Conference Session

Empowering Marginalized Voices in STEM: Perspectives and Initiatives

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Rodriguez, The University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering Division(MIND)

lecture series program Q7. How did the [component] Mean 3.875 3.333 affect your sense of belonging in the research group? Std. dev. 0.696 0.471PALS surveyThe Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales (PALS) survey is demonstrated in the literature toaccurately predict the motivation and persistence among students that engage in researchexperiences [15 ,11][19 ,18]. This instrument can assess the perceptions of student’s goals,which include orientations that are classified as mastery (or task), performance-approach, andperformance-avoidance. The revised scales were used in this study to reflect the adaptation of thePALS survey to measure goal

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jelena Trajkovic, California State University, Long Beach ; Lisa M Martin-Hansen, California State University, Long Beach; Anna Bargagliotti, Loyola Marymount University; Christine Alvarado, University of California, San Diego; Cassandra M Guarino, University of California, Riverside; Janel Ancayan, California State University, Long Beach; Joseph Alex Chorbajian, California State University, Long Beach; Kent Vi, California State University, Long Beach

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

has been known to significantly increase success, retention, and graduationrates. We noticed the differences in the level of preparedness and its influence on the student’sperception of their journey. We also explored the influence of soft skills, outlook, scholarlyattributes, and support on the perception of the journey through the program. Although ourparticipants have reported that they did not perceive any overt sexism or racism, we present thefindings correlated with gender and race/ethnicity.Our future work will include fine-tuning the protocol to explore intersectionality and reflect uponthe situations where the students might feel minoritized. Additionally, the students in the futurestudy will be purposefully selected to examine

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 13

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marjan Naghshbandi, University of Toronto; Sharon Ferguson, University of Toronto; Alison Olechowski, University of Toronto

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

CS.Next, the theme of collaboration was also found to be beneficial for students’ formation of bondsin CS. This result is reflected in prior work whose results suggest that the long-term impacts ofproject-based learning in STEM transcend traditional learning outcomes to also includeprofessional advancement and friendships [60]. Further, authors demonstrate that students’exposure to collaborative assignments are a significant, positive predictor of their persistence inCS [26]. Interestingly, however, the more recent work of Lehman et al. [32] found that students’exposure to collaborative pedagogy in introductory CS courses was a significant, negativepredictor for persistence. In their discussion, they suggest that the surprising result may

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Li Coffman, University of Oklahoma; Javeed Kittur, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

betelling of how students approach learning with the affective domain [14]. Also, returning to theidea that the domains are connected is reflected in the fact that many of studies found focus on twodomains at a time instead of only one domain at a time [4-7], [14-19]. Several studies exist thatresearch the domains, but they focus on testing a specific class within engineering or non-engineering majors [4-6], [9], [14-16], [18], [20]. Similarly, the studies that focus on math orchemistry classes may not have tested solely engineering students, which could still distort or skewresults towards conclusions that may not apply to engineering students overall [4-5], [21]. Theproblem with these studies is that their findings cannot be generalized for all

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 27

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fanyi Zhang, Purdue University; Beth M. Holloway, Purdue University ; Eric Holloway, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

items passed the .32 criteria, and together, the model explained a totalof 46.26% variance. Therefore, we proceeded with the more parsimonious one-factor solution.The one-factor CFA model fitted poorly to the data. Therefore, we explored the modificationindices. By allowing error covariances of similarly worded items (i.e., between items 16 and 18,19 and 21, 17 and 23, 19 and 22, 19 and 20, and 20 and 21), we reached an acceptable model fitfor the one-factor solution of the CFA sample (χ2 = 137.52, df = 16, p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.1095% CI [0.085, 0.116], CFI = 0.96, TFI = 0.93). All items loaded above .50 onto the mindsetfactor. These modifications reflected the covariance among items that focused on intelligenceand among items that focused on

