Conference Session

Issues and Directions in ET Education & Administration: Part III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Tabas, IUPUI; William Lin, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, critical thinking, and root cause analysis. One of the most direct connections to engineering education, this parameter develops the skills necessary to apply knowledge to solve problems and develop applications for industry.3. Applying engineering technology knowledge and processes to real world experiences, through internships and high-level on-campus projects.5 A major divergence between engineering and ET, ET is based on the application of knowledge, hence the need for hands- on projectsin and beyond the classroom.4. Working individually as well as in a team to solve problems.5This applies to technology programs school wide as cross-discipline work will prepare students for the “real world” of engineering technology. Importantly

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDS in Engineering - Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles; Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Eun-Young Kang, California State University, Los Angeles; Huiping Guo, California State University, Los Angeles; Mauricio Castillo, California State University, Los Angeles; Alexander Abramyan, California State University, Los Angeles; Keith Moo-Young, California State University, LA

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AngelesUnified School District, the Partnership for Los Angeles Schools, MESA, Great Minds in STEM,local industry, and local PhD granting institutions such as the University of Southern California.In addition to providing a pathway for students, many researchers have commented that thesepartnerships are essential for helping to change perceptions of both higher education and STEMcareers among the Hispanic community.4, 5 Table 1. Characteristics of Partner Schools for IMPACT LA Project (API refers to Academic Performance Index and ELA refers to English Language Achievement).School Name Percentage English Free or Academic ELA/Math of Learners reduced Standing

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hetal Jasani, Northern Kentucky University; Traian Marius Truta, Northern Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

- System Architecture 3CIT 672 - Advanced Database Administration 3CIT 696 - Best Practices in Information Technology Seminar 3MBI 650 - Information Technology Project Management 3The first two classes from this category give an in-depth perspective on the CIT field in two veryimportant areas: systems architecture and databases. Both of these classes cover an advanced setof concepts, and the students are expected to have the relevant background experiences necessaryfor applying these concepts in practice as well as contributing to insightful classroomdiscussions. The third class constitutes the capstone experience for a MSCIT graduate

Conference Session

Think Outside the Box! K-12 Engineering Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brittany Luken, Georgia Institute of Technology; Stacey Mumbower, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. The weeklong TEC camp is Page 15.962.2designed to expose campers to a wide range of engineering disciplines early in their educationsin order to inspire campers to consider college majors and careers in these important fields. Thecamp is highly interactive with hands-on projects in areas such as webpage design, robotics,structural design, and transportation engineering. Campers are given the opportunity to exploreengineering through interactive courses, seminars and laboratories that are lead by Georgia Techprofessors and graduate students. Campers are encouraged to interact directly with the graduatestudents and to ask questions about life

Conference Session

Lean and Green

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharon Johnson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

system constraints.In recent years, faculty at a number of universities have used hands-on approaches for teachinglean principles, particularly physical simulations, to give students an opportunity to practiceapplication and to engage them in actively learning lean topics1,5,8. In these activities, studentstypically simulate a process that is poorly structured and performs badly, then use specific leantactics to improve performance, often in multiple improvement rounds. Such simulations areeffective in providing opportunities for practice and decision-making, but are more controlled interms of content and time than projects done at company sites, for example2. When leansimulations are used, students’ abilities to apply lean ideas have improved

Conference Session

e-Learning Course Development and Instruction

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie-Pierre Huguet, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Tom Haley, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Yaron Danon, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

AC 2010-2155: HANDS-ON NUCLEAR ENGINEERING EDUCATION – ABLENDED APPROACHMarie-Pierre Huguet, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Marie-Pierre Huguet has been a course developer at Rensselaer since 2001. As such, she has been providing support and guidance in instructional design and instructional technologies to Rensselaer faculty who either seek to integrate emerging technologies into their face-to-face classroom, or teach Web-based or blended/hybrid courses. Dr. Huguet received her Ph. D. in Curriculum and Instruction at the University at Albany. For the past eight years, both at Rensselaer and SUNY Albany, she has been involved in several research projects that have looked at the

