Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Hulme, State University of New York, Buffalo; Edward Kasprzak, Milliken Research Associates; Kenneth English, State University of New York, Buffalo; Deborah Moore-Russo, State University of New York, Buffalo; Kemper Lewis, State University of New York, Buffalo

to both the ABET criteria and the NSEE isthat students should both study the theoretical basis for phenomena and practice the application Page 14.1323.2of their knowledge in an active manner that is similar to what they will experience after college.As suggested by PITAC, simulation can be used to actively engage learners. The workingdefinition used in this work is that simulation is “the process of designing a model of a realsystem and conducting experiments with this model for the purpose either of understanding thebehavior of the system or evaluating various strategies for the operation of the system”.Simulation enables a designer to

Conference Session

Manufacturing Curricula for the Year 2015 and Beyond

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Venkitaswamy Raju, State University of New York-Farmingdale

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

to develop their tertiary educationand become a strong force in research and innovation.The third most important factor that is driving the transformation in manufacturing todayis the growth in technology. There have been unprecedented progress in the technologiesused for product design, fabrication, assembly and how the products are marketed anddistributed. The technological advances in fabrication and assembly at the macro, microand nanoscale level are major contributors to the current transformation. In a wide varietyof fields ranging from agricultural to biological, metals to plastics, and from medicine topharmacy, the advances in the associated manufacturing processes have expanded thescope manufacturing industry. The advances in the

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Designing such questions, as noted earlier, can be quite challenging. But it is precisely thesort of challenge that faculty engaged with the course are glad to take on. This is not the sortof mind-numbing assessment activity performed simply for the sake of meeting EC requirementsthat faculty rightfully resent. This challenge requires faculty to think deeply about what the centralconcept in question is, what are the additional concepts and ideas that might be related to it, perhapsperipherally, which might confuse students, how best to capture these potential confusions in a fewcarefully worded distractors, etc. As noted earlier, the fact that student performance in the POCATdoes not affect their academic record means that the test helps us assess

Conference Session

Engineering Courses for Non-engineers

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Blake, Austin Peay State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

components and subsystems, 3) that a system can fail due to failure of a very small part of the system, 4) that, despite the best efforts of all involved, the risk of failure exists. It also includes elements that demonstrate 5) an engineering team in action, including situations where major differences exist, 6) design within constraints (the CO2 filter problem) and the arbitrary nature of some design decisions (the existence of both square and round filter cartridges), and 7) dealing with uncertainty.Finally, 8) the story behind the Apollo program is used as an example of societal needs leading to the creation of technology.The decision to develop the technology and go to the moon came from a need for the

Conference Session

Goal Specific First-Year Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2009-1482: INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DESIGN: AN EMPHASIS ONCOMMUNICATIONTaryn Bayles, University of Maryland, Baltimore County Taryn Bayles is a Professor of the Practice of Chemical Engineering in the Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department at UMBC, where she incorporates her industrial experience by bringing practical examples and interactive learning to help students understand fundamental engineering principles. Her current research focuses on engineering education, outreach and curriculum development. Page 14.813.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Introduction to

Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Reza Emami, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

proven to be useful in addressing the critical feedback from industryperceiving graduating engineers as unable to tackle real problems and manage professionaldesign practice, because of the change of focus from theoretical to practical2,3. Yet, thealternative paradigm seeks a more integrative role for design, and thus introduces it at thefreshman and sophomore levels, usually dubbed as cornerstone design courses4. Both anecdotaldata5 and hard evidence6 have indicated that cornerstone courses enhance students’ motivation,their retention in engineering programs, and their performance in senior engineering science andcapstone design courses. A major breakthrough in teaching cornerstone design courses, albeitpreviously practiced in the senior

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Potpourri

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic Halsmer, Oral Roberts University; Nate Roman, Oral Roberts University; Tyler Todd, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Page 14.751.2of mechanical devices to reverse engineer the design thinking that went into their development.It is widely recognized that this constitutes a valuable design training exercise. But now, with therealization of the powerful utility of reverse engineering for understanding complex naturalsystems, engineering students at ORU are challenged to consider how this finding impacts thebigger picture of life on Earth. The study of the reverse engineering of natural systems not onlyenables students to relate engineering to other technical fields such as biology, chemistry andphysics, but also fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, cosmology, philosophy,religion, and other humanities. Thus, a valuable mechanism for enriching the

