Conference Session

Energy Education and Industry Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darrell Wallace, Youngstown State University; Brian Vuksanovich, Youngstown State University; Michael Costarell, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

production automation in the existing facilitywas minimal and management sought the help of YSU faculty to augment their technicalabilities. As the scope of the project grew, so did the ambitiousness of the project. What beganas a small plant expansion grew into a vision for an environmentally friendly world-classmanufacturing facility. The new plant was to be the first privately owned building in the countyto comply with the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and EnvironmentalDesign (LEED) certification criteria. The plant was to serve as the centerpiece of the company'senvironmentally responsible public image. To that end, the design team was challenged to pushthe boundaries of what is currently considered state-of-the-art within

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Vallas, University of Virginia; Wraegen Williams PhD, University of Virginia; Ping Guan, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

this paper are the ExxonMobilBernard Harris Summer Science Camp (EMBHSSC) for rising sixth, seventh, and eighth graders,Introduction to Engineering (ITE) for rising high school juniors and seniors, and the Leadership,Education, and Development Summer Engineering Institute (LEAD-SEI) which is also gearedtowards rising high school juniors and seniors.Each of these curriculums consists of hands on activities, lectures and presentations given byUniversity professors and graduate students, team building exercises, field excursions and toursof both faculty laboratories and the campus. In addition to these traditional enrichment activities,the LEAD-SEI program initiated a group research project strategy, which was highly praised byvisiting sponsors

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vladimir De Delva, Rowan University; Muhammed Iftikhar, Rowan University; Keith McIver, Rowan University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Katherine Whitaker, Rowan University; Mariano J. Savelski, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University

Particulate Systems (ERC-SOPS) led byRutgers University. The Center conducts research related to pharmaceutical technology andcoordinates educational outreach programs with member schools. Rowan University’s role is toproduce educational materials related to the pharmaceutical industry to be used by the ERC ineducation and outreach programs.At Rowan University, student teams take a 2-credit course during each academic term in whichthey work on various projects under the direction of faculty members. Professors Savelski,Farrell, and Slater are the local contacts for the ERC and have overseen student teams workingon ERC projects for several terms. The purposes of the projects to date have been the creation ofin-class and homework (textbook) problems

Conference Session

Computer Education Innovations I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcial Lapp, University of Michigan; Jeffrey Ringenberg, University of Michigan; T. Jeff Fleszar, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, who attempted to predict performance inintroductory computer science courses through a detailed factor analysis. The researchers usedhigh-school grade point averages, ACT/SAT scores, as well as tests such as the IBMProgrammer Aptitude Test as predictors.The work performed by Campell5, Cantwell-Wilson6 and Evans7 suggest that using predictorssuch as mathematical ability and the number and level of previously completed math and sciencecourses indicates computer programming success.A different set of research projects relate a student’s success in a computer programming courseto previous exposure to computer programming and logic courses. Hagan8 and Holden9 illustratea positive correlation between the performance in a computer programming course

Conference Session

Faculty Development for Distance Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Donohue, The College of New Jersey; Christine Schnittka, University of Kentucky; Larry Richards, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

theyseemed to be the most logical candidates for recruitment. However, many students were notacademically prepared to enroll in college STEM courses without remediation, often becauseprevious curriculum choices resulted in limited exposure to math and science in these students’programs of study. Other obstacles include students’ lack of awareness of engineering as apossible career because of unfamiliarity with the profession.1 One natural extension, then, wasto focus projects at the middle school level, where timely interventions would ideally lead toenrollment in classes that would better prepare students for the rigors of college STEM studies.Research, however, is increasingly indicating that that intervention efforts must begin as early

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ming-Chien Hsu, Purdue University; Monica Cardella, Purdue University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

up a summary describing the project Figure 1. The design process the teachers were asked to comment onAs a part of the validation process, we pilot tested the instrument with elementary teachersvoluntarily participating in a summer five-day professional development workshop that focusedon integrating engineering content into mathematics and science curriculum. Among variousactivities that the teachers took part in, such as demonstration of what different types ofengineers do, they were introduced to the engineering process model from the “Engineering isElementary” units developed by the Boston Museum of Science 9. The teachers participated indesign activities and discussions based on the model throughout the workshop

