Conference Session

Aspirational Visions of Civil Engineering in 2025 & Policy 465

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart Walesh, S. G. Walesh Consulting; Michael Chajes, University of Delaware; David Mongan, Whitney, Bailey, Cox & Magnani

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, designers, constructors, and operators of society’s economic and social engine, the built environment; • stewards of the natural environment and its resources; • innovators and integrators of ideas and technology across the public, private, and academic sectors; • managers of risk and uncertainty caused by natural events, accidents, and other threats; and • leaders in discussions and decisions shaping public environmental and infrastructure policy.As used in the vision, “master” means to possess widely-recognized and valued knowledge andskills and other attributes acquired as a result of education

Conference Session

Introducing Active and Inductive Learning and Improving the Learning Curve in ME

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher Byrne, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering at a Teaching University Tenure-Track Position in Engineering Technology (ET) Lecturer/Instructor Positions Adjunct Positions Visiting Professor”The concept is that there are multiple options for a person wishing to enter the faculty ranks inacademia. These can be separated based upon the amount and/or type of scholarship expectedfrom the individual in the position. Scholarship expectations range from high for those on thetenure track at a “Research University” to very small for those in a Lecturer/Instructor position.The changing expectations placed upon faculty in engineering technology programs is interestingto note. The conventional knowledge used to be that research scholarship is not a high priorityfor

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terrance Boult, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs; Jeremy Haefner, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

of which are still in business, and is currently CEO/CTO of Securics Inc which has been selected by the US Military to develop long range facial biometrics systems.Jeremy Haefner, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs Jeremy Haefner has been a professor of mathematics at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs since 1989. He spent three years at the University of Tennessee - Knoxville before joining the faculty at the University of Colorado in 1989. Since 2002, he has been Dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Science. In addition to leading the College, Dr. Haefner also directs the Colorado Institute for Technology Transfer and Implementation, a campus-wide unit

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kam Jugdev, Athabasca University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

. Page 12.552.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Distance Education MBA Project Management Program: A Case StudyAbstractWith its roots in systems engineering, project management is a relatively new discipline taught inthe fields of Engineering, Business, Information Technology/Management Information Systems,Computing Sciences, and Operations Management. Whereas in 1993 there were 7 universitiesoffering master’s-level degree programs in project management, these days there are over 59worldwide, yet only 5 offer such programs in the distance education mode.Distance education is no longer seen as a second-rate way of teaching; it is just different.Distance education addresses geographical

Conference Session

Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 1

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Savage, California Polytechnic State University; Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Biomaterials, Microfabrication, Micro Systems Technology,Failure Analysis, Material Characterization and Corrosion. The capstone course, entitled“Corporate Culture,” gives students an overview of how to practice engineering in the corporateworld and covers topics such as organizational structures, product development processes,corporate business models, intellectual property, ethics and the practice of life-long learning.Moreover, each student must complete a Senior Design Project and present their findings at theannual Materials Engineering Technology Conference. Page 12.367.10Assessing Our ProgressOne of the continuing challenges of any pedagogy is

Conference Session

IE Program Design II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Furterer, East Carolina University; Sandra Furterer, University of Central Florida; Abeer Sharawi, University of Central Florida; Luis Rabelo, University of Central Florida; Lesia Crumpton-Young, University of Central Florida; Kent Williams, University of Central Florida; H. Gregg St. John, EMG Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

AC 2007-691: A DEPARTMENTAL REFORM STRATEGY AND THE RESULTANTNATIONAL MODEL FOR AN UNDERGRADUATE INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERINGCURRICULUMSandra Furterer, East Carolina University Sandra L. Furterer, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Industrial Distribution and Logistics Program, in the College of Technology and Computer Science at East Carolina University. Dr. Furterer has extensive industry experience in Quality, Six Sigma, and Information Systems Analysis. Dr. Furterer's research and teaching interests are Six Sigma, Quality Management, Lean Enterprise, and Engineering Education.Sandra Furterer, University of Central FloridaAbeer Sharawi, University of Central Florida Abeer Sharawi is a Ph.D

