Conference Session

Issues and Directions in ET Education & Administration: Part III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina; Lucy Kollhoff, Kansas State Univerty; Michael Kollhoff, Salina South High School

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

propagation, novel materials for microwave application, and electromagnetic scattering.Lucy Kollhoff, Kansas State Univerty LUCY KOLLHOFF is the Coordinator of Career & Employment Services at Kansas State University at Salina. Ms. Kollhoff received her M.S. in Counseling from Fort Hays State University in 1999, joining Kansas State University in 2000 from private industry. L. Kollhoff work with students in assessment, job search components: resume/cover letter writing, interviewing, and networking. She is also a member of the All University Career Fair Committee at Kansas State University and arranges a Spring Career Fair for the Salina campus. Ms. Kollhoff is also a certified

Conference Session

Issues and Directions in Engineering Technology Education & Administration: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Kelnhofer, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Robert Strangeway, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Edward Chandler, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

years and theuncertainty of its place in the university academic setting continues. We believe a fundamentalchange of direction for engineering technology is needed, a change based on the needs of its coreconstituents – students/alumni and industry.Our experience suggests that students and alumni of four-year engineering technology programsexpect an engineering career. There are few occupational positions above the rank of technicianthat contain the word “technologist” in the job title. There is, however, strong demand forqualified graduates who can work as engineers to solve technical problems, communicatetechnical information, and work well in a team environment. Qualified four-year engineeringtechnology graduates satisfy this skill set, that

Conference Session

Industry based new Innovative and Nontraditional Curriculum in Industrial Technology and Industrial Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Reifschneider, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

careers, what skills theybelieved were needed to be successful project managers and how they believe projectmanagement can be better taught in the university setting.A population of 34 alumni answered a series of multiple choice and short answer questionsthrough an on-line survey in which the feedback was anonymous to promote candid responses.An online instrument was used to facilitate easy access for participants and automated dataretrieval. The work experience of the alumni varied from 16 months to eight years. Their currentemployment roles varied from junior level engineers to vice president of engineering with amajority serving in some supervisory role.The survey asked the volunteers to indicate with a Likert scale how well they agreed with

Conference Session

Newly Developed Engineering Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Dobrowski, Purdue University-North Central

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

students on what is to be expected of them over the courseof their academic careers (and beyond) and how to approach their courses. Emphasis would beplaced on how to apply the mathematics that they will learn to applications in their field,communications (both written and oral) so that their intended audience understands them, andimportance of ethical decision making. It seems that one major fault is that the students, in takingthese core courses, do not yet realize their importance later in their academic careers. TheEngineering Technology Freshmen Experience course would educate them on the importance ofthese courses, and how they will impact them later in the program, as well as in life.An important aspect of this course is that it should be

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Westheider, University of Cincinnati; Sarai Hedges, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

(input), inconsistency in Page 15.455.3administration of some of the surveys (process), and adequate numbers of responses to ensurethe right changes were being made (output).The four surveys in the SIPOC diagram illustrate: • The Alumni Survey in 2006 administered by the college Career Placement Office had a 5.7% response rate. • The Employer Survey administered by the university co-op office had a 69.7% response rate for students in all programs included in the ABET evaluation. The Student Survey by the university co-op office does not have questions pertaining to lifelong

Conference Session

Issues and Directions in ET Education & Administration: Part III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Terri Talbert-Hatch, Indiana University; Adrie Koehler, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Damon Hathaway, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Kelly Keelen, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

diploma)should be positively framed to express the school’s commendation. The task force also felt thatby their senior year, students should be aware of the job hunting process, proper interviewprotocol, and have a well-developed career plan. Finally, some type of exit mechanism shouldbe in place to gather feedback from the graduating students and an invitation to involve studentsas alumni should be made.Shea1 explains that universities have the responsibility to ready students for life after college:“Advising and counseling seniors through the job search process, providing some type of closureon the college experience, motivating alumni relationships, and evaluating experiences are someof the responsibilities institutions have in easing the