Conference Session

The Role of Engineering in Public Policy

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Harding, Purdue University; Paul McPherson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

apply applicable standards, regulations, and codes;”10 • In the general criteria for engineering programs (2008-09) and (2009-10) it specifies that the curriculum is to include courses in which students can apply engineering standards, stating specifically, “Students must be prepared for engineering practice through a curriculum culminating in a major design experience based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work and incorporating appropriate engineering standards and multiple realistic constraints.”11 • In the aeronautical engineering technology program criteria under outcomes, “… program must demonstrate that graduates can apply … b. Technical expertise in assembly and support processes, industry standards

Conference Session

Sustainability and Environmental Issues

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Skokan, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

State University, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, andSonoma State University9,10,11,12 were investigated. Although more advanced than our needs,graduate programs such as that at Wayne State University7 were also surveyed. Many of theseprograms offered technician certification or emphasized alternative energy. In response to thetribal college desires, we designed a six-course curriculum with coverage of both alternative andtraditional energy sources as well as skill sets (general mathematics, general science, andtopographic surveying) that the unique set of tribal students need.The first course requested by the Tribal colleges was a land surveying course, as there was animmediate need for mapping of tribal lands and resources and

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Physics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Franck, California Institute of Technology; Ted Yu, California Institute of Technology; Juan Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux, California Institute of Technology; James Maloney, California Institute of Technology; Angela Capece, California Institute of Technology; Luz Rivas, California Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

ability levels for some courses.In contrast, the YESS program offers only two classes, “Neuroscience” and “Physics andEngineering”, each instructed by a team of five graduate students and research staff from avariety of disciplines at Caltech. The courses are designed to be representative of Caltech,providing a glimpse of the undergraduate lifestyle, academic rigor, and active research interests.Similar to the Institute, the YESS program has a remarkably low instructor to student ratio of Page 14.723.23:1, allowing for great amounts of formal and informal interaction with active researchers. Sinceinstructors each incorporate their research

Conference Session

Engineering in the Middle Grades

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jed Lyons, University of South Carolina; Bethany Fralick, University of South Carolina; Jennifer Kearn, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2009-1372: A SURVEY OF MIDDLE-SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ATTITUDESTOWARD ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTSJed Lyons, University of South Carolina Jed Lyons is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering and the Faculty Director of the Center for Teaching Excellence at the University of South Carolina. His passion is developing laboratory experiments and other hands-on active learning experiences for pre-college, undergraduate and graduate students.Bethany Fralick, University of South Carolina Bethany Fralick is a graduate student in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of South Carolina, conducting research on engineering education.Jennifer Kearn, University of South Carolina Jennifer

Conference Session

Projects and Problems in First-Year Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Ganesh Balasubramanian, Virginia Tech; Ishwar Puri, Virginia Tech; Scott Case, Virginia Tech; Roop Mahajan, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Success in the Collegiate Engineering Program. Proceedings of the 2007 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, Hawaii, June 24- 27, 2007, 11 pages.[18] Robson, V., Lohani, V. K., and Muffo, J., 2008. “Assessment in Engineering Education, Book Chapter in Assessment in the Disciplines,” Vol. 3, Assessment in Engineering Programs: Evolving Best Practices, Editor: William E. Kelly, pp. 173-192, Association for Institutional Research, Tallahassee, FL.[19] Lohani, V. K., Castles, R., Johri, A., Spangler, D., and Kibler, D., 2008. “Analysis of Tablet PC Based Learning Experiences in Freshman to Junior Level Engineering Courses,” Proc. 2008 ASEE Annual Conference, June 22-25, 2008, Pittsburgh

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sue Rosser, Georgia Institute of Technology; Laurence Jacobs, Georgia Institute of Technology; Janet Murray, Georgia Institute of Technology; Wendy Newstetter, Georgia Institute of Technology; Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