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yusuf Mehta, Rowan University; Peter Mark Jansson, Rowan University; Dianne Dorland, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

focus includes renewable and novel energy systems, industrial sustainability, innovation and invention in electricity, Mach's Principle, and business transformation. Dr. Jansson lectures in advanced power systems, sustainable design in engineering, electric circuits, and electromagnetics. Professor Jansson has over 25-years of management, teaching and research experience in energy, engineering and consulting in the United States and abroad.Dianne Dorland, Rowan University Dianne Dorland is Dean of the College of Engineering at Rowan University. A Midwest native, she received her B.S. and M.S. in chemical engineering from the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology before joining Union

Conference Session

IE Program Design II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bin Wu, University of Missouri, Columbia; Cerry Klein, University of Missouri; Michael Hosokawa, University of Missouri; Karen Cox, University of Missouri; Beilei Zhang, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

systematic approaches in the analysis,design and continuous improvement of healthcare services and systems.Need for Healthcare Systems EngineeringWith rapid technological advances and changes paralleling what occurred during the past twodecades in the industrial sectors, the healthcare sector appears to be in the midst of a new“industrial revolution.” There is an urgent need to apply the principles of engineering, science,management, and technology to healthcare improvement. It is now widely accepted that asystems engineering approach should be adopted as an important basis for the future efforts toapproach the tremendous challenges and opportunities in patient safety, service quality, andhealthcare costs containment, and hence there is a need for

Conference Session

Business & Entrepreneurial Information for Engineers

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Drew, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

2005 the Gordon Library began a renewed effort to promote information literacy atWorcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI).1 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, located in centralMassachusetts, offers more than 50 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in science,engineering, technology, management, the social sciences, and the humanities and arts, leadingto the B.A., B.S., M.S., M.E., MBA and Ph.D. The Gordon Library serves all members of thecampus community as the main library on campus. Our information literacy program ideas andgoals include aligning the library’s educational programs with the university mission to remain“true to the founders' directive to create, to discover, and to convey knowledge at the frontiers ofacademic inquiry for the

Conference Session

Improving ME Education: Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seifollah Nasrazadani, University of North Texas; Reza Mirshams, University of North Texas

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

as a pilot course Heat transfer application is a required senior-level undergraduate course in themechanical engineering technology program at the University of North Texas (UNT). Therequired textbook for this course was written by Yunus Cengel.5 Course objectives and studentlearning outcomes from the course syllabus are listed in Appendix A. Each learning outcomeaddresses at least one course objective. Each course objective addresses at least one outcome Page 12.1361.2criterion in accordance with Technology Accreditation Commission (TAC) of the AccreditationBoard for Engineering and Technology (ABET) and possibly one or more

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Global Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dawn Bikowski, Ohio University; Melissa Broeckelman, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2007-2114: AN EDUCATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR NURTURING ACULTURE OF ACADEMIC HONESTYDawn Bikowski, Ohio University Dawn Bikowski is the Director of the Graduate Writing Program at Ohio University. She teaches engineering graduate students about academic honesty within the context of developing a set of writing skills. She is also a doctoral student in Educational Studies. Her research interests include issues related to academic honesty and how technology can best be used in education.Melissa Broeckelman, Ohio University Melissa Broeckelman is a doctoral student in Communication Studies at Ohio University and is also the Academic Honesty Advisor for the Russ College of Engineering and Technology

Conference Session

Implementing the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Lynch, Dartmouth College; William Kelly, Catholic University of America; Manoj Jha, Morgan State University; Ronald Harichandran, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

professionvii embodies this goal.Broadly consistent with all previous statements about the purpose of engineering, these recentdocuments extend beyond technological competence to professional responsibility or outcomes;and the outcomes include human rights, the environment, and the stewardship of natural re-sources as the fundamental basis of technological progress.Profound adjustment to the reality of the commitment is required now on the part of today’s edu-cators and the rising generation of engineers. Not only must engineers be capable of recognizingsustainable works and services; they must also claim responsibility for implementing it, and seeksocial acceptance of that role. The latter requires the delegation of substantive authority in lim-ited