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Technical Session 14

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hayaam Osman, Purdue University ; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

analyses at subsequent time points. For instance, if X students drop out orgraduate by the end of a semester, they will be removed from subsequent analyses, ensuring thatthe remaining students constitute the entire study cohort for subsequent persistence analyses.The study will acknowledge the dynamic nature of student enrollment, and robust measures willbe employed to handle attrition. The removal of students who exit the program will ensure thatanalyses reflect the evolving composition of the sample, contributing to the accuracy andrelevance of the findings.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study undertakes comprehensive exploration of the factors influencingengineering student persistence, with a particular focus on the impact of Calculus I. By

Conference Session

DSA Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben D Radhakrishnan, National University; James Jay Jaurez, National University; Nelson Altamirano, National University

Tagged Topics

Data Science & Analytics Constituent Committee (DSA), Diversity

Conference Session

Broadening Perspectives in Construction Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Linares, Florida Gulf Coast University; Diana Marcela Franco Duran, University of Virginia; Kenneth Stafford Sands II, Auburn University; David R. Gutierrez, University of Virginia; Deyrel Diaz, Clemson University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Construction Engineering Division (CONST)

avariety of digital tools. Their choices reflect their degree of awareness and understanding ofavailable tools, showcasing whether they are acquainted with a diverse range of technologiesrelevant to the construction industry. On the other hand, assessing students' comfort levels inusing a specific digital tool provides insights into their confidence and self-perceivedcompetence. This subjective measure complements the objective evaluation of their toolselection, offering a holistic view of their digital skill awareness, confidence, and readiness toapply their knowledge.These scenarios were crafted to assess participants' knowledge of digital technologies and theirreadiness to apply them in practical construction scenarios. By presenting authentic

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 3: Advising in Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zilong Pan, Lehigh University; Anand Jagota, Lehigh University; Volkmar Dierolf, Lehigh University; Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

given discipline would have both UI and CD components, but their relative emphasis may varygreatly from one discipline to the next. In all cases, the training of students should becommensurate with the prospects of their career plans and expectations of their potentialemployers. Thus, for instance, within UI-dominated disciplines, there should be a greateremphasis on providing resources for establishing industrial connections.Lastly, the findings highlight the importance of refining academic course plans and institutionalsupport for effective doctoral training. The emphasis on incorporating problem-solving, dataanalytics, and writing skills into coursework reflects a commitment to aligning academic trainingwith the broader skills needed for

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - Tools for Planning and Evaluation of Design Projects

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel D. Jensen, Westmont College; Elijah Cicileo; Jonah Kai Swanson; Gregory Reich

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

," International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), vol. 3, pp. 147-156, 2009.12. D. A. Schön, "Designing as reflective conversation with the materials of a design situation," Knowledge-based systems, vol. 5, pp. 3-14, 1992.13. J. Jang and C. D. Schunn, "Physical design tools support and hinder innovative engineering design," Journal of Mechanical Design, vol. 134, p. 041001, 2012.14. R. I. Campbell, D. J. D. Beer, L. J. Barnard, G. J. Booysen, M. Truscott, R. Cain, et al., "Design evolution through customer interaction with functional prototypes," Journal of Engineering Design, vol. 18, pp. 617-635, 2008.15. Y.-K. Lim, E. Stolterman, and J. Tenenberg, "The anatomy of prototypes: Prototypes as filters, prototypes

Conference Session

Wellness, Readiness, and Thriving

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julianna Gesun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Rachel Eve Gail Swan, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Bryan Watson, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) - Best in DEED

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gail Baura, Loyola University Chicago; Francisca Fils-Aime, Loyola University, Chicago; Nancy Lynn Raschke Deichstetter DNP, RN, CEN, CHSE, Loyola University, Chicago; Joanne O'Grady Dunderdale DNP, RN , Loyola University, Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

empathetic communication. A systematic review found that simulation-basedinterventions that are both immersive and experiential were the most effective method ofempathic education [32]. In a scoping review of empathy in nursing students, simulationincreased empathy levels and confidence, and is deemed beneficial for enhancing empathyawareness, sensitivity, and decreasing negative emotions [31].Empathy is central to the nursing role, fostering and promoting the therapeutic nurse-patientrelationship. Empathetic nursing care requires self-reflection, mindfulness, giving of oneself, andviewing the patient as a whole. Empathy allows patients to feel validated, understood, andrespected. Collaboration and communication between nursing and engineering is

