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Displaying results 631 - 660 of 1206 in total
Conference Session
Contemporary Instrumentation Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Robertson, Arizona State University; Barbara Rampel, Arizona State University; James Edwards, Raytheon
Tagged Divisions
Instrumentation
, Tucson. He has been a long-time participant in the JACMET Instrumentation team and is now chairman. Page 13.672.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 How many Engineers does it take to make a measurement?AbstractThe emergence of nano-technology has driven the evolution of instrumentation tools andhas revolutionized the measurement industry. The new technology also impactsengineering education with challenges to prepare the next generation of graduates to becompetent and effective in this rapidly evolving field. This paper examines three currentindustry applications and explores their implications for curriculum
Conference Session
Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aaron Clark, North Carolina State University; Jeremy Ernst, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
AC 2008-419: VISUAL SCIENCE AND STEM-BASED 6-12 EDUCATIONAaron Clark, North Carolina State University Aaron C. Clark is an Associate Professor of Graphic Communications at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. He received his B.S. and M.S. in Technology and Technology Education from East Tennessee State University. He earned his doctoral degree from North Carolina State University. His teaching specialty is in introductory engineering drawing, with emphasis in 3D modeling and animation. His research areas include graphics education and scientific/technical visualization. He presents and publishes in both vocational/technology education and engineering education. Contact Info: (919)515
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Stacy Gleixner, San Jose State University; Elliot Douglas, University of Florida; Olivia Graeve, University of Nevada-Reno
engineering problems.PRIME Modules, Project Based Resources for Introduction to Materials Engineering,utilize modern materials science and engineering technologies and proven educationmethodologies of active learning and open ended projects.Five classroom modules have been developed and utilized in an Introduction to Materialsclasses. There is a non-volatile memory module that teaches electronic and magneticproperties in the context of non-volatile memory (such as Flash and M-RAM). In anothermodule, students learn about solid oxide fuel cells and the ceramic nanomaterials used tofabricate them. While studying this emerging application, students learn about ceramics,defects, and phase diagrams. A third module exposes students to fiber reinforced
Conference Session
Design for Society and the Environment
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric Pappas; Ronald Kander, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
AC 2008-691: SUSTAINABLE SOCIETIES: THE SUSTAINABLE ENGINEERINGDESIGN CURRICULUM AT JAMES MADISON UNIVERSITYEric Pappas, Dr. Eric Pappas is Associate Professor of Integrated Science and Technology at James Madison University. He developed, and was director of, the Advanced Engineering Writing and Communications Program in the College of Engineering at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) from 1993-2003. Dr. Pappas was on the faculty of Virginia Tech from 1987-2003 and taught classes in technical writing, creative writing, American literature, interpersonal communications and public speaking, creative thinking, leadership, engineering design
Conference Session
Engineering in High Schools
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Darryl Morrell, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Tirupalavanam Ganesh, Arizona State University; Annapurna Ganesh, Mesa Community College; Rachelle Beard, Arizona State University; Janel White-Taylor, Arizona State University; Neeru Khosla, CK12 Foundation; Murugan Pal, CK12 Foundation; John Kobara, CK12 Foundation; Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Meera Vaidyanathan, CK12 Foundation
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
iscomplete. Nevertheless, we believe that the draft standards represent a reasonable level of consensuswithin industry and academia about the aspects of engineering that are considered important forstudents in a high school engineering curriculum, and thus form a reasonable framework for thetext. The draft standard includes the following aspects of engineering: • Engineering Design • Connecting Engineering to Science, Technology, and Mathematics • The Nature of Engineering • Communication and Teamwork Page 13.425.4 • Engineering and Society Chapter 0-Teachers Manual Philosophy Generic
Conference Session
Innovative Programs - Structure, Delivery, Evaluation
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Robertson, Arizona State University; Joseph Tidwell, Arizona State University; Ronald Thomas, Raytheon; William Charlton, Boeing
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
an ex-chairman of the JACMET Design group and the Technical Advisory Board.William Charlton, Boeing Bill Charlton is a Senior Engineer at the Boeing Company in Mesa, AZ. He is a graduate of the JACMET Chief Engineer Certificate and now chairs the Technical Advisory Board. Page 13.1056.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Risk management – are engineers the problem or the solution?AbstractThe introduction of new technology exposes projects to many risks. Engineers are thestrongest advocates for technology change but since risk and novelty are inextricablylinked, that means that engineers are also
Conference Session
Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gouranga Banik, Southern Polytechnic State University
