Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guoping Wang, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

, Page 15.978.8and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) program under Award No. 0632686. Any opinions, findings,and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. References[1] A. C. Luther, Design Interactive Multimedia. New York: Bantam, 1992.[2] C. Chen, HyperSource on Multimedia/Hypermedia Technologies. Chicago, IL: American Library Association, 1989.[3] E. Hansen, “The role of interactive video technology in higher education: Case study and proposed framework,” American Library Association, pp. 13–21, Sept 1990.[4] D. Myers, “Interactive video: A chance to plug the literary leak,” Industry Week, no. 239, pp. 15–18, April 1990.[5] H

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Autar Kaw, University of South Florida; Ali Yalcin, USF

not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation.Bibliography1. Young, Jeffrey R. “Homework? What Homework?”, The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 6, 2002.2. Lloyd F., “What, Why, How of Homework”, Session 1275, Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, WA, June 18-21, 2000.3. Cartledge, Carolyn M., and Sasser, John E., “The Effect of Homework Assignment on the Mathematics Achievement of College Students in Freshman Algebra”, Research Report, 1982, Available at Page 15.427.10 http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql

Conference Session

Distance and Web-Based Learning in ET: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Ford, Western Carolina University; Robert Anderson, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

experiences must draw together diverse elements of the curriculum and develop student competence in focusing both technical and nontechnical skills in solving problems. g. Cooperative Education Cooperative education credit used to satisfy prescribed elements of these criteria must include an appropriate academic component evaluated by the program faculty.”A common core Engineering Technology program at Western Carolina University must includeall of these elements. A checklist could be developed to ensure that a new curriculum core willbe in compliance with the ABET standard.Trends in Bachelor Degree ET ProgramsAs is reflected in the ABET standards discussed previously, adjustments

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weihang Zhu, Lamar University; Kendrick Aung, Lamar University; Jiang Zhou, Lamar University

author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Page 15.354.9Reference[1] Low, Lesley Ann, Paula R. L. Heron, Brian C. Fabien, Per G. Reinhall, Development and Assessment of Tutorials for Introductory Engineering Dynamics, Proceedings of 2004 ASEE Annual Conference, Charlotte, NC, June 2004[2] Minogue, J., M.G. Jones, B. Broadwell and T. Oppewall, The impact of haptic augmentation on middle school student’s conceptions of the animal cells, Virtual Reality, Vol. 10, Num 3-4, 2006[3] Itkowitz B., Handley J., Zhu W., OpenHaptics: Add 3D Navigation and Haptics to Graphics Application

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard Eisner, George Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

the institution’s premises. It has also been clear that the costs ofmarketing cohort programs have been less than the open enrollment programs. The reason: oncea program is accepted by an institution, it tends to continue and does not have to be “re-sold”year after year. Finally, the institution is able to track progress and get more involved in a cohortprogram by its very nature. Since all students are from the same institution, its needs can be moreaccurately reflected in the choice of courses, and they can be assured that all students haveexperienced the same subject matter delivery. There are perceived disadvantages that have been raised by some, from time to time. One hasto do with cost and price, and some have argued that all courses

Conference Session

Learning by Doing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Welker, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the case studies more Retain the field trip to Valley Forge ParkSome of the topics did not fit well into the selected over-arching examples, consequently, theexamples will be broadened to better accommodate the course material as reflected in Table 5.LaboratoriesThe student responses once again were generally in agreement with the author’s observations onthe effectiveness of the laboratories and the evaluated student work did show some improvement.The laboratories on sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, rock identification, andseismograms were useful. The additional laboratories on mineralogy (Hardness; Streak, Color,and Luster; Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting; and Crystal Form and Tenacity) required too muchclass time and did not

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDS in Engineering - Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jamila Cola, Georgia Institute of Technology; Douglas Edwards, Westlake High School; Margaret Tarver, Tri-Cities High School; Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

22-42%of its members to enroll at four-year universities as science and engineering majors. Althoughmost of the NSBE Jr. participants reported which university or college they attended and theirchosen major, no information was received for 17% of the NSBE membership from 2004-2009.The NSBE Jr. members without information on their intended major or college were discarded inthis study, so the data reflects the NSBE Jr. students who provided information on their intendedmajor and university. 35 30 Other 25 Engineering 20

Conference Session

Newly Developed Engineering Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Dobrowski, Purdue University-North Central

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. Math coursestend to have problems with “Given” and “Find” in them. Practical Engineering Technologyproblems are typically “word” type problems that more closely reflect real world applications and Page 15.1006.3situations. Realistically, there is no difference in the math skills required to solve such problems,but the student’s ability to recognize what is given and what is asked for seems to be lacking.Early training in being able to recognize what is given and what is needed in a story problem willwell suit the students in later years. The second area of concern is that students seem to havedifficulty analyzing problems and recognizing