Conference Session

Engineering Design Graphics Division (EDGD) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Derek M. Yip-Hoi, Western Washington University; Jack P. Wilson, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics Division (EDGD)

and in identifying formal evaluation criteria that robustlycapture whether skills have been acquired. Of interest is whether tools can be developed thatprovide more robust formative assessment of a modeling activity. This contrasts with summativeassessment approaches which largely benefits the assessor in reducing grading times byevaluating the result but can miss important tendencies in a student designer that might need tobe corrected. For this to be feasible better metrics that reflect how a modeling activity isprogressing not just with respect to realizing a final shape goal, but also in capturing designintent and meeting best practices is needed. In this paper some of the challenges of evaluating 3DCAD modeling efficacy are explored

Conference Session

Engineering Empowered Communities: Place-Based Community Engaged Learning

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Mateo Rojas; Casey Gibson, National Academy of Engineering; Jaime Elizabeth Styer, Colorado School of Mines; Sofia Lara Schlezak, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

commitment to RT transformed into effective RT for communities 5 1.5 RT is not supported nor 2.5 Academic advisors can help students required by academic institutions circumvent institutional barriers to RTRT in Academic Research Program: Student Case Studies in HES @ MinesAs reported in our ASEE 2022 paper [1], graduate students’ journey to RT begins with an in-depth process of formation which includes a self-reflection of their perspectives as historical andsocial agents, extensive critical readings of the history of engineering, development, and the roleof engineers in development. Once they

Conference Session

Student Division Technical Session 3: Student Experiences and Support

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herman Ronald Clements III, Purdue University; Alexander V Struck Jannini, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Student Division (STDT)

efforts indiversity, equity, and inclusion were out of his scope. Initially, the researchers felt Omar’sresponses could have fit in broader systemic issues such as greenwashing or performativeallyship [34], [35], but in reflection following the interview process, the researchers felt Omarmight have been uncomfortable, or felt he was being assessed, leading him to look for the “right”answer. However, Omar perceived his work as separate from efforts in diversity or equity, the“science side of things.” Later in the interview, Omar also mentioned that he did not have a lot ofinvolvement with the Center outside of his lab, lab work, and advisor. Omar may not have beenexposed to the importance of inclusive or equitable practices in the way Zenith was

Conference Session

Increasing Engagement in Engineering Ethics Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kylie Chau Vuu, AECOM Canada Ltd.; John R. Donald Ph.D., P.Eng., University of Guelph; Kimberly Mary Levere, University of Guelph; Cameron Farrow, University of Guelph

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics Division (ETHICS)

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI) Technical Session 10

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicu Ahmadi, Texas A&M University; Lance Leon Allen White, Texas A&M University; Tracy Anne Hammond, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division (MULTI)

Discovery Channel and other news sources. Hammond is dedicated to diversity and equity, which is reflected in her publications, research, teaching, service, and mentoring. More at http://srl.tamu.edu and http://ieei.tamu.edu. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Emotionally Intelligent Machines in Education: Harnessing Generative AI for Authentic Human-Machine Synergy in the ClassroomAbstractThis paper delves into the realm of Generative AI (GenAI) infused with Artificial EmotionalIntelligence (AEI) to enhance cooperative and genuine human-machine interplay. It underscoresthe imperative of assimilating AEI in diverse sectors including education

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 11: Integration of Problem-Solving and Design Thinking

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amanda Sterling, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

is repeated until one victor emerges. After this, the instructor typicallypresents the true conclusion, which is always an entertaining time—especially if a team wascorrect but was not voted up to the next level.Students are asked to reflect on the experience together in a classroom-wide discussion. Themain takeaways typically regard:• The criticality of due process, the formality of investigations, and the correct handling/ interpretation of evidence.• The power of perception, and how remaining impartial is paramount when the stakes are so high.• The nuance and broadness of engineering as a profession and skillset. Equipment can be very sensitive to small elements, and a broad knowledge base is needed to not only understand the