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ECET: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jane LeClair, Excelsior College; Li-Fang Shih, Excelsior College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2010-2261: IMPLEMENTATION OF A SYSTEMATIC OUTCOMESASSESSMENT PLAN TO ENSURE ACCOUNTABILITY AND CONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENT IN A NON-TRADITIONAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMJane LeClair, Excelsior College Dr. Jane LeClair is currently the Dean of the school of Business and Technology at Excelsior College in Albany, New York. Dr. LeClair’s career in the nuclear industry spanned two decades in various management positions, most recently working for Constellation Energy. She has been involved in many aspects of the industry, including CONTE, MANTG, and ANS ETWD chair. She continues to collaborate with the nuclear industry on various projects.Li-Fang Shih, Excelsior College Dr. Li-Fang Shih

Conference Session

Issues and Directions in ET Education & Administration: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Johnson, Rochester Institute of Technology; Brian Thorn, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

BackgroundAcademic institutions must address a number of constituencies along a variety of dimensions asthey seek to fulfill their missions. The mission statement for the Rochester Institute ofTechnology (RIT), the institution that the authors will address here, reads in part:“Our mission is to provide technology-based educational programs for personal and professionaldevelopment. We rigorously pursue new and emerging career areas. We develop and delivercurricula and advance scholarship relevant to emerging technologies and social conditions.”At this institution, there is a good deal of variability among departments in terms of how theiractivities are expected to support the pursuit of “new and emerging career areas” and “advancescholarship relevant to

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Progress Reports: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

improvecurriculum that prepare graduates for careers in a wide scope industry and supporta broad spectrum of technology. The EET program is collaborating with GEAviation to offer a graduate certificate in Test Engineering. This certificaterepresents a good model of collaboration between industry and academia. Thedemand for electrical and computer engineers who are equipped with testengineering skills continue to rise. Unfortunately, the curriculum has not yet“caught up” to industry needs and the role of academia in meeting industryexpectation of test engineering skills has not been sufficient. Only a fewuniversities have test engineering incorporated in their curriculum. To meet thisgoal, the School of Technology is stepping up to this challenge and

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Danley, Drexel University; Vladimir Genis, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

15.319.8Page 15.319.9Program Educational ObjectivesThe information collected and documented in Survey Assessment Summary Sheets from recentgraduates and their employers indicates how well AET meets the Program EducationalObjectives (PEO). Program objectives are broad statements, which describe the career andprofessional accomplishments that our program is preparing our graduates to achieve. ProgramEducational Objectives are listed and discussed in self-study reports provided to ABET prior toevaluation visits. It is important to note that PEOs are consistent with the program mission andwith the program outcomes as indicated in Figure 1. This information is included in the CQIreport and is made available to AET Industrial Advisory Committee. These

Conference Session

Newly Developed Engineering Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anoop Desai, Georgia Southern University; Phil Waldrop, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the course intends to impart to all students, especially non majors(students who are non-science majors) an insight into current and past industrial practices thathave been causative of pollution and generally unsustainable behavior. Simultaneously, it alsooffers insights into emerging and potential solutions to address sustainability issues from theengineering and technology perspective. One of the principal features of this course is theexploration of career opportunities for non-majors in the field of sustainability. This papercontent and subsequent presentation will include an overview of course content and deliverytechniques as well as its salient features.IntroductionSustainability can be defined as a pattern of human activity that can

Conference Session

Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mario Castro-Cedeno, Rochester Institute of Technology; Quamrul Mazumder, University of Michigan - Flint

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2010-83: MOTIVATION AND MATURITY LEVEL OF ENGINEERING ANDENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS WITH AND WITHOUT COOPEXPERIENCEMario Castro-Cedeno, Rochester Institute of TechnologyQuamrul Mazumder, University of Michigan - Flint Page 15.889.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Motivation and Maturity of Engineering and Engineering Technology Students with and without Co-Op ExperienceAbstractExperience-based education in the form of Co-Op is generally accepted as having a positivecorrelation with a student’s academic and early career performance. Unfortunately, most of theevidence is anecdotal or based on statistical studies of large databases. It