Tagged Divisions
Construction
AC 2008-1999: INDUSTRY EXPECTATIONS FROM NEW CONSTRUCTIONENGINEERS AND MANAGERS: CURRICULUM IMPROVEMENTGouranga Banik, Southern Polytechnic State University Page 13.741.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Industry Expectations from New Construction Engineers and Managers: Curriculum Improvement Gouranga C. Banik, Ph.D., P.E. Associate Professor School of Architecture, Civil Engineering Technology & Construction Southern Polytechnic State University Marietta, GA
Conference Session
Experiments and Laboratories in Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University; Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Zbigniew Czajkiewicz, Robert Morris University
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
research activities within School of Engineering, Mathematics and Science. His responsibilities, among others, include: •Fostering technology transfer and research commercialization •Facilitating ongoing research, scholarship and creative activities as well as development of new proposals and opportunities •Coordinating development and design of new programs and new technology applications •Mentoring undergraduate and graduate students and assist faculty in developing their research programs. He has served as president of CIS consulting company 2000-2004, engaging in many international projects involving the implementation of automation and large-scale software systems. He previously
Conference Session
DEED Poster Session
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amir Rezaei, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona; Mariappan Jawaharlal, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona; John Caffrey, California State Polytechnic University; Kyu-Jung Kim, California State Polytechnic University-Pomona
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
of new technology that the computers andsoftware available in higher education in engineering. Coursework and classrooms must be up-to-date, collaborative, active learning environments and filled with new technology and ideas.Engineering graduates should be exposed directly to the “real-world” problems1. The graduatesshould realize that a good portion of the engineering skills is dedicated to actually formulatingthe problem and asking the right questions, in addition to trying to find a solution. Today'sindustry demands a production-ready graduate, rather than a graduate who will still need somefurther training2. We need to change some of our classrooms into innovation centers for smallscale projects and ask the students to be the innovators
Conference Session
ECE Pedagogy and Assessment I
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Charles Kim, Howard University; Mohamed Chouikha, Howard University; Veronica Thomas, Howard University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
application and assessment of technology in engineering education.Mohamed Chouikha, Howard University Mohamed Chouikha received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Colorado in Boulder in 1988. Since 1988, he has been with Department of Electrical Engineering at Howard University. Since 2000, he has been serving as the Chair of the EE Department. Dr. Chouikha’s research interests include Multimedia Signal Processing and Communications, Wireless Communications, and Home-networking. Dr. Chouika is the prime mover of the mobile studio inception and expansion into Howard University.Veronica Thomas, Howard University Veronica G. Thomas received a Ph.D. degree in Social Psychology from
Conference Session
Programs that Serve Industry & Academia
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brian Dickson, University of Strathclyde
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
engineering graduates / managers in industry are Page 13.513.9addressed. 8The remainder of this paper therefore presents some ideas, but perhaps not all theanswers to the issue of further training.2.2 BackgroundStrathclyde University’s Masters programme for industry-based graduates – MSc inProcess Technology & Management is an Integrated Graduate Development Scheme(IGDS) which is a post graduate course that attempts to provide career development forjunior / middle technical managers and includes a substantial work-based projectThe theme of IGDS Programmes were
Conference Session
Learning to Communicate with Engineers and Non-Engineers
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mieke Schuurman, Pennsylvania State University; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University; Melissa Marshall, Pennsylvania State University; Christopher Johnstone, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
). Research points the finger at PowerPoint. The Sydney Morning Herald, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2007/04/03/1175366240499.html.8. J.L. Stephens and L. Marsicano, “Adapting the Basic Speech Course for Engineering and Engineering Technology Majors,” Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, vol. 14 (1984), p. 140.9. “EPD 275: Technical Presentations,” http://www.engr.wisc.edu/epd/courses/epd275.html (Madison, WI: College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin, downloaded 17 January 2008).10. Judith Norback, “Georgia Tech Workforce Communication Program: Students’ Values and Self-Perceptions Regarding Capstone Design Workforce Presentation Instruction,” session 3561 (Honolulu: ASEE National Conference, 2007).11. Jean
Conference Session
Computer Applications in Energy Courses
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vincent Winstead, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
