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Displaying results 481 - 510 of 639 in total
Conference Session
Engineering Management Program Design
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Natalie Cherbaka, North Carolina State University; Jerome Lavelle, North Carolina State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
the bridge between the engineering and management disciplines.6  The engineering manager possesses both the ability to apply engineering principles and a skill in organizing and directing people and projects.3EM programs are distinguished from systems engineering (SE) programs primarily by themanagement aspect. SE focuses on the development life-cycle from an operational andmathematical perspective with heavy emphasis on decision analysis, structured problem solvingapproaches, and the interaction/integration of systems. In contrast, an EM program focuses onmanaging SE efforts and engineering relationships with the rest of the organization. Along thespectrum of programs labeled as EM, those that rely heavily on industrial
Conference Session
Faculty and Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations and Interactions
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Saleh Keshawarz; Hisham Alnajjar, University of Hartford; Beth Richards, University of Hartford; Abdul Hai Sofizada, SHEP
Tagged Divisions
International
Computer laboratoriesUH continues to assist in integrating laboratory experience with theoretical and textbook learningthroughout the curriculum. However, an ongoing obstacle is that the current lab space, althoughaesthetically pleasing, is not well-designed for conducting labs. For example, it is extremelydifficult to conduct the soil laboratory in the space provided, and the marble floor in the concretelab are not up to the wear and tear this lab entails.Computer Laboratory and IT Resources: As of June 2008 furniture has been purchased and isbeing installed in the third-floor computer lab and second-floor library of the HU engineeringbuilding. Originally it was proposed that each engineering classroom contain a smart board andrelated computer
Conference Session
Infusing Engineering Content Through Curricular Innovation
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emily Wischow, Purdue University; Lynn Bryan, Purdue University; George Bodner, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
information into a course is where it willfit within the broader curriculum. With an emphasis on standards-based education and increasedteacher accountability, one of the concerns that we most often hear from teachers is thatnanoscience material doesn’t fit into the existing courses that they teach, and they do not havetime in the school year to add new, innovative materials to their classes. Therefore, it isimportant to understand where teachers believe nano can fit into what they already teach. Acrossthe board, this seems to be a priority for the majority of teachers. Compiling information abouthow teachers connect nano to their existing curricula will allow us to provide new ideas to ourparticipants about integrating NSET content, and may also
Conference Session
Mechanical Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Enrique Barbieri, University of Houston; Raresh Pascali, University of Houston; Miguel Ramos, University of Houston; William Fitzgibbon, University of Houston
Tagged Divisions
Mechanical Engineering
) MEdepartments can better focus on advanced/graduate level education with better utilization ofprofessorial staff.This article examines a 2-year common curriculum template for ME and MET programs basedon CDIO, and summarizes preliminary assessment results of the proposed educational modelcollected from industry participants. The template assumes a full-time course of study in 4semesters after which the student selects to either complete a BS in Engineering Technology in 2additional years, or transfer to an ME degree plan which may be 2-, 3-, or 4-years long. Bothplans are assumed to be constructed so as to be ABET Accredited by the appropriateCommission. An Electrical/Computer Engineering and Electrical/Computer ET 2-yearcurriculum template is being
Conference Session
Programs That Serve Industry and Academia
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eugene Rutz, University of Cincinnati; Timothy Keener, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Continuing Professional Development
Education of Scientists and Engineers states “A world ofwork that has become more interdisciplinary, collaborative, and global requires that we produceyoung people who are adaptable and flexible, as well as technically proficient”1. Today’sengineers must be integrators of knowledge, able to innovate and collaborate in aninterdisciplinary environment. Major change in the engineering education system is necessary ifit is to meet the needs of the nation and the world in the coming century. Recent national reportson engineering education 1,2,3,4,5 stress the need for flexible graduate programs focusing onadvanced practice and the world of work of the future. Bordogna5 puts it this way “There is agrowing consensus that professional engineers need an
Conference Session
Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs and Issues
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Debra Brockway, Stevens Institute of Technology; Elisabeth McGrath, Stevens Institute of Technology; Mercedes McKay, Stevens Institute of Technology; Dawna Schultz, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
and high school students demonstratedincreased knowledge of gears, electricity, and buoyancy after designing and building robots toperform tasks in an underwater environment, a curriculum module led by their teachers afterparticipating in the EOFNJ Program.7 And, elementary students posted statistically significanthigher gains in their knowledge of science and engineering concepts than a comparison group ofstudents after their teachers implemented curriculum materials for which they received PD in theEOFNJ program.8 Page 14.212.10School Success Stories – Behind the ScenesSurvey results, interviews with teachers, and data from student test