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Durfee, Eastern Washington University; Hani Saad, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

andinquisitive. Fourth, students might have to apply their knowledge in a different manner in orderto understand or solve a problem. Fifth, all projects require reporting on the work completed.That is accomplished through verbal communication with a faculty member or in a formal paperor presentation. This will strengthen and enhance student communication skills and betterprepare them to function in their future careers. Finally, even though this is not research it willrequire critical thinking and problem solving skills by the students. It has also been shown thatstudent projects carried out with faculty mentoring results in increased student retention andachievement. This is important not only to our institution but to the local community as wellsince

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rungun Nathan, Pennsylvania State University, Berks

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

instances they held a day job, had family withchildren and took mostly night classes to improve their education to advance in their career atwork or to take on a new job on graduation. What the technology students lacked inmathematics when compared to the engineers, was more than made up in their hard work anddetermination to stay focused and learn. Some of them seemed to be less focused on the rigoroustheoretical development and deductive reasoning used in engineering. They were more inclinedto look at an equation, determine how to apply the same, solve many example problems toreinforce the concepts. They generally followed a “template” or “recipe approach” to solvingproblems. The working students also brought varied and very interesting

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bimal Nepal, Texas A&M University; Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute, Abu Dhabi; Jihad Albayyari, Indiana-Purdue University; Paul Lin, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

/Manufacturing (ITM)The objective of the ITM track is to develop advanced leadership skills needed by technicalmanagers and related positions in world-class industries. It widens student career potential withproject management skills for organizing resources, implementing systems, increasingproductivity, reducing waste and improving product quality using statistics and business researchmethods.Program OutcomesProgram outcomes describe the knowledge, skills, and abilities students are expected to acquirefrom the program, and prepare them to achieve the program educational objectives.Measurement will be in accordance with the program assessment and continuous improvementtools given in later section.It is intended that graduates of Master of Science in

Conference Session

Importance of Technical & Professional Writing in Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peilin Fu, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University, San Diego; Ronald Uhlig, National University, San Diego; Howard Evans, National University, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2010-2143: IMPROVING TECHNICAL WRITING AMONG ENGINEERINGAND TECHNOLOGY STUDENTSPeilin Fu, National UniversityShekar Viswanathan, National University, San DiegoRonald Uhlig, National University, San DiegoHoward Evans, National University, San Diego Page 15.702.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Improving Technical Writing among Engineering and Technology StudentsAbstractThe ability to communicate clearly and effectively is crucial to success in an engineering career.Good writing skills give students a competitive edge in job searches and career advances. It iswidely agreed in and out of academia that instruction in

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmine Balascio, University of Delaware; Thomas Brumm, Iowa State University; Steven Mickelson, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

ABETa through k general criteria outcomes. The ePortfolios can then be used as evidence for TAC ofABET accreditation purposes. Finally, the ePortfolio, as a compendium of highlights from thestudent’s academic career within the ET program, will also be useful for exhibiting studentcapabilities to potential employers.Implementation: The planned revisions of the ET program will take effect in the fall of 2010.As a matter of best practice, compilation of the ePortfolios cannot be left until the senior year.Ideally, students should be exposed to the concept and begin working on their ePortfolios duringthe freshman year. Students must be given regular input and guidance regarding their progress incompiling the ePortfolio throughout their four-years

Conference Session

Issues and Directions in ET Education & Administration: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerry Marekova, Drexel University; Vladimir Genis, Drexel University; David Spang, Burlington County College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

in their curriculum that leads to academic career in engineering or engineeringtechnology. Two courses that students have in their senior year are transferable to Drexel, if theyare accepted to the AET program. The two courses are EET 102, Introduction to AET, and MET101, Manufacturing Materials. The courses follow the syllabi of the same freshman classestaught at Drexel. The books and other materials for those courses are the same as for thefreshmen students at Drexel University.Currently, the administration of AET Program at Drexel University is working on transferarticulation agreements with Montgomery County Community College (MCCC) and CommunityCollege of Philadelphia (CCP). Both colleges have successfully prepared students in the past