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Behm, Rochester Institute of Technology; Jeanne Behm, Rochester Institute of Technology; Scott Bellinger, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Joseph Stanislow, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2010-1808: STEPWISE METHOD FOR DEAF AND HARD-OF-HEARINGSTEM STUDENTS IN SOLVING WORD PROBLEMSGary Behm, Rochester Institute of Technology Gary Behm is a Senior Project Associate and Director of the NTID Center on Access Technology Innovation Laboratory and a Visiting Lecturer at NTID. He is a deaf engineer at IBM who received his BS from RIT and his MS from Lehigh University. He currently serves as a loaned executive at NTID/RIT working in the Center on Access Technology and the department of Engineering Studies. At IBM, he is a delivery project manager in the Rapid Application Development Engineering System. Behm has six patents and has presented over 20 scientific and technical papers

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-Oriented Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Verleger, Purdue University; Heidi Diefes-Dux, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

timestamps on everything provides anautomatic documentation of when actions occurred.Don’t delete data – flag items as inactiveProper software development says that data should never get deleted, but this recommendationhas more to do with good research technique. By specifying data as active or inactive, you willbe able to reconstruct a more complete sequence of events as they occurred. Much like therecommendation to timestamp everything, it will also help in developing a write-up of theresearch if there is a guarantee that no data is missing.Have a change management planRecognizing that projects evolve and interfaces and questions change throughout the life of aresearch project, having a change management plan in place to prepare for those

Conference Session

Pedagogical Developments in BME

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randolph, Randy Hutchison, Randy Hutchison, Clemson University; John DesJardins, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

encouraged individual accountability within the group. The groups pursued aresearch question of their own for their final project which was based on multiple technologiesand skills sets learned throughout the class.Students’ pre- and post- test performance on statics and force concept inventories werecompared. Perceptions of learning gains and expert experience were assessed through studentinterviews and surveys. We will report on these results and discuss implications and limitationson learning through constructed contextual knowledge based on situated cognition andconstructivist theory.IntroductionStudy Abroad Program Description Page

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in Engineering Ethics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Khan, DeVry University; Abdul Qadeer, Urdu Science University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Implications of Technology. He teaches Wireless Engineering, Network Engineering, Fiber Optic Communications, Technology and Society, and Project Management. He also advises students on their senior design projects. He is author of “The Telecommunications Fact Book, 2E” and co-author of “Technology and Society: Crossroads to the 21st Century,” “Technology and Society: A Bridge to the 21st Century,” and “Technology and Society: Issues for the 21st Century and Beyond.” He is a member of ASEE, and a senior member of IEEE.Abdul Qadeer, Urdu Science University Dr. Abdul Qadeer is the Director of Academic Planning and Development at Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology (FUUAST), Karachi

Conference Session

BIM and Other New Construction Practices

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daphene Koch, Purdue University; Rajeswari Sundararajan, Purdue University; Greg Lasker, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2010-178: ENERGY PRACTICES IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: A GLOBALLOOKDaphene Koch, Purdue University Daphene Koch, PhD is an assistant professor at Purdue University in the Building Construction Management Department. Daphene has over 10 years of college teaching experience and over 10 years of construction industry experience. Her construction experience included mechanical construction and industrial petrochemical projects in Indiana , Texas and East Malaysia.Rajeswari Sundararajan, Purdue University Raji Sundararajan is an Associate Professor at Purdue University in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Technology. She currently serves at president of t he Electrostatics

Conference Session

Conceptual Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marisa Orr, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University; Sherrill Biggers, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

learning in sophomore engineering courses, and investigation of the career motivations of women and men as they relate to engineering.Lisa Benson, Clemson University Lisa C. Benson is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering and Science Education at Clemson University, with a joint appointment in the Department of Bioengineering. Dr. Benson teaches first year engineering, undergraduate research methods, and graduate engineering education courses. Her research interests include student-centered active learning in undergraduate engineering, assessment of motivation, and how motivation affects student learning. She is also involved in projects that utilize Tablet PCs to enhance