AC 2008-2707: APPLIED ENGINEERING WITH LABVIEW: EXPERIENCESFROM A PLUG-IN HYBRID PROJECTVincent Winstead, Minnesota State University, Mankato Dr. Vincent Winstead is an assistant professor in the electrical and computer engineering and technology department at Minnesota State University, Mankato. Dr. Winstead completed his Ph.D. degree at the University of Wisconsin, Madison in Electrical Engineering with a specialization in control systems. He had worked as a systems engineer for the U.S. Air Force and as a powertrain control research engineer for Ford Motor Company. Dr. Winstead is a registered professional engineer and holds numerous patents in hybrid vehicle system optimization and
Conference Session
Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Michael Khoo, University of Southern California; Ellis Meng, University of Southern California; Joseph Cocozza, University of Southern California
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
coordination of groundbreakingresearch in the development of biomimetic devices. The ERC brings physicians,biologists, engineers and educators together to develop microelectronic systems thatinteract with living, human tissues. The resulting technology enables implantable andportable devices that can treat presently incurable diseases including blindness, loss ofneuromuscular control, paralysis, and loss of cognitive function. The NSF recognizes theimportance of infusing NSF funded research in K-12 classrooms with the goal ofproviding teachers and K-12 students with access to high quality, research-basedcurriculum in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) areas.Accordingly, NSF has provided funds for university researchers in this ERC
Conference Session
FPD4 - Teaching Methods for First Year Students
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sean Brophy, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
AC 2008-2498: FIRST YEAR ENGINEERING STUDENTS’ INITIALS IDEAS FORSOLVING COMPLEX PROBLEMSSean Brophy, Purdue University Sean P. Brophy, PhD. is an assistant professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University. Dr. Brophy is a learning scientist and engineer; his research focuses on the development of learners’ ability to solve complex problems in engineering, mathematics and science contexts. He continues to work on identifying new opportunities to use technology to support learning, formative assessment, and instruction. Page 13.613.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008
Conference Session
Venturing Out: Service Learning, Study Abroad, and Criterion H
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
John Duffy, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Carol Barry, University Massachusetts Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; David Kazmer, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; William Moeller, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Cheryl West, University of Massachusetts Lowell
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
handicapped parking locations has to be maintained in the new design. The students used their new skills to create 2D line and dimensioned engineering drawings of the parking lot design using AutoCAD and presented their results in a written report and oral presentation to the community partner.• Electrical Engineering. Service-learning projects in Electrical Engineering are based on the Department’s long-established assistive technology program20. In spring 2006, 94 electrical engineering freshman constructed approximately 100 client-enabling electronic devices (big button switches) for distribution among disabled clients associated with a range partner organizations including Kennedy Day School; Hogan Center, Mass Department of
Conference Session
Learning Needs and Educational Success
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brenda Hart, University of Louisville; Veronica Hinton-Hudson, University of Louisville; James Lewis, University of Louisville
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
, University of Louisville Currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Fundamentals at the J.B. Speed School. His research interests include parallel and distributed computer systems, cryptography, undergraduate retention and technology used in the classroom. Page 13.751.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 INSPIRE: A low-cost, urban pre-college engineering programAbstractFor more than 20 years, the University of Louisville has conducted the INSPIRE pre-collegeprogram. The primary purpose of the program is to expose ethnic minority students and femalesto the various fields of
Conference Session
Professional Practice and AEC Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Matthew Dupuis, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Benjamin Thompson, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Lawrence Bank, University of Wisconsin - Madison; John Herridge, Autodesk
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
elective course in Building Information Modeling (BIM) toundergraduate (and a few graduate) students in the Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)Department. The course was added to the spring timetable late in November 2006 as a specialtopics “experimental” offering to gage the student interest in this technology and to introduce thetopic on a trial basis into the CEE curriculum. Since the course was added late to the previouslypublished timetable for the Spring semester the course was advertised by email to CEE studentsonly in early December of 2006 as a limited enrollment course for 20 students. Prior toadvertising the course the department had not explicitly discussed BIM with students in formalcourses in the department. Student response to
Conference Session
ERM Potpourri