Conference Session

Distance and Web-Based Learning in ET: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Omer Farook, Purdue University, Calumet; Chandra Sekhar, Purdue University, Calumet; Jai Agrawal, Purdue University, Calumet; Essaid Bouktache, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the author of a Textbook in Power Electronics, published by Prentice-Hall. His professional career is equally divided in academia and industry. He has authored several research papers in IEEE journals and conferences.Essaid Bouktache, Purdue University, Calumet Professor ESSAID BOUKTACHE is the Department Head and a member of the faculty of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology at Purdue University Calumet. Dr. Bouktache received his MS and Ph. D in Electrical Engineering from the Ohio State University in 1980 and 1985, respectively. His research and teaching interests include Digital Signal Processing, Computer Networks, and Digital Communications. Professor Bouktache has

Conference Session

Distance and Web-Based Learning in ET: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Ford, Western Carolina University; Robert Anderson, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

) General Elective (3)Calculus (5) General Elective (3)Physics (4) Technical Elective (3)Chemistry (4)Total Hours: 124 Page 15.380.5Accreditation IssuesWhen determining the content of a new curriculum, program objectives must first be considered.The mission of the Engineering Technology (ET) program is to prepare graduates with thetechnical and managerial skills necessary to enter careers in process and systems design,technical sales, manufacturing operations, maintenance or service functions of a manufacturingenterprise. Further, the program supports the University’s

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Denton, Purdue University; Marc Williams, Purdue University; Joseph Kmec, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Page 15.855.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Mass Unbalance in an MET CourseAbstractMass unbalance, the condition where the centers of mass and rotation differ, is one of the mostcommon sources of vibration in rotating machinery. Mechanical Engineering Technology (MET)students are likely to encounter vibration throughout their careers and need to understand itsgeneration, transmission, and testing. Conveying vibration concepts effectively to students whotypically have only limited exposure to differential equations presents a challenge forengineering technology faculty. Mass unbalance and related corrective procedures offer apractical venue for communicating fundamental vibration concepts, design

Conference Session

Distance and Web-Based Learning in ET: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sohail Anwar, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona College; Jane LeClair, Excelsior College; Arnie Peskin, Excelsior College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, Excelsior College DR. JANE LECLAIR is currently the Dean of the school of Business and Technology at Excelsior College in Albany, New York. Following a 20 year career in the nuclear industry in various management positions with Constellation Energy, in addition to her position at Excelsior College, she continues to consult in the nuclear industry.Arnie Peskin, Excelsior College Arnold Peskin is retired from Brookhaven National Laboratory where he was a Senior Scientist and Head of the Information Technology Division. He also served on the Faculty of Columbia University and Stony Brook University and is currently on the Engineering Technology Faculty of Excelsior College. He is a Fellow of

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Udaya Bhanu Prakash Sunku, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

become indispensable for most engineeringprofessionals. In an increasingly competitive global economy, there is expanding product varietyand decreasing product lifetimes.1 Today’s engineering and engineering technology studentswill enter a workplace where CAD is used throughout the development process 2. CAD hasbecome a valuable tool that allows engineers to quickly create and update designs andcommunicate them to others. The ability to use CAD is essential for most engineers today.Most engineers will likely use several versions of CAD programs over their career. This may bedue to the changes in their job, software changes at their company, or general softwareversioning (Pro/Engineer has had eight major versions in the past ten years). For their

Conference Session

Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

- Page 15.942.7date academic programs that endeavor to meet the immediate and future needs of industry. TheMichigan Technological University’s strategic plan calls for us to be nationally recognized forprograms that advance technological education through excellence in learning, discovery, andengagement. While we are a technology program, we go beyond most other technologyprograms by offering significant hands-on lab experiences and applied research opportunities toundergraduates. These experiences complement the classroom experience and prepare ourstudents for careers in a wide range of industries.The Electrical Engineering Technology program has identified present needs for a new state-of-the-art robotics laboratory, that will support a new