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Denton, Purdue University; Marc Williams, Purdue University; Joseph Kmec, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Processing Industries. Williams holds an M. S. in Mechanical Engineering Technology from Purdue University and is certified as a Vibration Analyst Category III from the Vibration Institute.Joseph Kmec, Purdue University Joseph F. Kmec is currently Associate Professor in Mechanical Engineering Technology at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. His teaching areas of concentration are energy-based and include Applied Thermodynamics, Internal Combustion Engines, Motorsports, and Power Plant Systems. His recent activities involving student projects include engine simulation, power plant performance analysis, and nuclear technology. He may be reached at: kmecjf@purdue.edu

Conference Session

Curriculum in Telecommunications Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Muhammad Hasan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, June, 2009.3. Carl J. Spezia, “A Task-Oriented Design Project for Improving Student Performance,” Journal of Engineering Technology, Spring 2009.4. Stewart J. I., “Teaching and Assessing Using Project-based Learning and Peer Assessment,” Journal of Engineering Technology, Spring 1999.5. Akins, Leah, M. and Ellena E. Reda, “Implementation of an Integrated Project for the Electrical Engineering Curriculum,” Journal of Engineering Technology, Fall 1998.6. Gerhard, Glen, C., “Teaching Design with Behavior Modification Techniques in a Pseudocorporate Environment,” IEEE Transactions on Education, November 1999.7. Wei Pan, S. Hossein Mousavinezhad, Kenyon Hart, “Digital Signal Processing: Theory and Practice, Hardware

Conference Session

Issues and Solutions in Mathematics Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Raubenheimer, North Carolina State University; Hatice Ozturk, North Carolina State University; Alina Duca, NCSU

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

visiting position in the Mathematics Department at Vassar College in NY. She is a Teaching Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics at NC State University. Dr. Duca's research interests are in the Non-commutative Algebra and Model Theory. More recently, she has been active in various mathematics education projects, such as developing a calculus course for Elementary Education students, working on improving the engineering mathematics curriculum, and starting Math circles - a mathematics enrichment program -for enthusiastic and motivated middle school students. Page 15.239.1

Conference Session

Aspects of Public Policy in Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Pringle, Central Washington University; William Bender, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

through Thursday spring quarter 2009. Classes have been modified tofit this schedule, staff will be in the building for extended hours M-Th and the computer lab willcontinue to be open M-Th until 11PM and Sunday from 3PM to 11PM. The departmentunderstands that there is a potential that this modified schedule may impact students ability toaccess certain laboratories. Faculty and staff encourage students to work within these modifiedparameters by modifying their behaviors and plan out intended laboratory work to avoid lastminute crunches. As in industry constraints are a fact of life. “Staff worked four days a weekand only faculty had access to the building on Fridays.The spring schedule modification was a pilot project. Potentially, the modified

Conference Session

Curriculum in Mechanical Engineering Technology: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Johnson, Texas A&M University; Udaya Bhanu Prakash Sunku, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

exercises described in this paper were prepared for a junior level design course in amechanical and manufacturing engineering technology program. The CAD portion of the courseis taught in a laboratory with each section comprising ten to fourteen students. The laboratory isone hour and fifty minutes long. The software used in the course is Pro/Engineer Wildfire 4.0.Each laboratory session consists of two parts. The first part is a guided exercise during whichthe students watch the instructor perform the steps required to create the desired geometry. Theinstructor’s screen is projected and the students follow along, performing the same steps at theircomputers. During the second part, the students are given a representation (either drawing orrendering

Conference Session

Simple Classroom Demonstrations for Mechanics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Kiefer, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

examples adopted in this coursewere first created by Eann Patterson as part of a National Science Foundation sponsored projectto change the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum and make it more attractive to adiverse group of students. Specifically, this paper critiques the adaptation of five real lifeexamples taken from the original project. Student response to the lecture material was measuredby specific survey questions about the real life examples, survey questions about the course as awhole, interviews, and standard student course evaluation forms.1. Introduction A considerable amount of attention has been given to the retention of engineeringstudents in recent years. In fact, most universities with engineering programs are