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade in Teaching I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

changes in how the class was run based on the results ofthe surveys. The question that provoked the most useful responses was, “Name one thingthat is still not clear from today's class.” In the undergraduate class, feedback caused me tospend more time describing—and answering questions on—a programming project, and toexplain Java interfaces a second time, I also discovered that an active-learning exercise thathad worked well the semester before did not work at all in this year’s class; though Icouldn’t revisit it this semester, I will be sure to modify the exercise before using it again.In the graduate class, I learned that I needed to provide further explanation on why we weredeveloping a rubric in class to use for evaluating student

Conference Session

Computer Education Innovations I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Gehringer, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

, unusual facts about themselves, and theirWeb pages. They can create the roster by filling out a Google form, as shown in Figure 18. Page 15.1177.13Proceedings of the 2010 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition 12Copyright  2010, American Society for Engineering Education Figure 18. Class rosterOther administrative uses include registering (self-selected) partnerships for doing particularhomework assignments, and registering for specific project topics when students are asked tochoose from a list of topics for their project. Forms are helpful, but not ideal, for

Conference Session

Technology-Enhanced Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diarmuid McCarthy, University of Limerick; Niall Seery, University of Limerick; Seamus Gordon, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

a decline in the uptake of technologicalbased subjects at second level.Over the past 4 years, in an attempt to stimulate technological education, theDepartment of Education and Science has modernised the entire suite of traditionalcraft based syllabi to foster a design and creative culture. This brought with it anunprecedented amount of new material, the need for philosophical change and adynamic learning approach.The challenges facing contemporary teaching and learning centres on interpreting,realising and delivering the philosophical changes that accompanies educationalreform. The focus of traditional subjects centred on prescribed project based outcomesthat enabled practitioners form the role of a didactic director, the

Conference Session

Experiences in Teaching Energy Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University, Berks; Thomas Gavigan, Penn State Berks; Brittany Farrell, Penn State Berks

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

. One unit was for disassembly with nointentions of it ever being returned to its original state. The essential parts of the disassembledunits were, however, still functional. In this way, the efficiency of the key system elementscould be determined.In parallel with the work being performed by the first-year students, a similar but separateindependent investigation was being performed by a fourth-year engineering technology student.This investigation involved the conversion of mechanical energy stored in a spinning flywheel to Page 15.462.3electrical energy stored on a capacitor. The work on this project also started by disassembling ahuman

Conference Session

Energy Education and Industry Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Falcone, Argonne National Laboratory; Terrence Davidovits, A123 Systems; Eric Schacht, The Ohio State Univeristy; Michael Wahlstrom, Argonne National Laboratory

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

senior year or one ortwo semesters or quarters to complete such a design might miss learning an entire part of theproject. For example the mechanical packaging must be done before final wiring design can bedone, therefore a student that leaves after only the conclusion of the packaging would never learnhow to integrate the wiring properly. In addition, this early completion of projects for studentsleaves them without experience on servicing or assembling the system. The serviceability andtherefore, assembly of an ESS is very critical to safety and reliability, therefore, if the student isnot forced to do assembly or service on the system they do not understand the designshortcomings. Students should be started in academia on projects and design

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Israel Urieli, Ohio University-Athens

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2010-47: ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS - A GRAPHICAL APPROACHIsrael Urieli, Ohio University-Athens Joined the Mechanical Engineering Dept. at Ohio University in 1984, following 22 years of experience in research and development in Israel and the US. Has been teaching Thermodynamics continuously since 1990. Page 15.498.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Engineering Thermodynamics – a Graphical ApproachAbstractThis paper presents the first open-source web-based thermodynamic learning resource. Thecompletely self-contained project is found at http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~thermo. This