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University; Ali Navvab, Gloucester County College

DUE 0536307 and 0536229. Any opinions, findings,and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the college anduniversities with which the authors are affiliated.References1 https://www.sgma.com/press/5_-The-American-Sports-Scene%3A-An-Analysis-of-Sports-Participation-in-the-U.S. (accessed Jan. 2010)2 http://www.prism-magazine.org/dec02/ballgame.cfm (accessed May 2005)3 Rowan School of Engineering – A Blueprint for Progress, Rowan College, 1995.4 R.D. Mehta (1985) "Aerodynamics of Sports Balls," Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 17, pp. 151-895 Almond, C. The New England Journal of Medicine, V 352: pp 1550-1556

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Quweider, University of Texas, Brownsville; Juan Iglesias, U of Texas at Brownsville; Katherine De La Vega, University of Texas at Brownsville

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

field. The two projectspresented in this paper, and the current pool of projects created, show the great impact such Page 15.1379.9projects can have on one’s life. While still in its infancy, CCS-WC-SP can grow to become agreat way to recruit, retain, and graduate female students in a way that reflects the true face ofAmerica, at least at a local level.Future WorkEnhancements for the Collaborative Computer Science Women-centric Senior Projects (CCS-WC-SP) are under way. The vision is to have a two-semester cycle, one for each semester, toreplenish the current set of projects used. The projects will come from not only the university’sacademic

Conference Session

Technological Literacy - Courses, Educational and Accreditation Standards

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yung-Hsiang Lu, Purdue University; Guangwei Zhu, Purdue; Cheng-Kok Koh, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

reflect the view of the sponsor.Guangwei Zhu, Purdue Guangwei Zhu received Bachelor's degree in Automation at Tsinghua University, Beijing. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate and teaching assistant in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. He received Magoon's Award in Teaching Excellence in Spring 2009. His research interests include control theory, applied mathematics and object orient design and programming.Cheng-Kok Koh, Purdue University Cheng-Kok Koh received the B.S. degree with first class honors and the M.S. degree, both in computer science, from the National University of Singapore in 1992 and 1996, respectively. He received the Ph. D. degree in computer science from

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Punch, Michigan State University; Richard Enbody, Michigan State University; Colleen McDonough, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

particular,we are looking for a better motivator to attract students who are struggling and help them in away that they feel more directly addresses their problems.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under award0757020 (DUE). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation (NSF).Bibliography[1] T. J. Cortina. An introduction to computer science for non-majors using principles of computation. In SIGCSE’07: Proceedings of the 38th SIGCSE technical symposium on Computer science education, pages 218–222, New

Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Easley, Louisiana Tech University; David Hall, Louisiana Tech University; Nicholas Beard, Louisiana Tech University; Glenn Fardsalehi, Louisiana Tech University; Nathan Wallace, Louisiana Tech University; Michael Swanbom, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

promote the sustainability our curriculum, we implemented a student-runhelp desk. The data collected over the past three quarters clearly show that the help deskprovides a significant amount of assistance for our students and significantly contributes to thesustainability of our project-based freshman engineering program.Acknowledgement and DisclaimerPartial support for this work was provided by the National Science Foundation’s Course,Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) program under Award No. 0618288. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. Nelson, J. and Napper, S., “Ramping

Conference Session

Manufacturing Processes Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Slifka, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

providinginformation for decision making available, why shouldn’t our students be exposed to thistechnique?A project is presented as a real work assignment. Acting as the department head, a rapidprototype part is presented to the students. The manner in which it is presented is consistent withindustry procedures [3].As the students get an opportunity to examine a rapid prototyped part, no other information isoffered to them. As they have had an opportunity to learn about product specifications and thesequence of steps required to bring a concept to fruition, they must develop the questions thatwill allow them to evaluate the processes and steps required to deliver this part on the establishedschedule.Allowing time for the students to reflect on the part and

Conference Session

Knowing our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, students, andindustry prioritize hands-on ability relative to other desirable traits. Surveys were given toindustrial representatives, faculty, and students asking them to rate hands-on ability among eightother traits. Analysis found that hands-on ability ranked third. Understanding the importance ofhands-on ability would better allow engineering curricula to reflect its prioritization. Hands-onability also has gender associations. Better understanding how industry views this could allowcurriculum to prepare its students to meet this obstacle. It would also allow academia to realizethe gender association and address it within the institution. These changes could allow betterengineering experiences for female engineers as well as

Conference Session

Experiences in Teaching Energy Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Riddell, Baker College Of Flint; Anca Sala, Baker College Of Flint