Conference Session

Industry Sponsored Research and Project Initiatives in Industrial Technology & Industrial Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Cook, Lawrence Tech University; Donald Reimer, Lawrence Technological University; Sabah Abro, Lawrence Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

of R&D in machine tool controls and gauging at GTE-Valenite Corp., started and managed the clinical engineering department at William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, and was a research associate in radiology, nuclear medicine, and bio-mechanics at Wayne State University. Ken has taught at Lawrence Tech evening programs as an adjunct instructor since 1965. His senior projects class, where students generate project ideas, research, design, manufacture, and assess the market for inventive products is the capstone course. Cook also has enjoyed a long side career in magic finding his hobby very useful in teaching. A highlight for his students each year is the two-hour magic performance he offers

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum and Practices in Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hsi-Hsun Tsai, Ming-Chi University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

education goals. Especially in this decade most ofthe senior high school students easily take the permissions to the University in Taiwan. Thecurriculum of each department in the University may formulate and hence help those studentsto get their career once they graduated. Assisting the practical training in the factory of anactual position with the University may enhance the professional experiences and abilities ofthose students. However, the actual enhancements of the abilities of the students during thepractical training of the sandwich program are still unknown. By the education studyapproach, the problem solving inventory for the sandwich program students is constructed toassess the ability variation before/during/after the practical training

Conference Session

Critical Issues in IT and IET: Focus Group

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gabriel Harley, IUPUI; Daniel Baldwin, IUPUI; Wanda Worley, IUPUI; Tresler Thurston, IUPUI; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 Dec. 2009.3. Imperatore, C. "What You Need to Know About Web 2.0." Techniques: Connecting Education & Careers 83.9 (2009): 20-23. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 23 Dec. 2009.4. Klein, K. "Demystifying Web 2.0." BusinessWeek Online (2008): 15. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 26 Dec. 2009.5. Junco, R., & Mastrodicasa, J. M. (2007). Connecting to the Net generation: What higher education professionals need to know about today's students.6. Peacock, M. (2008, May 30). Millenials drive mobile Web 2.0 technologies. CMSWire.com. Retrieved October 15, 2009, from http://www.cmswire.com/cms/enterprise-20/millenials-drive-mobile-web-20-technologies- 002719.php7. Williams

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Progress Reports: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Stier, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

ObjectivesProgram educational objectives need to be developed that are consistent with the mission of theinstitution16. Rogers defines objectives as “the broad statements that describe the career andprofessional accomplishments that the program is preparing graduates to achieve”17. Other termsthat are sometimes used in place of the word objectives are goals or standards18. Whendeveloping program educational objectives the emphasis is placed on what the graduates of theprogram will be doing three to five years after graduation. Careful assessment needs to be madeof what the curriculum and program prepares the students achieve in the early stages of theircareer.The Engineering Technology faculty at MU developed their educational objectives to align withthe

Conference Session

Innovative Curriculum and Practices in Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Walk, Old Dominion University; Roland Lawrence, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

TransitionsAcademic Transition ChallengesThe transition from 2-year to 4-year (2+2) engineering or engineering technology curricula, ortransitions from another „non-traditional‟ starting point, such as military background, career Page 15.415.3displacement, etc., can be a challenge for students for a variety of factors.Weak skills proficiency is one kind of challenge. A student might have been exposed to somecritical skill area, such as a mathematics skill (e.g., L‟Hospital‟s Rule), an engineering problem-solving technique (e.g., free-body diagrams), or equipment use proficiency (e.g., operating anoscilloscope), but not had extensive practice or not been

Conference Session

Issues and Directions in ET Education & Administration: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kim Nankivell, Purdue University, Calumet; Jana Whittington, Purdue University, Calumet; Joy Colwell, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to discriminate on the basis of race or gender, disability,or sexual orientation. There would be far fewer glass ceilings if the law were enforced”.4 Thistype of rhetoric is aimed at removing the “good old boys’ way of doing it”4 and creatingcompetition among all the disparate groups. Wolfinger, Mason and Goulden (2008) suggest that Page 15.1281.3women in academia are hindered by the dual role of child rearing and career, which partiallyexplains the lack of promotion within academia, but this only represents one possible rationaleand these underlying inequities need further research.25The issues facing higher-level administrators in