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Autar Kaw, University of South Florida; Ali Yalcin, USF

teaching assistants assignedto a Numerical Methods course that the first author teaches. The common practice is theassignment of a 10hr/week TA in the spring semester and none in the summer semester. Withanywhere from 40-70 students taking the class, the first author had to critically think about thebest use of the assigned TA. Should the TA spend time to maintain generous office hours, gradecomputer projects, assist in programming and experimental laboratories, or grade homeworkassignments? The question we are trying to answer in this paper is whether grading thehomework problems improve the student performance. We are not questioning the importanceof assigning the homework problems but if they help the students if picked for a grade.Cartledge3

Conference Session

Issues and Directions in ET Education & Administration: Part III

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Hundley, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Terri Talbert-Hatch, Indiana University; Adrie Koehler, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Damon Hathaway, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Kelly Keelen, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

transitioning process.” Many universitiesinvolve students in capstone projects and courses as a chance for seniors to showcase all of theskills and knowledge they have acquired over their educational careers1,2,3.Bulger, Lindauer, and Jacobsen4 found that participants benefited from the incorporation ofprofessional development curriculum in a series of courses, and the participants felt suchcurricular pieces not only readied them but also brought “closure” on their college experience. A2008 employer survey reveals, “At least three in ten employers give college graduates low scoresfor their preparedness in global knowledge, self-direction, writing, critical thinking, andadaptability” (p. 20)2. After analyzing the survey results and assessing many senior

Conference Session

Advances in Engineering Economy Pedagogy

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Evans, University of Arkansas; Heather Nachtmann, University of Arkansas; Kim Needy, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

more than 30 students, ≠ Respondents provide a positive assessment of the state-of engineering economics as a body of knowledge, ≠ On average, industrial engineering (IE) faculty teach more engineering economy sessions per year than non-IE faculty, ≠ In calculating final grades, exams are weighted most heavily (non-IE faculty weight homework, projects and case studies more heavily), ≠ Non-IE faculty use groups and projects almost twice as much as IE faculty, and Page 15.50.2 ≠ The vast majority of faculty is incorporating “new” teaching methods into their engineering economy classes.We are motivated to

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Punch, Michigan State University; Richard Enbody, Michigan State University; Colleen McDonough, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

processing, especially the application of parallel processing to computational science problems. In 1998 Richard pioneered a CS1 course (first course in Computer Science) over the World Wide Web using RealVideo synchronized with PowerPoint. Together with Bill Punch he recently published a textbook using Python in CS1: The Practice of Computing Using Python (Addison-Wesley, 2010).Colleen McDonough, Michigan State University Colleen A. McDonough is a graduate assistant at the College of Engineering at Michigan State University. She is the coordinator of two component projects of a National Science Foundation grant focusing on retention issues and engaging early engineering students, and also

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students, Diversity, and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carla Purdy, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

formal assessmentis in order. Thus we have embarked on a project to survey past participants (there arewell over 100 "graduates" since the program began in 1999) to see what changes will bemost beneficial for future participants. We are also setting up a website for current andpast participants to encourage mentoring of newer participants by PFF in Engineeringgraduates. The survey of past participants is still ongoing, since contact information forsome past participants has been difficult to obtain. But we do have data for recentparticipants and some anecdotal evidence to present at this time.Survey Results—Recent ParticipantsSurvey questions are shown in Figure 1 below. Complete survey results from the pastyear are available. Ten students, from

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kingsley Reeves, University of South Florida; Bill Blank, University of South Florida; Victor Hernandez-Gantes, University of South Florida; Maniphone Dickerson, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2010-1675: USING CONSTRUCTIVIST TEACHING STRATEGIES INPROBABILITY AND STATISTICSKingsley Reeves, University of South FloridaBill Blank, University of South FloridaVictor Hernandez-Gantes, University of South FloridaManiphone Dickerson, University of South Florida Page 15.1322.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Using Constructivist Teaching Strategies in Probability and StatisticsAbstractThis paper discusses the early results of an NSF EEC project that focuses on the impact of usingconstructivist approaches to teaching probability and statistics for engineers. Twelve exerciseswere developed and used in a modified version of the course to promote student