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mukasa Ssemakula, Wayne State University; Gene Liao, Wayne State University; Darin Ellis, Wayne State University; Kyoung-Yun Kim, Wayne State University; Shlomo Sawilowsky, Wayne State University
Dr. Ellis received his PhD in Industrial Engineering from Penn State. He is on the faculty of the Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering in the Wayne State University College of Engineering. He has over 15 years of experience in the field of human factors and ergonomics, specializing in human-computer interaction. His current research is focused on human-robot interaction. In addition to his human-factors related research he has interests in activity based learning and curriculum development in industrial engineering.Kyoung-Yun Kim, Wayne State University Dr. Kyoung-Yun Kim is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering at
Conference Session
Global Engineering Education: Intercultural Awareness and International Experience
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aparajita Mazumder, Formerly Director of International Relations
Tagged Divisions
International
system? What are thecurriculum resources available in engineering education for creating the cultural competenttechnologist?This paper examines the interfacing of technology and culture in the global environment andshows the vital link between global technology and global culture. It touches on issues such asthe meaning of culture, differences and commonality, verbal and non-verbal communication,differences in negotiation styles, cultural adaptation and integration, and phenomenon of cross-cultural refraction. It explores selective educational models for integrating global culturaleducation into the engineering curriculum. These selective models: concentrations and minors,cultural courses and cultural components in dual degree and simultaneous
Conference Session
Pedagogy and Assessment III
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jay Wierer, MSOE; Steven Reyer, MSOE
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
sums.The rigor of analog signals and systems, with its considerable dependence on integral calculus,was then pushed into the term following DSP.What Was ExpectedIt was expected that student performance, as measured by their course grades, in the analogsignals and systems course would improve slightly, having been introduced to concepts such assignal spectra, sampling, sinusoidal steady-state system response using superposition, anddiscrete Fourier series and transforms. The data below, however, indicate a slight decrease instudent grades in the years where DSP is now taught previous to analog signals and systems.A decrease in DSP-only grades because of changing DSP from an elective course to a requiredone might be expected, so that is not the
Conference Session
Outreach and Hands-on Materials
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dana Medlin, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Michael West, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Deborah Mitchell, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Jon Kellar, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Stuart Kellogg, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Materials
processing methods change the microstructure, how the resultingmicrostructural changes affect the material properties, and how the properties control the finalperformance of an engineering component. Evaluations of student homework problems andwritten reports will show an improved understanding and enthusiasm of this material.Table 1. Changes in Properties of Materials LaboratoryLaboratory Description of Changes in Properties of Materials Laboratory Module This module has traditionally been “Introduction to Basic Statistical Computations” and this will be replaced by “Basic Forging Processes and Microstructures”. The basic statistical computation portion of the laboratory will be integrated into a
Conference Session
ASCE Policy 465: Raising the Bar
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Craig Musselman, CMA Engineers
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
management is integral to everything that engineers do. We teach Page 14.1024.5 engineering students rudimentary probability and statistics, and apply that to predicting how many ping pong balls might be black as opposed to white (perhaps an understatement, but not by much), but we don’t teach engineering students how to apply risk analysis and management techniques to engineering applications so that risk considerations are incorporated in the engineering thought process. We do that in engineering practice on an hour to hour basis, to varying degrees
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics - Courses and Curricula
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Seamus Freyne, Manhattan College; Micah Hale, University of Arkansas
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
. Students see engineering ethics at both the start and end of the undergraduate program. We have an ethics module in the Introduction to Engineering course, Page 14.88.5 where instructors allot about three hours of class time, and we weave ethics into the capstone course. In between, students are required to take at least three courses offered by the religious studies department. I will discuss ethics in various courses by providing examples of situations in which ethics is a frequent concern. We have five courses in the curriculum that have distinct ethics modules. A few of my colleagues post
