankar, C.S., and Kramer, S., (1998). “Teaching Project Management Through anInformation-Technology Based Method,” Project Management Journal, March ’98, 29(1): 10-21.xiv Sankar, C.S, Raju, P.K. and Kler, M.F., "Crist Power Plant: Planning for a Maintenance Outage,"Business Case Journal, 5(1&2): 122-145, 1997.xv Lipnack, J., and Stamps, J., "Virtual Teams" The New Way to Work," IEEE Engineering ManagementReview, 27(4): 90-95, 1999.xvi Gorton, I., and Motwani, S., "Issues in Co-Operative Software Engineering using Globally DistributedTeams," Information and Software Technology, 38(1): 647-655, October 1996.xvii A textbook is under preparation under the sponsorship

Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado-Boulder; Lawrence Carlson, University of Colorado-Boulder; Derek Reamon, University of Colorado

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

implement the lowest level of interactivity (LLI), which is still commonplaceamong engineering departments, and compare the effectiveness of MLI to LLI.Bibliographic Information1 Prince, M. (2004). Does Active Learning Work? A Review of the Research. Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 93(3), 223-231.2 Bonwell, C. & Eison, J. (1991). Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom. Washington, D.C.: George Washington University Clearinghouse.3 Campbell , W., Smith, K. (1997). New Paradigms in Engineering Education. Edina, MN: Interaction.4 Smith, K., Sheppard, S., Johnson, D. & Johnson, R. (2005). Pedagogies of Engagement: Classroom-Based Practices. Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 94(1), 87-101.5 Ruhl, K., Hughes, C

Conference Session

Design of Laboratory Experiments

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glen Thorncroft, California Polytechnic State University; James Patton, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

in the friction factor playing the largest role. On theother hand, the measured mass flow rate when h was about 25 cm yields an uncertainty of Page 11.936.9approximately ± 1%. The bucket-stopwatch is accurate to this level because the bucket wasallowed to fill for a long period of time -- about 200 s -- so that about 7 kg of water wascollected. Thus the relative effect of the uncertainties is reduced. Table 1. Estimated measurement uncertainties. Estimated Quantity Uncertainty

Conference Session

Innovative Classroom Techniques

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Todd Johnson, Washington State University; Reid Miller, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Nikias, C. (2004, December 9). Does Engineering Have to be Boring? Viewpoint – Education Report, Engineering News Record.2. Bransford, J., Brown, A., & Cocking, R. (1999) How People Learn. Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.3. Svinicki, M. (2004). Learning and Motivation in Postsecondary Classrooms. Bolton, MA: Anker Press.4. Fink, L., Ambrose, S., & Wheeler, D. (2005) Becoming a professional engineering educator: A role for a new era. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), 185-194.5. Halpern, D., & Hakel, M. (2002). Applying the science of learning to university teaching and beyond. New Directions for Teaching and Learning(No. 89) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Conference Session

Recent Developments in Engineering Ethics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marilyn Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

Guidelines for Organization Issues Final Report. US Sentencing Commission. October 8, 2003. Retrieved from http://www.ussc.gov/PRESS/rel100803b.htm.9. Federal Sentencing Guidelines. n.d. Retrieved from http://www.ethics.org/ethicsindex/ fsgo.html.10. “Ethics in the Public Sector: Interview with Stephen D. Potts.” Business of Government (September/October 1998): 3, 11.11. Greenlee, Janet S., and David Bukovinskyln Brief. “Voluntary Compliance: Protection or Self- Incriminating Road Map?” The CPA Journal (August 1997). Retrieved from http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/ 1997/0897/aug/F32897.htm.12. Honeywell, Inc. General Management and Business Skills–Honeywell Values. n.d. Retrieved from http

Conference Session

Installing & Assessing Technology Literacy Courses

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Voss, Smith College; Borjana Mikic, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

total of nine projects were developed, with a subset described below.(1) “iPOD® 101” consisted of an interactive large-scale model of an iPOD®. Internal components addressed the technology behind the workings of the lithium-ion battery, the hard drive, and the MP3 format, as well as props to allow the user to learn about the history and evolution of the iPOD® as an innovative design, and the positive and negative societal impact of iPOD®’s (economic aspects, creation of both community and alienation associated with items conferring class status, the isolation of individuals from the larger community, and the distribution of pornography). The team traveled to several houses (i.e., dormitories) to present their “iPOD® 101

Conference Session

Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suining Ding, Indiana University Purdue University-Fort Wayne (Eng)

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

goals of appreciation the difference in life styles / living patterns across time and space, as well as the nurture an appreciation of cross cultural comparison of architecture. Students will learn a great deal from this freshly new and carefully crafted course.References[1] Ching, Francis D.K. Architecture: Form, Space, and Order, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1996[2] Liu, Laurence. Chinese Architecture. New York: Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. 1989[3] Kurtich, John, Eakin, Garret. Interior Architecture. York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1993[4] Rapoport, Amos. House Form and Culture. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 1969[5] Timpson, W, Canetto, S, Borrayo, E & Yang, R. Teaching Diversity. Atwood Publishing

Conference Session

New Horizons in Academic Integrity

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Trevor Harding, Kettering University; Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

2006-636: CHEATING IN COLLEGE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ETHICALBEHAVIOR IN PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PRACTICETrevor Harding, Kettering University Dr. Trevor S. Harding is Associate Professor of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering at Kettering University where he teaches courses in engineering materials and manufacturing. Dr. Harding's research interests include wear phenomenon in orthopeadic implants, ethical development in engineering undergraduates, and pedagogical innovations in environmental education. Currently, Trevor serves on the ERM Division Board of Directors and on the Kettering University Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning Advisory Board.Cynthia Finelli, University of

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seth Norberg, U.S. Military Academy; Ozer Arnas, U.S. Military Academy; Daisie Boettner, U.S. Military Academy; Michael Rounds, U.S. Military Academy; Phil Root, U.S. Military Academy; Richard Melnyk, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Page 11.884.14and notation used in the manual.Page 11.884.15 Bibliography1 Office of the Dean, United States Military Academy, 1978, “Academic Program 78-79,” West Point, New York,pp. 9-16.2 Bailey, M., Albert, B., Arnas, O., Klawunder, S., Klegka, J., Wolons, D., 2004, “A Unique ThermodynamicsCourse with Laboratories”, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education, 32(1), pp 54-77.3 Van Poppel, B., Albert, B., Boettner, D., 2003, “A Proposal for an Integrated, Multidisciplinary MechanicalEngineering Program at the United States Military Academy,” Proceeding of the 2003 American Society forEngineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, Nashville, TN, Jun 22-25.4 Wankat, P

Conference Session

Design Projects

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cesar Luongo, Florida A&M/Florida State University; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Page 11.1116.12industry are, by virtue of coming from the “real world”, multi-disciplinary in nature. Inparticular, many projects are ideal platforms for the interaction between mechanical andelectrical engineering students. Every year we make attempts to integrate ME and EE students inour projects. However, we have run into impediments to do it in a widespread manner as a resultof institutional differences within our own college, and the disparity of curricular requirementsamong the different departments when it comes to capstone experience. The MechanicalEngineering department is the only one with a well-developed year-long and project-basedcapstone course, and a s result, we have not been able to involve as many students from othermajors as