Conference Session

IE and Manufacturing

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Bouamor, University of Oklahoma; Chen Ling, University of Oklahoma; Binil Starly, University of Oklahoma; Randa Shehab, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

to better fathom the students’ levels of understanding of theconcepts.The satisfactory evaluation results and feedback from the students were encouraging to furtherenhance the learning of engineering statics and mechanics concepts by improving the design andcontent of the interface. Adding other parameters and more complex statics problems to theexisting interface can be done as a future project. The interface could be tested on a largersample of engineering students who are taking the relevant courses and who are more motivatedto participate in the study. Another possible relevant research project that can be conducted inthis field is comparing the effectiveness of the multimodal lab to physical labs in engineeringcourses. Indeed, labs in

Conference Session

Construction Classroom Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Lower, Purdue.edu; Mark Shaurette, College of Technology, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

homebuilders in the nation as well as a regional commercial/residential development company in Florida. He has also worked as a research engineer for the National Association of Home Builders Research Foundation where he was a project manager for the EER energy efficiency research and demonstration residence. He recently completed his Ph.D. concentrating on reconstruction and demolition with a cognate specialty in education. He currently teaches in and administers the Purdue Department of Building Construction Management’s Demolition and Reconstruction concentration, the first college level program in the nation with an emphasis on the management of demolition projects

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Progress Reports: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maureen Valentine, Rochester Institute of Technology; Carol Richardson, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 15.49.5the most recent RIT survey. The percentage of response for 2002 and 1997 in all of thefollowing tables is for all alumni who responded to the survey. As is evident in Table 1, the mostcommon response was engineer, with specific modifiers such as electrical, power, civil, network,software, project, manufacturing and design. Senior management titles included president/ownerand vice president. Job titles in the Technician category were engineering technician (civil),nuclear reactor operator (mechanical) and voice repair technician (telecommunications).Technical Services was not a category for the 1997 survey but included the job title of consultantfor the 2009 survey. In 2002, the other category was split evenly between ET-related and

Conference Session

Communication - Needs and Methods

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Nicometo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Kevin Anderson, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Traci Nathans-Kelly, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thomas McGlamery, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

a moreinterpersonal communication skill set in students. Indeed, as Trevelyan pointed out in his studyof communication practices of engineers in Australia, “assessment of communication inengineering education is misaligned with practice requirements”5. To better align educationalassessment of communication practices in the first place, educators need to know more abouthow this skill set is defined and practiced in engineering workplaces. This paper intends to helpshed light on that question through reporting on the ways that practicing engineers valued,defined, and practiced “communication skills”.Study Description and MethodsThis study is part of a larger project sponsored by the National Science Foundation whichexamines the alignment of

Conference Session

Learning By Doing in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peyton Richmond, Lamar University; John Gossage, Lamar University; Qiang Xu, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

operation of the process, will have to sift through thealarms to distinguish which are more important and require immediate action. This alarmingproblem has been identified as a contributing factor in numerous chemical process incidents,such as the Texaco Pembroke Refinery in the UK and others on the Gulf Coast.Alarm issues are caused when newly minted chemical engineering graduates become processengineers and are asked to suggest alarm settings for their projects without having anunderstanding of alarm management principles. Therefore we have developed this AlarmDocumentation and Rationalization (D&R) Module to introduce alarm management concepts toundergraduate students.In this paper we describe our experience exposing undergraduate students

Conference Session

Spatial Ability and Visualization in Graphics Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheryl Sorby, Michigan Technological University; Norma Veurink, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

AC 2010-617: ARE THE VISUALIZATION SKILLS OF FIRST-YEARENGINEERING STUDENTS CHANGING?Sheryl Sorby, Michigan Technological University Dr. Sheryl Sorby is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics and Director of the Engineering Education and Innovation research group at Michigan Technological University. She recently served as a Program Director within the Division of Undergraduate Education at the National Science Foundation. Her research interests include graphics and visualization. She has been the principal investigator or co-principal investigator on more than $5M in external funding, most from the National Science Foundation for educational projects. She was the