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emily Wischow, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Lynn Bryan, Purdue University; Shanna Daly, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
post-tests covering conceptual information, and researcher field noteswere used as the primary sources of data. From these data, themes were identified, and actionswere taken to address each of these feedback themes to better correspond to the learning goalsidentified for the lesson.IntroductionThe face of science, engineering, and technology is rapidly changing. The biggest trends are alsothe smallest, as nano-scale phenomena prove to be more and more important in a wide range ofapplications. However, we still have yet to include these nano-scale phenomena in oursecondary science curricula, leaving students unprepared to enter important careers innanoscience, engineering, and technology.Professional development efforts are one way to combat
Conference Session
Off the Beaten Path
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gerald Sullivan, Virginia Military Institute; Jon-Michael Hardin, Virginia Military Institute
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
. Design projects can be evenmore challenging since design is an inherently non-linear process and requirescoordinated effort distributed over time.To engage students in their engineering studies, educators have put forth many newapproaches: • Delivering the concepts of engineering via new technologies o Pod casts o YouTube movies of engineering concepts / lectures • Switching the format of teaching from “talk and chalk” to an active learning format6 • Increasing the opportunities for undergraduate students to engage in undergraduate researchEach of these approaches seeks to freshen the educational experience for engineeringstudents and pique their interest, and, in each case
Conference Session
Venturing Out: Service Learning, Study Abroad, and Criterion H
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Ollis, North Carolina State University; Anthony Smith, CPE-LYON FRANCE
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
literature. This new six weekfor-credit classroom plus laboratory program is a major revision of an earlier CPE-Lyonfour week, non-credit language and technology classroom experience begun in 20001.Introduction This paper presents initial US student summer experiences in an overseas, foreignlanguage immersion setting which involves, in parallel, French language instruction,technical lectures, and a chemistry/chemical engineering laboratory course. As bothforeign language instruction and undergraduate engineering laboratories are widelyavailable at engineering campuses around the world, this configuration would seem to beeminently transportable. We frame our report in light of US engineering educationneeds, then present our particular French
Conference Session
Engineering in Middle Schools
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Quincy Brown, Drexel University; William Mongan, Drexel University; Dara Kusic, Drexel University; Elaine Garbarine, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Drexel University; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
. student at Drexel University in the Department of Computer Science. Concurrently, Bill is pursuing an MS in Science of Instruction in the School of Education at Drexel, with a concentration in Secondary Mathematics and Computer Science in Pennsylvania. His interests include educational outreach and for exposing the K-12 environment to computer science as an application of science, technology, math and engineering (STEM) education. Prior to studying at Drexel, Bill worked for the Upper Darby School District, working with students on both an educational and volunteer basis in the AP Computer Science program from 2002-2004. He has served on the UDSD School Board Technology and Grant committee
Conference Session
Educational Outreach Efforts Led by the US Navy
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Damien Bretall, NSWC; Deborah Furey, NSWC
Tagged Divisions
Ocean and Marine
13.919.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Naval Engineering Support Team for the AUVSI/ONR AUV CompetitionAbstractRobotics technology excites young people and fills them with ideas of possibility. Underwaterrobotics has an added element of difficulty and challenge that students accept and thrive on.Autonomous Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) is a foundation that has fordecades encouraged the spread of unmanned vehicle technology both through professionalconferences and student educational competitions. This group, together with the Office of NavalResearch, has supported for the past 10 years a very successful international competition wherestudent teams design, build and swim
Conference Session
Global Engineering Education Initiatives
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Alex Friess; Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University
Tagged Divisions
International
tools for internationalcollaborative initiatives in engineering education. The final goal is to have a set of tools forobjective assessment that can be adapted and/or adopted to measure performance, establisheffectiveness and enhance quality of different international educational experiences.IntroductionThe rapid changes in technology as well as the flow of ideas, work, human resources, andmerchandise around the world are causing more interdependence among the nations. Changes inthe way in which people undertake economic production and organize the exchange ofcommodities represent an aspect of the great transformation of our age1. This brings morechallenges to the industry since there is more competition but also brings more opportunities dueto
Conference Session