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech; Lynette Osborne, National Academy of Engineering; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University; Karl Smith, University of Minnesota; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Engineering Education, and Fellow, Discovery Learning Center at Purdue University West Lafayette. He has been at the University of Minnesota since 1972 and is in phased retirement as Morse-Alumni Distinguished Teaching Professor of Civil Engineering. Karl has been active in the Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) for over 25 years and has served in many capacities, including Chair of the Division. His Bachelors and Masters degrees are in Metallurgical Engineering from Michigan Technological University and his Ph.D. is in Educational Psychology from the University of Minnesota. He has co-written eight books including Cooperative

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waleed Abulfaraj, King Abdulaziz University; Mohamed Hassan, Alexandria University, Egypt

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

appropriatecontent? What teaching methods and curriculum models are preferable? Which works best:required course, ethics across-the-curriculum, integration of ethics and science, technology andsociety, or integration of the liberal arts into the engineering curriculum? Which outcomeassessment methods are most suitable?According to a “Survey of Ethics-Related Instruction in U.S. Engineering Programs”4, it wasfound that only 27 percent of ABET-accredited institutions listed an ethics related courserequirement, even though an increasing number of philosophers, engineers, and ethicists focustheir research and teaching on engineering ethics. What complicates the problem is that differentfaculty have provided varying definitions for what “understanding ethical

Conference Session

ChE: Innovations in the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Raymond, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2007-438: NON-TRADITIONAL COURSES FOR APPLYING STEMKNOWLEDGETimothy Raymond, Bucknell University Tim received his BS in Chemical Engineering from Bucknell University in 1997 and his PhD from Carnegie Mellon University in 2002. He has taught a variety of courses since starting at Bucknell in 2002. He is interested in improving student learning by directing students to discover their own misconceptions and to learn new material by teaching and 'doing'. Page 12.1109.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Non-Traditional Courses for Applying STEM KnowledgeAbstractScience, Technology

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ian Papautsky, University of Cincinnati; Erik Peterson, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

include microfluidics and MEMS devices for chemical and biological assays. He was the teaching assistant for the Biomedical Microsystems course discussed in this paper. Page 12.912.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Integrating BioMEMS and Biomedical Microsystems into Electrical Engineering Education: A Three-Year Pilot StudyAbstractMicromachining or microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies are considered anenabling technology having revolutionary impact on many areas of science and engineering.MEMS technologies are now being applied to health monitoring, diagnosis and

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Management

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Daughton, University of Missouri; Benjamin Dow, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

component of the degree. The generalstructure of the PSM program at UMR is shown in Table 2. Table 2 Major Requirements for the UMR PSM Degree Component Credit HoursBusiness/management courses 12(One course each from categories 1-4) 1. IST 351 Leadership in Technology-Based Organizations 3 EMGT 314 Management for Engineers and Scientists 2. IST 361 Information Systems Project Management 3 EMGT 361 Project Management 3. EMGT 352 Financial Decision Analysis 3 4. EMGT 420

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Duening, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

corporate partners and sponsors to deliver an engineering degree that enablesdiverse technically oriented middle management staff to advance in their abilities to lead andmanage the enterprise.Suggestions to provide such managers with standard master of business administration degreeswere met with skepticism and doubt. Leaders of technology centric corporations wereunconvinced that the standard MBA curriculum included the competencies they were seeking todevelop. For example, one corporate partner mentioned that the MBA would not help the salesand marketing people better communicate with engineers and other technical staff. They wantedan engineering based degree that would provide engineers and non-engineers alike with a highlevel understanding of

Conference Session

IE Curriculum Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sophia Scott, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