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. Page 15.133.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Alternative Energy, an Introduction for EngineersAbstractThe purpose of this course is to give undergraduate engineering students opportunity to exploremultiple types of alternative energy sources and reflect on the implications of the implementationof a particular energy source. Lifecycle planning, engineering and management of particularforms of alternative energy sources such as wind turbines, photovoltaic, geothermal along withmany lesser known sources were researched by the students. The format of the course wasstructured such that each student had a unique topic area to research and present to the class thebasics of a given energy source along with current

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B.K. Hodge, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

presents the real and nominal cost per gallon of motor gasolinefrom 1978 to 2008. In real dollars gasoline was $2.25/gallon in 1980, a price not reached againuntil 2004. As of the springl of 2010 , gasoline is just over $2.50/gallon, reflecting the rapidincrease since 2004. Indeed, only after 2000 has the rate of increase of the price of gasoline Page 15.527.10exceeded that of inflation. The argument could be made that in 1998, the inflation-adjusted priceof gasoline was cheaper than it had ever been! During the prosperous years, relative to inflation,gasoline prices declined. No wonder that conservation, higher gas mileage vehicles, andalternative

Conference Session

Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Richard Savage, California Polytechnic State University; James Widmann, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

exercise in whicheach team member prepared feedback for each of the other individuals on the team, delivered thefeedback, and wrote a personal development plan so that the students could conduct peer andself-assessment of their teaming skills and practice. Each quarter the students received feedbackon their effectiveness in a group. The students were also instructed on the ideas of Social Styles4and how perceptions of personality can impact team function.3) Develop, analyze and maintain an engineering project scheduleStudents were required to create Gantt charts detailing their project schedules. The Gantt chartswere updated periodically to reflect the true state of the project. In addition, teams conductedweekly meetings with their faculty

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Jim Nelson, Louisiana Tech University; Galen Turner, Louisiana Tech University; Missy Wooley, Ruston High School; Marvin Nelson, Benton High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, National Science Foundation (NSF) under Page 15.247.11Award Number 0622462, and Department of Education (DoE) under Award NumberU215K090140. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA, NSF, or DoE.References:[1] National Science Board. Science and Engineering Indicators. http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind08/. 2008.[2] National Science Board. The Science and Engineering Workforce: Realizing America‟s Potential. http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/documents /2003/nsb0369/nsb0369.pdf . 2003.[3] Redish, Edward F. and K. Smith. “Looking Beyond

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salahuddin Qazi, SUNY Institute of Technology; Robert C Decker, Mohawk Valley Community College

and permits analysis of any size sample in air. Nano Plot Nanolithography Software enables creation of lithographic patterns on sample surface by AFM. We have also ordered additional 10-micron Clip mount Z-scanner for operation in Liquids and STM Scanner Option consisting of the actual xyz scanner, a preamplifier, necessary cabling, and a stage Page 15.752.7 file, table top vibration isolation platform and different type of cantilevers and microlevers with Gold reflective coating.Interdisciplinary Survey Minor in NanotechnologyTo capture the interest across disciplines an interdisciplinary survey minor in nanotechnologyhas

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Progress Reports: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maureen Valentine, Rochester Institute of Technology; Carol Richardson, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

certain amount of post graduate experience will have gained a perspective that allowsthem to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of that program.” 6Variations in Surveys UsedBarron, Pangborn, Lee, Litzinger and Wise, from Penn State University, describe the evaluationof survey data collected from almost 1,300 Penn State engineering alumni in the paper titled“Educational Objectives and Expectations for Post-Graduation Achievement.”7 They describe asurvey that is administrated every two years, always to recent graduates two to three years aftergraduation. Although they have been doing this for over fifteen years, they modified theirprocess because of ABET. “The new expectations regarding formative assessment forengineering program accreditation

Conference Session

Two-Year College Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jana Fattic, Western Kentucky University; Andrew Ernest, Western Kentucky University; Christal Wade, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

sector as an environmental consultant prior to being employed by the Center in 2004. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0903286. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recomendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation (NSF).Andrew Ernest, Western Kentucky University Dr. Ernest earned a B.S. and M.S. in Civil Engineering from the University of Southwestern Louisiana in 1985 and in 1986 respectively, and a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from Texas A&M University in 1991. He has over 18 years of professional experience in

Conference Session

Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal Corbett, Louisiana Tech University; Galen Turner, Louisiana Tech University; David Hall, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

provided more project-based learning than other courses.” ) were bothrelated to the hands-on project-based instruction in the classroom. It is also interesting to notethat the survey data reflects a somewhat neutral trend for interest in STEM disciplines. However,student comments suggest that the curriculum has influenced many students in their careerdirection. This includes some students that have a greater appreciation of STEM topics eventhough they are not planning to pursue a STEM degree.Table 1 – Results of student survey Page 15.959.8 strongly somewhat somewhat strongly