Conference Session

ELOS Technical Session 1 - Fluids, Wind, and Flow

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Blake Everett Johnson, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Partha Kumar Das, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

Conference Session

ELOS Technical Session 1 - Fluids, Wind, and Flow

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter B. Johnson, Imperial College London; Christian Klettner, University College London

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

with the students, but without dictatingtheir activities.In addition to the 2.5 hours described above, students can optionally visit the Wind Tunnel in adifferent room for 30 minutes, which is outside the scope of this paper.Tutors were trained with video footage from previous years and then met with the module leaderfor guidance. A summary of the training follows: Guidance for tutors • Reflect on the purpose of the activity and how students experience it • Students have written guidance and can complete the activity independently • Avoid telling students things directly or giving them instructions • Listen to students, understand their point of view first and use that as a starting point • Be positive and

Conference Session

MECH - Technical Session 7: Assessment and Evaluation in Engineering Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Melanie Bastiaan, Kettering University; Kristy Brinker Brouwer, Kettering University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering Division (MECH)

completed the survey near the end of each school term, with the Winter termsurveys completed in March 2023, and the Spring term surveys completed in June 2023. TheMECH-431 courses were complete by the time the survey was taken by enrolled students, so theywere able to reflect on the course as a whole at the time of completing the surveys.4.1 HypothesisResults are determined in this study by inductive reasoning. Based on the results of the literaturereview, it is clear that some dynamics systems and controls undergraduate laboratory courses atother institutions have effectively employed hands-on laboratory exercises at low cost. Therefore,a reasonable resulting hypothesis is that low cost physical laboratory experiments can beemployed effectively in

Conference Session

Principal Skinner's Secrets: Cultivating STEM in Remote Locations, Steamed Hams!

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcelo Caplan, Columbia College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division (PCEE)

) • Connectivity Problems (17 Voices) • Challenges and Obstacles of Virtuality (15 Voices) • Difficulties with Specific Content (9 Voices) • Personal Factors (6 Voices)Student statements about obstacles to learning during the course reflect an uneven adaptation tovirtual teaching. Challenges are associated with connectivity and understanding specific topics such asmathematics and circuit laws.3) What changes to the course could improve your learning? When analyzing the answers to thisquestion, the following emerging constructs can be seen (71 student voices) • Suggestions to Improve interaction (43 voices) • Request for More Practices and Activities (37 Voices) • Recommendations to Improve Communication (20 Voices)Below is a

Conference Session

Reimagining Pathways: Nurturing Diversity and Identity in STEM Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meghan Williams, Elizabethtown College; Mark Brinton, Elizabethtown College; Kurt M Degoede, Elizabethtown College; Elizabeth Dolin Dalton

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

questionnaire refers to emotions you may experience as part of this class (EGR 210 - Electric Circuits). It is divided into three sections: (a) your emotions related specifically to testing in this course, (b) your emotions related to Circuits class in general, and (c) your experience as part of the larger Engineering program. Please reflect on your experiences during this semester as you answer the questions below.* Required Unique Identifier 1. Copy and paste the unique identifier you received in your email: *Emotions during Electric Circuits testing and examsAttending college classes can create different feelings. This part of the questionnaire refers specifically to emotionsyou may experience during exams in EGR 210 - Electric Circuits. Before

Conference Session

Computer Engineering Topics

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Jamieson, Miami University; Nathaniel David Martin, Miami University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education Division (COED)

limitation is mostlikely due to the FPGA’s ability to connect two ALMs during the routing process, where a wirewith a width larger than 1120 cannot be connected between two ALMs. The data we report onlygoes up to a maximum bit-width of 1024, so this limitation is not reflected in our graphs. Also,the Goldschmidt divider has a smaller range than the other dividers because it was not able tosynthesize above a width of 244. This is due to the limited number of DSP blocks.4.1 AreaThe FPGA used in these tests is the 5CGXFC9E7F35C8 from the Cyclone V line. This FPGA ischosen due to its large amount of available ALMs and DSP blocks. The maximum ALMs that ourFPGA has in this study is 113,560. Very few dividers in this study approached this maximumnumber of