, although the forces themselves are labeled and simply ask them to add the directions. Such problems will provide important practice opportunities that focus students on various aspects of proper free body diagram generation that our recent findings have shown students have difficulty with.3. We will, of course, keep adding to our library of problems in order to cover all topics of the course. This will help us expose our students more and more to the InTEL tools, and hopefully positively impact both their grades in the class and overall satisfaction with engineering.We propose that software allows for the possibility of a risk-free environment forexperimentation and practice. We should do our best to capitalize on this and engage

Conference Session

BME Laboratory Courses and Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Allen, University of Virginia; Jeffrey Saucerman, University of Virginia; Jason Papin, University of Virginia; Shayn Peirce-Cottler, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

teaching activities have focused on developing and teaching the undergraduate Capstone Design course in the BME department at the University of Virginia, and her research is focused on using in vivo and computational models to elucidate the mechanisms of vascular differentiation and the efficacy of stem cell-based therapies for wound repair. Page 14.462.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Development and Assessment of a Novel Systems Bioengineering Course Integrating Modeling and ExperimentationAbstractAdvances in the biomedical sciences are becoming increasingly dependent upon

Conference Session

Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 2

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University; Nidal Al-Masoud, Central Connecticut State University; Peter Baumann, Central Connecticut State University; Zdzislaw Kremens, Central Connecticut State University; Viatcheslav Naoumov, Central Connecticut State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

participating in the 2003 Program forInternational Student Assessment (PISA) examination, which is designed to assess students’ability to apply scientific and mathematical concepts to real-world problems.6 Furthermore, theretention rate for engineering students is one of the lowest among all college majors. About one-third of all U.S. students intending to pursue engineering switch majors before graduating.5 Inpart, this is due to a demanding and rigorous curriculum, but the fact that some engineeringstudents realize quite late that the program is not the best fit for them also has a negative impact.Demographic Disparities in Math and Science AchievementAccording to the National Science Board’s Science and Engineering Indicators 20084, there

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations and Interactions

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fanyu Zeng, Indiana Wesleyan University; Chao Liu, Southeast University; Xiaodong Zhang, Southeast University

Tagged Divisions

International

Student Learning OutcomesAbstractThis paper presents an initiative of an engineering curriculum enhancement and an example ofcollaborative junior student’s project development, based on the enhanced curriculum. The maingoal of this research is to integrate the best practices from the American engineering educationprograms into existing engineering curriculum, and to study the effectiveness of theenhancement, made up of a number of new focus areas in critical thinking and practical problemsolving.The research is carried out to study the feasibility and effectiveness of newly designed projectcollaborations between an American professor and a Chinese student, involved in a juniorproject. American professor helps to integrate successful American

Conference Session

Engineering Education in India, Central and Eastern Asia

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xia Wang, Oakland University; Gary Barber, Oakland University; Laila Guessous, Oakland University; LianXiang Yang, Oakland University; GuangZhi Qu, Oakland University; Ishwar Sethi, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

International

paramount for U.S. engineers and researchers to develop the skills and backgroundnecessary to effectively work, communicate and innovate on an international scale and to be ableto collaborate on complex engineering and research projects with colleagues and collaboratorsacross the world. Countries such as China and India, by virtue of their size, are graduating everincreasing numbers of engineers and scientists each year and are making great strides inscientific research. The effects of the globalization of science, engineering and manufacturinghave been particularly felt in rust-belt states such as Michigan and Ohio where the loss of marketshare by the big three U.S. automakers has resulted in large job losses and a migration of agrowing number of

Conference Session

LABVIEW-Based Experiments and Robotics Laboratory

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandra J. Magana; Sean Brophy; George Bodner, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

for using simulations for learning and describing in detail a student’s perception of thismethod.Methods The goal of this research study is to describe an instructor’s and his students’ perceptionsand experiences with simulation tools as laboratory simulations in the context of an advancedgraduate elective course for electrical engineering students. These graduate students arespecializing in the area of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) and circuit design. The coursefocuses on examining advanced transistors and its physical principles. Considerations that enterinto the development of new integrated circuit technologies were also explored. This course hasas pre-requisite a course related to solid state devices only offered to master’s

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Christine Kelly, Oregon State University