Conference Session

Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Joshua Quesenberry, Virginia Tech; Justeen Olinger, Virginia Western Community College; Kevin Diomedi II, Virginia Western Community College; Robert Hendricks, Virginia Tech; Richard Clark, Virginia Western Community College; Peter Doolittle, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, Mr.John Harris and Mr. Branden McKagen, for their assistance during this project. Financialsupport for this project was received from the Electrical and Computer EngineeringDepartment at Virginia Tech and the National Science Foundation Course, Curriculum, andLaboratory Improvement (CCLI) Phase II Award # 0817102.Bibliography1. Hendricks, R.W., K-M. Lai, and J.B. Web (2005). “Lab-in-a-Box: Experiments in Electronic CircuitsThat Support Introductory Courses for Electrical and Computer Engineers.” Proc. ASEE AnnualMeeting, June 12–15, 2005, Portland OR. (available online at www.asee.org).2. Hendricks, R.W. and K. Meehan (2009). Lab-in-a-Box: Introductory Experiments in Electric Circuits(3/E), Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons

Conference Session

Educational Research

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terry Brumback, University of Alabama; Randal Schumacker, The University of Alabama; Daniel Fonseca, The University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

today’s global economy.The study has further reaching effects by indicating an alternate methodology to instructors whoare looking to improve instruction and administrators who allocate monies to research project. BibliographyThe Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). (2006). Program criteria.Retrieved 9-16-2008 from http://www.abet.orgAmerican Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). (1994). Engineering education for achanging world. ASEE Deans Council and Corporate Roundtable. Washington, DC: ASEE.Building Engineering and Science Talent (BEST). (2005). A bridge for all: Higher education

Conference Session

Post BS Entrepreneurship Education Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Shartrand, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance; Phil Weilerstein, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Katharine Golding, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

University, and a Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh.Katharine Golding, National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Kate Golding is an Associate for Research and Evaluation at the National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance. She has worked as a consultant to small startups, as well as being office manager and project coordinator to established small businesses. She earned her B.F.A in painting at the University of Delaware. Page 15.1198.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 TECHNOLOGY ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMS IN U.S. ENGINEERING

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships,Teaching Strategies, and Collaborative Networks

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen McNally, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

International

international activitiesare personally exciting and rewarding, an assistant professor must maintain focus on the overall goal andchoose wisely as to where to spend their limited resources of time and energy. So the question presentsitself, “Is this the best use of my time as an assistant professor looking to gain tenure?” Publishingscholarship in journals and at conferences, obtaining funding for projects, achieving good teachingevaluations and providing good service to the department, college and university seem to be criteria forwhich promotion and tenure is granted. This paper looks at each of these criteria and how they areimpacted by international activities. The amount of time involved, cultural and language differences andlogistics of

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

payto look at the original architects who transformed the American system of higher education intheir efforts to deliver upon the new demands for a technically trained workforce.3As drawn from a larger book project, this paper aims to provide new historical insights bylooking at how the engineering „manpower‟ crisis of the 1950s contributed to the 1960 MasterPlan for Higher Education in California, and how the Master Plan, in turn, shaped engineeringeducation within the state.4 The California public system of higher education was already set upas a relatively novel, tripartite system that created separate estates for junior colleges, statecolleges, and the University of California system. However, as documented by Californiahistorians such as

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Timmer, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American; Connie Borror, Arizona State Universtiy; Douglas Montgomery, Arizona State University; Carmen Pena, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

. The conclusion is that the project description needsto be improved so that students have adequate guidance to provide the desired solution.Examining the results of the student survey, it is apparent that the students view the laboratory ashelpful. Most reported it increased their understanding and confidence in their ability to develop,implement and evaluate control charts for variables. Students also indicated that the laboratoryshould be used for future classes.Future ResearchThere is still much work left to finalize this laboratory. The most pressing need is to improve theproject description regarding benchmarks for production and quality. The currentimplementation is well suited for kinesthetic/tactile and visual learners due to the