Beyond Individual Ethics: Engineering in Context
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arthur Sacks, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
engineering choices.As an art form, film has inherent value in: the richness of the human experience captured in itthat is shared by its audience; the pleasure and insight the experience of viewing film brings tothe audience; the creative integration of narrative, composition, perspective, and techniquecommanded by a team of producer(s), director(s), writers, actors, cameramen, film editors, setdesigners, etc.; the cultural moment it expresses and reveals as it is created and produced; and, itsstaying power as it is viewed, experienced and interpreted over time. Film enables this artisticand technical collective to transform moving image, creating symbols and exploring themes andmyth which mirror other art forms, all of which depend upon technologies
Conference Session
Engineering Accreditation Around the World
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University; Gisela Coto Quintana; Jaime Salazar, Ibero-American Association of Engineering Education (ASIBEI); Jorge Ignacio Velez Munera, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, ACOFI
Tagged Divisions
International
programs from LAC institutions have sought substantialequivalence. This is to deep concern for the region.The Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions (LACCEI) organizedtwo workshops to advance strategies for increasing the number of accredited engineeringprograms in the region. The workshops were sponsored by the Organization of American States(OAS), and brought together 40 deans and rectors from the region and societies that haveinitiatives. These organizations included the Iberoamerican Science and Technology EducationConsortium (ISTEC), the Asociación Iberoamericana de Instituciones de Enseñanza de laIngeniería (ASIBEI – in English: Iberoamerican Association of Engineering EducationInstitutions) and Engineering for
Conference Session
Gender & Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Thompson, Purdue University; Pamela Turner, Purdue University EPICS; William Oakes, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
Society of Naval Engineers (ASNE)chapter, they established a partnership with a physics teacher to bring EPICS into thehigh school environment. The student team developed a prototype, secured a provisionalpatent and has filed for a full patent on an assistive technology device. The percent offemale participants has ranged from 50-70% over the last three years.The success of the pilot motivated a grant from the Corporation for National andCommunity Science (CNCS) Learn and Serve America Program to expand the concepton a national basis. University partners were selected to help identify potential highschools in five states. High Schools were selected in collaboration with the partneringuniversities. The initial high schools were in proximity to
Conference Session
ECE Pedagogy and Assessment II
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dale Buechler, University of Wisconsin-Platteville
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
students into their major courses sooner, many of the beginning EE coursesrequire “just-in-time” mathematics and physics. Course offerings are primarily in the eveningsand on Saturdays as required.Designing Course Offerings for Non-Traditional StudentsIn recent years, most universities have seen an increase in the number of non-traditionalundergraduate students on campus. While at my previous position at a more traditional campus,I recognized that a significant number of my students were working and going to school. As aresult I wrote and received a University of Wisconsin system grant to improve the learning ofnon-traditional students in the Analytical Methods of Engineering course that I taught. In thisprior work2, I utilized technology to make
Conference Session
FPD7 - Global Warming & Sustainability for First-Year Students
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Blair Rowley, Wright State University; Kumar Yelamarthi, Central Michigan University; Thomas Bazzoli, Wright State University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
and Research. He holds the MS in Nuclear Science and Engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology. During his Air Force career he directed diverse research programs in modeling and testing of system performance, compositional mapping of submicron materials and machine translation of text. He was instrumental in establishing the college’s freshman program. Page 13.765.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Integrating Global Warming into a Freshman Engineering Introductory CourseAbstractManaging the problems that global warming is being forecast to
Conference Session
Teaching Engineering and Public Policy
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Philip Dunn, University of Maine; Kenneth Nichols, University of Maine
Tagged Divisions
Engineering and Public Policy
enabling students to provide a public service asthey accumulated knowledge and experience; however, both projects missed the opportunity tocreate cross-disciplinary student teams. (The DOT-commissioned survey arose, in part, frombelated recognition that transportation engineers needed to work closely with dozens ofcommunities in the major road-improvement initiative of which this one but one segment.) Afterall, productive future relationships emerge through a common working environment whereasproblems often result from misunderstanding or poorly understanding the perspectives andresponsibilities of other parties Consequently, at our university, a professor of public administration and one ofconstruction management technology are