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina White, Columbia University; Richard Crawford, University of Texas at Austin; Kris Wood, University of Texas; Austin Talley, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

relating to the grand challenges that we face in the 21st century.References 1. Suter, L. (1992). Indicators of science & mathematics education in 1992. (Report No. NSF-93-95). Washington D.C.: National Science Foundation. 2. American Association for the Advancement of Science. (1989). Science for all Americans. New York: Oxford University Press. 3. Keller, E. (1985). Reflections on gender and science. New Haven: Yale University Press. 4. Anderson, L. & Northwood, D. (2002). International Conference on Engineering Education: Recruitment and retention programs to increase diversity in engineering. Page 15.733.9

Conference Session

Robotics Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Peterson, United States Air Force Academy; Patrick Sweeney, United States Air Force Academy; Delbert Christman, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

features andtechnologies. The result was mixed, and clear conclusions cannot be drawn from theirperformance.The students were clearly motivated at the design reviews and in discussions with mentors. Theyhad grand visions of what they were going to create. However, when it came to actually doingthe work, several of them put in the minimum expected time or less. Being a three-hour classwith forty meeting periods, it was expected the student would put in at least 120 hours over thecourse of a semester. Realistically, with an eager group, 160-200 hours is common. In the firstsemester, the time invested ranged from 90 hours to 162 hours. The results reflected thisinvestment as those who put in 150+ hours made great strides toward completing

Conference Session

Enhancing CE Learning Through Use of Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadarajah Ravichandran, Clemson University; Brian Machmer, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

concern of stress concentrations affecting thequality of the clay layer on top of the sand layer.Consolidation of the clay-sand mixture was conducted in a two-step process on a universaltesting machine (UTM). Each step was performed by applying the load and the rate shown inTable 2. Once the loading for consolidation of the clay-sand mixture was completed, the steelreinforcement was removed and the plexiglass container was attached to the shake table. Page 15.402.6Page 15.402.7Page 15.402.8Page 15.402.9walls, and reflects waves back into the soil sample. To mitigate this breakdown, a liquefactionbox with flexible beams similar to those in the

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ilya Grinberg, Buffalo State College; Mohammed Safiuddin, State University of New York, Buffalo; Chilukuri Mohan, Syracuse University; Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

participation ofsteering oversight board and steering oversight committees at each level. Figure 2 representstypical curriculum lifecycle for an individual program, such as Smart Power Engineering,Electric Power Fundamentals, etc. It has a number of program outcomes and course outlines2. Fig.2. Curriculum Development for Typical ModuleFigure 3 represents curriculum structure of interrelated modules delivered either at one or atmultiple institutions. Administration and delivery infrastructure are unified and linked toconditions in Fig. 2. Such a structure with distributed modules and unified administration anddelivery network reflects the concept of the consortium by providing flexibility, integration ofexpertise, and

Conference Session

Educational Research

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terry Brumback, University of Alabama; Randal Schumacker, The University of Alabama; Daniel Fonseca, The University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

CriteriaStudies were examined to determine whether they met the criteria for inclusion in the study.First, the study examined students enrolled in undergraduate programs enrolled in engineeringdegree programs at accredited postsecondary institutions in North America and Europe. Second,the study examined the effect of educational programs on the cognitive development of studyparticipants. Third, only studies that were carried out in a classroom or program setting wereconsidered, as opposed to those conducted in a more controlled experimental setting. Fourth, theresearch was published or reported after 1996, so that the research would more closely reflect thecurrent environment in which students learn. Fifth, and finally, the research reported

Conference Session

Embedded System Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Kimbrough, University of Tennessee at Martin; Rhett Chrysler, University of Tennessee at Martin; Somsak Sukittanon, The University of Tennessee at Martin

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

discrete beams to make it easier for the user to determine what note would be played. Mostlaser light controller systems are simply used as an array of on/off switches or use the intensityof light to change a parameter like the modulation of a note by the intensity of reflected light.This provides control over melody and rhythm, but does not allow for any fluid control overmusical dynamics. In order to control dynamics, force sensors are integrated into malletsallowing for a third degree of control over the musical performance giving rise to all the Page 15.719.8fundamental building blocks of music: melody

Conference Session

Post BS Entrepreneurship Education Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Shartrand, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance; Phil Weilerstein, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Katharine Golding, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

businessschools in the U.S., Canada, and abroad. Of the schools that responded, 50 reportedoffering a entrepreneurial program of study (defined as at least four courses in the area ofentrepreneurship). Levie [4] conducted a similar inventory of entrepreneurship educationin the UK. To examine the institutionalization of entrepreneurship, Katz [5] conducted asurvey examining the extent of endowed chairs and professorships of entrepreneurship,finding that between 1999 and 2003, the number of these positions grew by 71 percent.While these studies reflect foundational work on offerings of entrepreneurship in highereducation, and document the growth of offerings, none have paid particular attention toentrepreneurship education within the STEM fields, focusing