AC 2007-2525: THE BLENDED CLASSROOM: THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS?Sophia Scott, Southeast Missouri State University Dr. Sophia Scott is an Assistant Professor at Southeast Missouri State University in the Department of Industrial and Engineering Technology. She teaches both undergraduate and graduate courses. She is currently interested in using face to face, blended, and online course formats to increase student learning, problem solving, project management and teaming. Page 12.1391.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 The Blended Classroom: The Best of Both Worlds?AbstractMost

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Crockett, California Polytechnic State University; Jon Whited, St. Jude Medical; Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2007-860: OVERCOMING THE HURDLES ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRYSPONSORSHIP OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY, PROJECT-BASED LEARNINGRobert Crockett, California Polytechnic State University Robert Crockett received his Ph.D. from University of Arizona in Materials Science and Engineering. He holds an M.B.A. from Pepperdine University and a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from University of California, Berkeley. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Biomedical Engineering at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Dr. Crockett is a specialist in technology development and commercialization of advanced materials and manufacturing processes. Prior to joining Cal Poly, he was founder and President

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Farison, Baylor University; Carmen Li Shen, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

the history and process through which ASEE hasbecome involved with multidisciplinary engineering program accreditation. Sherra E. Kerns, ina Prism article4 while she was ASEE President, noted that “ASEE is a founding member societyof ABET.” Now, from the initiative of a single ASEE member and then a division and theefforts of other ASEE members and leaders with similar interests and the support of many othermultidisciplinary engineering educators, ASEE has become the lead society for the accreditationof multidisciplinary engineering (and engineering technology) programs.5 In addition to themulti-year process that led to this new ASEE role, this paper also reviews the development andmanagement of that new role, describes the experiences of the

Conference Session

IE Curriculum Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harvey Svec, South Dakota State University; Harriet Svec, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

AC 2007-154: PROJECT REJUVENATION: A TIME-TESTED 1ST YEARMACHINE TOOL PROJECTHarvey Svec, South Dakota State UniversityHarriet Svec, South Dakota State University Dr. Harriet Svec has a background in Curriculum and Instruction and assisted with the curriculum rejuvenation of the project. Page 12.1204.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Project Rejuvenation: A time tested 1st year machine tool projectAbstractAn engineering prerequisite course for Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineers has stood thetest of time as it has changed with technology. The course laboratory project was originallydesigned

Conference Session

ChE: Bioengineering, nanotechnology, and systems engineering in the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Danielle Amatore, Oregon State University; Shoichi Kimura, Oregon State University; Alexandre Yokochi, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2007-1244: DEVELOPMENT OF A NANOTECHNOLOGY CURRICULUM ATOREGON STATE UNIVERSITYMilo Koretsky, Oregon State University Milo Koretsky is an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at Oregon State University. He currently has research activity in areas related to thin film materials processing and engineering education. He is author of the text Engineering and Chemical Thermodynamics, which includes an integrated, menu driven computer program ThermoSolver. He is interested in integrating technology into effective education practices and in promoting the use of higher level cognitive skills in engineering problem solving. Dr. Koretsky is a six-time Intel Faculty Fellow and has won awards

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shekhar Sharad, National Instruments

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

technologies based on Virtual Instrumentation, it is now possible toimplement multidisciplinary labs that span different facets of engineering from control and signalprocessing to embedded design, from chemistry and physics to electrical and computerengineering. In this paper, we will explain how Virtual Instrumentation helps to establishmultidisciplinary labs. We will also examine a modular, cost-effective, laboratory platform, NIELVIS (Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite) from National Instruments thathas gained acceptance in academia as platform to teach concepts in sensors & transducers,circuits, electronics, microcontroller programming, control, signal processing and embeddeddesign and test.1. IntroductionThe recent years