AC 2009-992: ENHANCEMENT OF STUDENT LEARNING IN EXPERIMENTALDESIGN USING VIRTUAL LABORATORIESMilo Koretsky, Oregon State University Milo Koretsky is an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering at Oregon State University. He currently has research activity in areas related to thin film materials processing and engineering education. He is interested in integrating technology into effective educational practices and in promoting the use of higher level cognitive skills in engineering problem solving. Dr. Koretsky is a six-time Intel Faculty Fellow and has won awards for his work in engineering education at the university and national levels.Christine Kelly, Oregon State University

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Klingbeil, Wright State University; Kuldip Rattan, Wright State University; Michael Raymer, Wright State University; David Reynolds, Wright State University; Richard Mercer, Wright State University

Model for Engineering Mathematics Education, and has also led an NSF supported research project to develop the nation's first undergraduate curriculum in bioinformatics.David Reynolds, Wright State University David B. Reynolds is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering at Wright State University. He is a Co-PI on WSU's National Model for Engineering Mathematics Education, and has also conducted NSF supported research to develop human factors engineering undergraduate design projects for persons with disabilities.Richard Mercer, Wright State University Richard E. Mercer is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mathematics and

Conference Session

Engineering Education in India, Central and Eastern Asia

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bob Lahidji, Eastern Michigan University; Walter Tucker, Eastern Michigan University; Jianhua wang, Eastern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

International

same part, for the same price, anywhere in theworld.”4 In the previous vertical integration model, the design and manufacturing ofproducts was an internal affair and regulated by long-held standards, procedures, andhierarchies. This world is disappearing and being replaced by the much more chaotic“flat” de-verticalized and global design and manufacturing For technical professionalsincluding engineers, globalization and de-verticalization means that instead of thepredictable long-established world of a Ford or an IBM, new graduates must master theirprofession in the largely undefined universe of 12,000 mile supply chains, multiplelanguages, and dozens of suppliers all with differing roles as to design andmanufacturing. This problem has been

Conference Session

Robots in Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Meuth, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Paul Robinette, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Donald Wunsch, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

competition requires the team to design and build a medium-sized robot to autonomously traverse an outdoor obstacle course. Obstacles normally consist of colored barrels, construction netting, white lines and trees. The team uses stereovision cameras as the primary obstacle detection sensor. The team is currently exploring several algorithms for path planning. Paul recently become a member of the UMR Applied Computational Intelligence Lab. He recently spent the summer developing adaptive user-interfaces as part of a research partnership with Boeing.Donald Wunsch, Missouri University of Science and Technology Donald C. Wunsch II (S’87–M’92–SM’94–F’05) received the B.S. degree

Conference Session

Tree-huggers, Diggers, and Queers--Oh my!

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

have provided entire engineeringcourses oriented toward sustainability. 14Even more ambitious efforts exist to introduce sustainability content across engineering curriculain a variety of ways. One initiative entails infiltrating sustainability content into a variety ofexisting courses in an undergraduate civil engineering program to ensure that coverage of suchcontent was not subject to variations in specific instructor interests. 15 Another initiative entailsdevelopment of a graduate civil engineering/green construction program that combinescoursework, directed research projects, and international exchanges in a format similar to design-based, service-learning experiences. 16 Educators developing new curricula sometimes rely onABET

Conference Session

Issues and Direction in ET Education and Administration: Part I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Wolcott, Rochester Institute of Technology; Todd Dunn, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

administrators of the mechanical department and the EngineeringCollege did not pursue the proposal. It’s possible that such an arrangement would have createdmore problems than it solved and could have had a negative impact on the existing CETprogram.The reason for starting a CE program at our University has never been to increase studentenrollment. The motivation is simple and centered around how best to serve our primaryconstituents – the students. A CE program would provide a track for interested and capable CETstudents to pursue an ABET-EAC BS degree in civil engineering at our University. There areseemingly straightforward and compelling advantages of a CE program – elimination oftemporal and spatial licensure issues, easier graduate school

Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Gordon Skelton, Jackson State University; HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Evelyn Leggette, Jackson State University; Tzusheng Pei, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