Conference Session

Graduate Studies Division (GSD) Technical Session 3: Advising in Graduate Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hayden Ross Asbill, Campbell University; Mitchell Ann Letchworth, Campbell University; Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Campbell University; Christina A. Pantoja, Campbell University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies Division (GSD)

Conference Session

ELOS Technical Session 5 - Remote, Virtual, and Digital Realities

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Merida, University of Florida; Sindia M. Rivera-Jiménez, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)

standard deviation and the number of participants for each semester. The Likert-scale used in the surveyconcepts across various ranged from "Excellent" (5) to "Poor" (1), enabling participants to rateinstructional delivery formats. The their perceptions regarding the effectiveness of the take-home kits ormodules' effectiveness is widely desk-scale modules in aiding their understanding of theoretical concepts underlying physicochemical phenomena and unit operations.acknowledged among students,reflected in small standarddeviations. Emphasizing the importance of face-to-face components in blended learning, thesemodules received high

Conference Session

Frameworks and Comparative Analyses in ECE Education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Iman Shayegani, University of Cincinnati; Ibrahim Nihad Awartani, University of Cincinnati; David Allen Evenhouse, University of Cincinnati; So Yoon Yoon, University of Cincinnati; Gregory Warren Bucks, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

to improve student teamwork experience and academic performance in circuits analysis course Proceedings of the 129th American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and Exposition, 2022 https://peer.asee.org/40873[34] *S. Claussen, V. Dave. “Reflection and metacognition in an introductory circuits course,” Proceedings of the 124th American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and Exposition, Columbus, Ohio, 2017. https://peer.asee.org/28788[35] *B. H. Ferri, D. M. Majerich, N. V. Parrish, A. A. Ferri. “Use of a MOOC platform to blend a linear circuits course for non-majors,” Proceedings of the 121st American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) Annual Conference and

Conference Session

Community Building and Student Engagement

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tridib Kumar Saha, Purdue University ; Jason Morphew, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)

results from the preceding analysis,including further interpretation of the results, and propose some possible explanations.Beginning with demographic variables, Asian students reported stronger beliefs in the value ofcollaborative learning compared to white students. This may reflect cultural differences inlearning styles, or the value placed on group harmony and collective effort. Additionally,Mechanical Engineering (ME) and Industrial Engineering (IE) students showed lowercollaborative learning beliefs compared to their counterparts in Electrical and ComputerEngineering (ECE). These findings suggest that there may be disciplinary differences in thevalue and integration of collaborative learning in different degree programs.Turning to other

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division (WIED) Technical Session 5 - Careers and Professional Identity

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin L Schaefer P.E., University of Houston; Jerrod A Henderson, University of Houston

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering Division (WIED)

gender choice of “Other”was excluded due to the limited number of degrees awarded, reported only for 2019. Our“Native” category reflects combining the racial reporting options of “American Indian/AlaskaNative” and “Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander.” Similarly, our “Multi” category reflectscombining “Foreign,” “Multiracial,” and “Unknown.” Other racial categories are used asreported by ASEE (e.g., “Asian,” “Black,” “Hispanic,” and “White”). Procedurally, the data was first downloaded into a CSV file. A self-generated Jupyter filewas created to clean the data and create the tidy format [21] XLSX files needed by Tableau forcreating the infographics [11]. Once the charts were styled with shapes, colors, and categorieschosen for visual

Conference Session

NEE Technical Session 3 - Courses: development, logistics, and impact

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanaz Motamedi, University of Florida; Viktoria Medvedeva Marcus, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators Division (NEE)

-learning systems [21]. To assess students’learning styles, this study used the Visual, Aural, Read/Write, or Kinesthetic (VARK) learningstyles inventory which is a questionnaire consists of 16 items used to assess the respondent’slearning style [21]. The study also used the Dixion scale to measure students’ engagement usingthe adaptive or non-adaptive e-learning system; this scale includes the factors of skills,participation/interaction, performance, and emotion [21]. This study found that students wholearned through the adaptive system learned more, reflected by their engagement scale responsesand overall course outcomes. While this study does not model the relationship between students’learning styles and intentions to use, has a small sample