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Bucks, Purdue University; William Oakes, Purdue University; Carla Zoltowski, Purdue University; Frank DeRego, Purdue University; Silvia Mah, University of California-San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

is that “the population of individuals whoare involved with or affected by technology…will be increasingly diverse and multidisciplinary.”This highlights one of the biggest pushes in recent years, which is for engineers who are able tofunction effectively on multidisciplinary teams.Often in engineering, when the term multidisciplinary is used, it refers to different branches ofengineering. A multidisciplinary team might have electrical, mechanical and industrial engineerson it. However, when students become practicing engineers, they will no longer be workingsolely with other engineers. Quite often, they will need to work with peers without a technicalbackground. For instance, their coworkers may have a business or management degree

Conference Session

Innovations for the Senior Year of the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Davis, Kettering University; Craig Hoff, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

also active on the professional level of SAE, currently serving as Past-Chair of the Engineering Education Board and on the SAE Board of Directors (Director term, 2007-2010), and as a Director on the Publications Board. He is also active in numerous committees. Greg joined the faculty at Kettering after serving on the faculties of the U.S. Naval Academy and Lawrence Technological University. He received his doctorate in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1991. Prior to this, he worked as an engineer for both the automotive and electric utility industries. Dr. Davis is a registered Professional Engineer in the State of Michigan.Craig Hoff, Kettering University DR

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahbub Uddin, Trinity University; Raj Chowdhury, Kent State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2007-387: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF NANOTECHNOLOGYMahbub Uddin, Trinity UniversityRaj Chowdhury, Kent State University Page 12.683.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Environmental Impact of NanotechnologyIntroductionThe emerging field of Nanotechnology is leading to a technological revolution in the newmillennium. It could revolutionize the way our society manufactures goods, generates energyand cures diseases. Nano scale materials are currently being used in consumer goods,computers, electronics, information and biotechnology, aerospace, defense, energy, medicine andmany other sectors of our economy. Areas producing the greatest revenue for

Conference Session

Effective Tools for Teaching Engineering Economy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phil Rosenkrantz, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

Engineering Economy4. Analysis of Instructional and Outcomes Assessment Data5. Analysis of Learning Tools Usage Data6. SummaryA major objective of this paper was to show other instructors that engineering economy can besuccessfully taught as a hybrid course. Along with that was the desire to provide useful detailthat would aid in course development.Part 1 - IntroductionThe author has been using web-related technologies to assist with teaching since 1997. From1997 through Spring 2002 the primary on-line technologies used were internet search engines,course web pages, and email. In Fall 2002 and Winter 2003, WebCT was also incorporated atvarying levels of usage for teaching engineering economy (EGR 403 Asset Allocation inTechnical Decision

Conference Session

Innovations for the Senior Year of the ME Curriculum

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Showkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University; Abdul Jalloh, Alabama A&M University; Ruben Rojas-Oviedo, Alabama A&M University; Mohamed Seif, Alabama A&M University; Amir Mobasher, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2007-895: CAPSTONE DESIGN COURSE AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSMENTAND IMPROVEMENTShowkat Chowdhury, Alabama A&M University Dr. Showkat Chowdhury is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Alabama A&M University in Huntsville, AL. Dr. Chowdhury has extensive background in teaching undergraduate and graduate students in Mechanical Engineering, and performing research in the fields of Computational Fluid Dynamics, Combustion, Propulsion, Heat & Mass Transfer and Turbulence. Previously, he worked as a Professor at Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) and at University of Brighton, U.K. He also worked in the Research Division of Corning

Conference Session

Engaging Uses of Course Management Systems, Blogs, and Open Source and a Database as Tools for Library Instruction

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Sapp Nelson; Michael Fosmire; Amy Van Epps, Purdue University; Bruce Harding, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

find. The educationalportion falls primarily to librarians and staff, and not even the best of reference librarians cangive adequate information literacy instruction to an individual patron in the face of a line of 7-8students who also need help.In the fall of 2005, the librarians of the Siegesmund Engineering Library decided to write a grantto create an educational tool that would not only direct students to the appropriate sources, but Page 12.1106.2would also give them an understanding of the kinds of sources available and what their uses are.The librarians wrote a grant for the Teaching and Learning with Technology (TLT) programfunded by