University has formed a multiple-disciplinarylearning community, in which senior students from different disciplines work together andachieve hands-on learning in multiple-disciplinary robotic projects18. Students regard thisexperience as the best thing they do in their four years at college. Some students have chosen tocontinue onto graduate studies, or have started careers related to their experience. In BucknellUniversity, upper-level students participate in designing a lab for a freshmen-level course andserved as TAs, and learn how to create a lab experiment and how to present the information,while the freshmen have the opportunity to contact with upper-level students and obtain hands-on experience 19.To make STEM more meaningful and inspire

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adnaan Jiwaji, MIT; James Hardison, MIT; Kayode P. Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sandy Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, Makerere University; Alfred Mwambela, University of Dar-es-Salaam; V. Judson Harward, MIT; Jesús A. del Alamo, MIT; Bryant Harrison, MIT; Samuel Gikandi, MIT

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2009-1806: COLLABORATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF REMOTEELECTRONICS LABORATORIES: THE ELVIS ILABAdnaan Jiwaji, MIT Adnaan Jiwaji is a Masters of Engineering graduate in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His thesis was development of remote laboratories for Africa with iLabs. Currently he is a Software Engineer for the Clusters and Parallel Storage Technology group at Oracle.James Hardison, MIT James Hardison is a Research Engineer with the Center for Educational Computing Initiatives at MIT. He holds a B.S. in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from MIT. Presently, he is involved with the management and development of online

Conference Session

Professional Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, Purdue University; Yusuf Mehta, Rowan University; Sean St. Clair, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

issuesincluding the perceived value of licensure among faculty members, the relationshipbetween licensure and promotion/tenure, and the licensed faculty member as a role modelfor colleagues and future engineers.This paper details the research design, implementation of the study, and the resultingfindings. The findings and conclusions of this study will be of interest to a variety ofacademic and licensure stake-holders, including: civil engineering faculty members (bothlicensed and unlicensed), academic administrators, and licensing organizations such asthe National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES).A Review of the LiteratureIn the realm of academics, what is the value of experience as a practicing engineer andthe value of

Conference Session

Innovation in Laboratory Studies and Outreach Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georgia Harris, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Elizabeth Gentry, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

address these concerns needs to be practical and straightforward to enable non-academicians to approach the academic environment successfully.Another goal is to conduct research in the academic-industry partnership realm in the metrologycommunity to determine best practices that can be shared and put into practical guidebooks forothers to follow.ConclusionsMany measures of effectiveness, impact, and next steps are pending as data is still beingcollected from the NCSLI community. Based on early responses, materials and opportunities arewell received and NCSLI is on the right track for metrology outreach. The biggest challengesare 1) to provide turn-key guidance for all potential Ambassadors with the resources that areavailable and 2) to find more

Conference Session

Assessment and Curriculum Development

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Casey Canfield, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Yevgeniya Zastavker, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

.” The Chronicle of Higher Education, 22 Jan. 2009. 3. Errington, Edward. "The impact of teacher beliefs on flexible learning innovation: some practices and possibilities for academic developers," Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 41(1), (2004).4. McKenna, Ann F., Yalvac, Bugrahan, and Light, Gregory J. “The Role of Collaborative Reflection on Shaping Engineering Faculty Teaching Approaches,” Journal of Engineering Education, 98(1), 17-26 (2009) (and citations therein.)5. Kane, Ruth; Susan, Sandretto and Heath, Chris. "Telling Half the Story: A Critical Review of Research on the Teaching Beliefs and Practices of University Academics," Review of Educational Research, 72(2), 177-228 (2002

Conference Session

Information Literacy Integration and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Riley, Smith College; Rocco Piccinino, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

practice information retrieval and evaluationskills. Students are asked to find the best sources to support their answers to the followingquestions (skills practiced noted in parentheses following each question): a. Who developed the patent for the Clif shot litter leash? What earlier innovations did it Page 14.761.5 build upon? (Requires a patent search.) b. Find two peer reviewed original research articles published in the last year about how climate change will affect hurricane frequency in the Atlantic. (Practices database search strategies and proper citation format) c. What is a ballast in a fluorescent light fixture