Conference Session
Project-Based Service Learning
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University; Ethan LaRochelle, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
participants completed it. The outcomes in thispaper are based on the number of participants that responded to each specific question. Thesurvey took participants approximately 15 minutes to complete and, as noted, was fullysupported by Northeastern University’s Division of Research Integrity. To give an overview ofthe profile of respondents, 59% considered themselves to be active participants of EWB, 94% Page 14.597.5had traveled outside of the United States, 95% had been involved in community service in thepast, and 85% had been involved with community service since high school or before.Figure 1 shows respondents’ affiliations with other
Conference Session
Writing Is Fundamental
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Murali Krishnamurthi, Northern Illinois University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
out: writing must be an integral part of the curriculum.”Engineering faculty members recognize the importance of good writing skills but often have thedifficult task of promoting effective writing practices among their students. Faculty memberscannot always assume that their students would have learned the basic writing techniques in highschool or in core competency courses in college. Even if students were exposed to basic writingtechniques in their pre-engineering courses, they usually forget those techniques if they do nothave sufficient opportunities to refresh and practice them regularly. Faculty members also needsupplementary resources to help students refresh their basic knowledge of grammar, style andorganization, and techniques to
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mark Yeary, University of Oklahoma; Tian-you YU, University of Oklahoma; Robert Palmer, University of Oklahoma; James Sluss, University of Oklahoma; Guifu Zhang, University of Oklahoma; Phil Chilson, University of Oklahoma; Mike Biggerstaff, University of Oklahoma
agencies, (2) it is the only program inthe country with a full and equal collaboration between the School of Meteorology and theSchool of Electrical & Computer Engineering for the purpose of adding strength to an existing,successfully integrated curriculum on weather radar, (3) it has access to weather data from therecently constructed National Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT). Students have a uniqueopportunity to take advantage of the weather data derived from the new phased array radar,specifically suited for weather observations. To broaden the richness of the students’ learningexperiences, data from other remote sensors, such as profilers, conventional dish antennas,mobile radars, and the like are available. In-situ sensors, such as
Conference Session
Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 2
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Guerra, NASA; John A. Christian, University of Texas, Austin; Wallace Fowler, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
AC 2009-768: SPACE-SYSTEMS ENGINEEERING: A NASA-SPONSOREDAPPROACH FOR AEROSPACE UNDERGRADUATESLisa Guerra, NASA Lisa Guerra has 20 years experience in the NASA aerospace community. Currently, Ms. Guerra is on an assignment from NASA Headquarters to establish a systems engineering curriculum at The University of Texas at Austin. Ms. Guerra’s most recent position at NASA Headquarters was Acting Director of the Directorate Integration Office in the Exploration Systems Mission Directorate. Ms. Guerra earned a B.S in Aerospace Engineering and a B.A. in English from the University of Notre Dame. She received a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at
Conference Session
Retention Tools and Programs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cindy Veenstra, Engineering education consultant; Gary D. Herrin, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
engineering colleges reported their first-year retention rates associated with an integratedcurriculum versus traditional first-year program.15 The Ohio State University reported an 85-90% first-year retention rate for their integrated curriculum versus 70% for the control group. Atthe University of Alabama, the integrated first-year curriculum demonstrated a 20% higherretention than for their traditional program. The University of Florida showed a 10%improvement from 50 to 60%. Thus, first-year engineering retention rates are quite variable andsome engineering colleges have first-year retention rates close to 90%.The disparity of interest in engineering by gender continues as a major concern. TheUCLA/HERI Cooperative Institutional Research Program
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hamid Vakilzadian, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Dietmar Moeller, University of Hamburg
theassessment and evaluation of the program by an accrediting body.Currently, there are no required or agreed upon set of skills for the M&S graduates, no list ofaccepted qualifications, and no established M&S program is available in the U.S. at theundergraduate level in electrical engineering. In an effort to address some of the aboveissues, we propose a set of criteria for critique and feedback from our colleagues who may beinterested in developing such a program in their institution. Page 14.999.2Defining a curriculum for undergraduate M&S-based electrical engineering is difficult, partlybecause M&S is usually regarded as a fragmented
Conference Session
Teaching Dynamics
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Hildebrand, Lake Superior State University; Wael Mokhtar, Grand Valley State University; Steve Bryan, Continental Automotive Systems
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics
for a versatile graduate, capable of working professionally in various vehicle-related industries, but graduates of the options discussed are too few as yet to make anyquantitative assessment.Bibliography1. Hsu, Tai-Ran. “Development of an Undergraduate Curriculum in Mechatronics Systems Engineering” Journal of Engineering Education, Apr.1999, p.173 –1792. Landsberger S, Ellzey J, Hull B, Rosinski J, and Wright J. “Undergraduate Degree with an Emphasis in Nuclear and Energy Engineering for the University of Texas of the Permian Basin”, ASEE AC 2007-6233. Mokhtar W, Duesing P, and Hildebrand R, “Integration of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) into the Mechanical Engineering Programs”, International Journal of Learning, Common
Conference Session
First-Year Advising and Transition
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maria Sanchez, California State University, Fresno; Ira Sorensen, California State University, Fresno; Walter Mizuno, California State University, Fresno; Satya Mahanty, California State University, Fresno
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
final design challenge. Due tothe fact that not all the classes involved in the competition are dedicated design coursesand the curriculum may vary from school to school, the competitions have tended toadopt the following guidelines: • mechatronics and robotics-based competitions, while very effective when integrated with an appropriate course, have suffered issues of insufficient technical preparation for this competition; • the competitions tend to focus on mechanics and materials aspects, such as limiting the power sources to purely mechanical with no electrical or chemical power available; • to keep the playing field level for economically-disadvantaged students, the total budget of the device is
Conference Session
Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace & Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Aisling O'Sullivan, University of Canterbury; Thomas Cochrane, University of Canterbury
Tagged Divisions
International
theoretical principles of technical tasks, they struggle withevaluating and synthesising real engineering problems due to a lack of actual experience1,2. Suchexperience can be gained through real-world engineering research projects, where creative andadaptive problem-solving is facilitated in a contextual learning environment3,4. Contextuallearning is especially important for natural resources, environmental, biological, civil and otherengineers who practice at the interface of the living environment (i.e. ecosystems)5.Industry depends on its ability to attract graduates with a deep technical and broad professionalskills base. Professional skills are considered an integral part of an engineers formal education asstipulated in the professional
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Arlene Russell, University of California, Los Angeles; Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Warren Hull, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; william Monroe, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Chester Wilmot, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
him a strong familiarity and commitment to the undergraduate curriculum and undergraduate research program. A core educational component of Monroe’s currently-funded NSF CAREER program is the integration of communication-intensive activities into existing LSU engineering courses.Chester Wilmot, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Chester G. Wilmot is an Associate Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Louisiana State University. He obtained his baccalaureate in Civil Engineering at Page 14.553.1 Pretoria University in South Africa, his master's degree
Conference Session
Sustainable Education and the Environment
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Elaine Scott, Seattle Pacific University; John Lindberg, Seattle Pacific University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
. manufacturability, and sustainability (e) an ability to identify, formulate, and solve engineering problemsIntegrates liberal arts and disciplinary (h) the broad education necessary toknowledge. I.B. Integrates the liberal arts with engineering understand the impact of engineering knowledge to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic
Conference Session
ERM Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
TK Beam, James Madison University; Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Jamie Constantz, James Madison University; Aditya Johri, Virginia Tech; Robin Anderson, James Madison University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Engineering Science and Mechanics, an M.S. in Engineering Mechanics, and a Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering from Virginia Tech. Her interests in engineering education research center around recruitment and retention, understanding engineering students through the lens of identity theory, advancing problem based learning methodologies, assessing student learning, as well as understanding and integrating complex problem solving in undergraduate engineering education. This latter project is funded through her recent NSF CAREER award. Her other research interests lie in cardiovascular fluid mechanics and K-12 engineering education.Jamie Constantz, James Madison University JAMIE CONSTANTZ is a
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nathan Klingbeil, Wright State University; Kuldip Rattan, Wright State University; Michael Raymer, Wright State University; David Reynolds, Wright State University; Richard Mercer, Wright State University