Conference Session

Electrical & Computer Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Ieta, State University of New York, Oswego; Rachid Manseur, SUNY-Oswego; Thomas Doyle, McMaster University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

proveninnovative teaching methods based on a project-based, hands-on, active-learning approach to engineeringeducation. The main teaching method to be adopted is studio-based4, 5, which combines hands-onexperimenting with lecturing, as opposed to the traditional lectures and lab sessions. The use of projectsin the curriculum motivates student learning and facilitates understanding of class material6. The Page 15.1035.2developed curriculum allows students to graduate as engineers after taking a total of 126 semester credithours distributed into core courses, cognate courses, electives, and general education requirements. Thefacilities planned for

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Cox, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Sara Branch, Purdue University; Rocio Chavela Guerra, Purdue University; James Cawthorne, Purdue University; Benjamin Ahn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2010-918: PH.D.S IN ENGINEERING: GETTING THEM THROUGH THEDOOR AND SEEING THEM GRADUATE- FACULTY AND INDUSTRYPERSPECTIVESMonica Cox, Purdue University Monica F. Cox, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering Education at Purdue University. She obtained a B.S. in mathematics from Spelman College, a M.S. in industrial engineering from the University of Alabama, and a Ph.D. in Leadership and Policy Studies from Peabody College of Vanderbilt University. Teaching interests relate to the professional development of graduate engineering students and to leadership, policy, and change in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. Primary research projects explore the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi Guo, Stevens Institute of Technology; Shubo Zhang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Arthur Ritter, Stevens Institute of Technology; Hong Man, Stevens Institute of Technology

AC 2010-503: MEETING THE EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGE INMICRO/NANOROBOTICS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONSYi Guo, Stevens Institute of TechnologyShubo Zhang, Stevens Institute of TechnologyArthur Ritter, Stevens Institute of TechnologyHong Man, Stevens Institute of Technology Page 15.866.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Meeting the Educational Challenge in Micro/nanorobotics for Biomedical ApplicationsAbstractWe present the progress of our NSF CCLI project to design teaching materials onmicro/nanorobotics for biomedical engineering students. We have developed a case study and alaboratory module, both of which are centered on a vitamin pill

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade in Teaching II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Ieta, State University of New York, Oswego; Thomas Doyle, McMaster University; Rachid Manseur, SUNY-Oswego

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

(7)where xi and yi are arbitrary raw scores and their scaled values correspond to each of the A, B, C, D, andF categories; αj and βj (j = 1, 2, …, 5) are linear transformation coefficients.Let us assume that the instructor assesses the correspondence to each LG category of raw scores so thatm1, M1 (minimum and maximum) correspond to the limits of the raw score of F LG; m2, M2 correspondto the limits of the raw score of D LG, etc.; also, on the projected scale we have F (m’1, M’1), D (m’2, M’2),C (m’2, M’2), etc. Then the coefficients αj and βj can be calculated as M 'j / m 'j m'j M j / m j M 'j χj ? ;δj ? (j = 1, 2,…, 5) (8) M j / mj

Conference Session

IE and the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lesley Strawderman, Mississippi State University; Laura Ruff, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

courseshave become a common component of many undergraduate engineering programs. Severalstudies have examined the effectiveness of various types of introductory courses. Hoit et al.showed that the conversion of a lecture-based multidisciplinary introductory course to a Page 15.697.2laboratory-based course that engaged students in “hand-on” activities for each undergraduateengineering discipline resulted in significant improvements to retention in engineering1. Asimilar attempt to implement active learning through a freshman year course that focused on aninterdisciplinary design project was attempted by Courter et al. with no evidence of

Conference Session

Lean and Green

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terri Lynch-Caris, Kettering University; John Sutherland, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

additionaltopic for the Senior Design Project Class required to meet ABET criteria for accreditedengineering programs. It also suggests the sustainability categories that may best fit the FEtopics. Table 1. Mapping Core Engineering Topics to Sustainability ConceptsCore Engineering FE Exam Topic Relevant Sustainability CategoriesMathematics 1. Complex Systems & System DynamicsEngineering Probability and Statistics 1. Complex Systems & System DynamicsChemistry 2. Natural World Basics, 4. Chemicals and Materials 11. Chemicals & Materials for SustainabilityComputers