Statistics at Wright State University. He is a Co-PI on WSU's National Model for Engineering Mathematics Education. He is active in curriculum reform, and has led an NSF supported effort to integrate Mathematica laboratory sessions into the freshman calculus sequence at Wright State University. Page 14.1265.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 The Wright State Model for Engineering Mathematics Education: A Nationwide Adoption, Assessment and EvaluationAbstract The inability of incoming students to advance past the traditional first-year calculussequence is a primary cause of attrition
Conference Session
Liberal Education and Leadership
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Val Hawks, Brigham Young University; John Harb, Brigham Young University; Alan Parkinson, Brigham Young University; Spencer Magleby, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
comprehensive approach, resulting from this initiative, to define, develop, and implement theteaching of leadership in the context of engineering and technology curricula. After a rationaleexplaining why the college chose an emphasis on leadership, efforts in and selected results of theleadership initiative are documented, including 1) the development of a leadership modelappropriate to engineering and technology education, 2) the definition of specific outcomes andcurricular material related to leadership, and 3) the development of a framework for using themodel and implementing leadership education throughout the college. The implementationstrategy is based on Kolb’s Learning Cycle and takes advantage of college, departmental andexternal resources to
Conference Session
New Learning Paradigms II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James Jones, Purdue University; Peter Meckl, Purdue University; Michael Harris, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Martin Okos, Purdue University; Osvaldo Campanella, Purdue University; Neal Houze, Purdue University; James Litster, Purdue University; Nathan Mosier; Bernard Tao, Purdue University; Daniel Delaurentis, Purdue University; David Radcliffe, Purdue University; Kathleen Howell, Purdue University; Masataka Okutsu, Purdue University; Sean Brophy, Purdue University; Amy Penner, Purdue University; Alice Wilson, Purdue University; Leah Jamieson, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
renamed the Engineer of2020 committee. That committee has been charged with developing mechanisms to achievecurriculum innovations that enhance these attributes among engineering students. Two primarymechanisms are currently in place: the Engineer of 2020 Annual Workshop, and the Engineer of2020 Seed Grant Program.The College of Engineering has hosted an annual Engineer of 2020 workshop since fall of 2007.The first workshop was held on Aug. 28, 2007, and focused on three of the target attributes:innovation, multi-disciplinarity, and continuous learning. Outside experts from industry andacademia were invited to present their thoughts on the importance of each of these attributes andon suggestions for how best to include it in the curriculum
Conference Session
Develop Course / Materials / Topics for a Global Engineering Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lawrence Whitman, Wichita State University; Zulma Toro-Ramos, Wichita State University; Barbara Chaparro, Wichita State University; Veronica Hinkle, Wichita State University; Colin Davidson, Spirit Aerosystems; Chris Wilkinson, Spirit Aerosystems
Tagged Divisions
International
complete the program course requirements including at leastthree of the following six activities:1. Undergraduate Research2. Cooperative Education or Internship3. Global Learning or Study Abroad4. Service Learning5. Leadership6. Multidisciplinary EducationThree of the above are required to provide flexibility for the student to tailor the program to theirindividual needs. The three requirements can be integrated into current curriculum choices andnot create an undue burden for students. One of the three requirements the student chooses couldbe the Global Learning or Study Abroad criterion. To complete this requirement, the studentmust complete one or more of the following: 1. Successfully participate in a global
Conference Session
Project-Based Service Learning
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Chris Swan, Tufts University
Tagged Divisions
Environmental Engineering
student self-assessments of achievement of learning objectives that are graded on a scaleof A to F, summative assessments where students indicate the 3 most valuable things theylearned, and the level of satisfaction of project partners.2, 6, 7 SLICEThe Service-Learning Integrated throughout a College of Engineering (SLICE) program at theUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell led by Professor John Duffy (2007) is an example ofincorporating SL into existing required courses. This program aims to incorporate PBSL projectsinto existing courses throughout the curriculum so that students have at least 1 course everysemester with SL. While this has not yet been achieved for all majors, some are very close. Forexample in 2006-2007 required courses
Conference Session
Instrumentation and Controls Laboratories
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Driss Benhaddou, University of Houston; Alan Rolf Mickelson, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies
materialand thereby integrated into examinations and homework. We developed set of remotely controlled laboratories covering optical circuits concepts. Thelaboratories are currently implemented in the Engineering Technology Department at the Universityof Houston in an upper division undergraduate course, The experiments have also been used at theUniversity of Colorado at Boulder. Formative assessment provides numerous benefits to measurestudent learning outcome. Other researchers have explored the use of formative assessment toguide online learning. To the best of our knowledge, embedded formative techniques have not beenpreviously used in online laboratories. This paper will present results of embedded assessmenttechniques conducted in this