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gerard Rowe, University of Auckland; Chris Smaill, University of Auckland; Lawrence Carter, University of Auckland; Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Technology Sydney; Bernard Guillemin, The University of Auckland; Mark Andrews, University of Auckland; Waleed Abdulla, University of Auckland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

interface, computer-assisted learning, and computer-based assessment.Elizabeth Godfrey, University of Technology Sydney Dr Elizabeth Godfrey is currently working as Senior Research Fellow on an Australian Learning and Teaching Council project aimed at understanding and reducing attrition in engineering education. She is the current Past President of the Australasian Association of Engineering Education. Her recent experience has included a 9 year term as the Associate Dean Undergraduate at the School of Engineering at the University of AucklandLawrence Carter, University of Auckland Lawrence Carter was born and educated in the United Kingdom, and has lectured in electronics and

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kuntinee Maneeratana, Chulalongkorn University; Angkee Sripakagorn, Chulalongkorn University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

theresponsible units. These units are the academic/research divisions within the department, otherengineering departments, Faculty of Science, Office of General Education and, lastly, otherfaculties. The desired outcomes are grouped into three streams – design, experiment and otherskills – such that the integration across disciplines can be considered together by dedicatedworking groups. For instance, the design outcome stream starts with drawing in the first year andends with the senior project in the fourth year. Page 15.825.2Three dedicated program administration committees oversee the program revision, managementand performance. At the moment, the

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Intercultural Awareness and International Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Bland, John Brown University

Tagged Divisions

International

our coursescreating change in students. The National Academy of Engineering projects that, because of growing political and economicties among nations, engineers will discover that their designs have much broader and moresignificant impacts than they once did. As a result, engineering practice will be driven byattention not only to the familiar topics of intellectual property, project management and cost-benefit constraints, as well as multilingual influences, cultural diversity, moral/religiousrepercussions, global/international impacts, and national security.(National Academy ofEngineering, 2004) The ABET Engineering Criteria 2000 (ABET, 2004) was targeted to make engineeringeducation programs more relevant, attractive and connected

Conference Session

Effective Methods for Recruiting Women to Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manjusha Saraswathiamma, North Dakota State University; Kathy Enger, North Dakota State University; Canan Bilen-Green, North Dakota State University; Achinthya Bazebaruah, North Dakota State University; Bruce Schumacher, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

enterundergraduate engineering programs graduate in engineering and enter the engineeringworkforce. Once in the profession, females find it difficult to gain and hold administrativepositions 3, 6. The resulting shortage of females in engineering has been compared to a leakypipeline3, 6.America must fix this leaky pipeline. According to engineering job projections, the countryfaces a severe shortage of engineers33. Two options exist to meet the nation’s future need forengineers. These are to increase the number of students enrolled in engineering schools and toretain current engineers. According to National Science Foundation (NSF) data from 2007, male Page

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Andrea Bill, University of Wisconsin; Shashi Nambisan, Iowa State University; Ida van Schalkwyk, Oregon State University; Rod Turochy, Auburn University; Rhonda Young, Texas Christian University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, where he coordinates an inter-disciplinary, college-wide capstone design program. He received a Ph.D. in from Washington State University, MS from Dartmouth College, and BS from University of Massachusetts. His research interests include engine testing, alternative fuel combustion, design pedagogy, and assessment of professional skills in project environments.Andrea Bill, University of Wisconsin ANDREA BILL is a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison pursuing a Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, with an emphasis in traffic engineering and safety. Her research incorporates aspects from each of these disciplines, with a specific emphasis on discovering new and innovative ways to

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Management

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

the customer.Cross functional teams are, according to Wild, Wild, and Han30 (2006), “composed of employeeswho work at similar levels in different functional departments. They work to develop changes inoperations and are well-suited to projects requiring coordination across functions, such as Page 15.493.4reducing … time” (p. 336). A team of experts is assembled from throughout the organization toattack and resolve a critical issue by collectively using resources from every department orfunctional area. In this way the problem is now being addressed simultaneously by the entireorganization rather than a single department or functional area at