Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Schneider, Cornell University; Maria Terrell, Cornell University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

and ability to apply concepts to new problem situations is by no means unique toour institution. Many schools face it, and some new understanding of why this is happening, andsome evaluation of whether a particular intervention improves things, will have wideimplications nationally.In 2006 the Dean of the Engineering College at our institution formed a Curriculum Task Force.The task force was charged with developing recommendations for changes in the college’s corecurriculum that would reflect and implement the Undergraduate Studies Objectives of thecollege:  Enhance the undergraduate educational environment and experience.  Enhance the engineering undergraduate curriculum and implement procedures for assessment and change

Conference Session

FPD XI: Assessing First-Year Programs, Experiences, and Communities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shannon Ciston, University of New Haven; Maria-Isabel Carnasciali, Ph.D., University of New Haven; Jean Nocito-Gobel, University of New Haven; Cory Carr

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, a scholarlyenvironment, and an ethos of relatedness among faculty, staff, and peers.” Another uniqueaspect of the work described in this paper is that we gauge the perceptions of students who haveparticipated in LLC program, as well as students who have not.Research in the area of engineering student specific LLCs is also somewhat limited, thoughprevious work has described LLCs for engineering students, finding that LLCs are effective forenhancing engagement, retention, and academic success.13-17 At Washington State University,student focus groups attribute positive gains to specific elements of the LLC including peer-facilitated study groups and seminars led by upperclassmen.14,15 Reflective essays were used toidentify common themes and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Technical Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salah Badjou, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

and per team) scheduled as “lab”sessions. In junior design, it was a requirement, while here it was optional.A questionnaire was carefully designed to get accurate feedback at the end of the semesterfor assessment. The following question was asked relating to the term project: What are your thoughts on the term project? How helpful was it to your learning? Do you recommend assigning it in future classes?In the first year, in spring 2006, the author decided that 10% of the course grade would beassigned to the term project. Subsequently, encouraged by the success obtained, he increased thepercentage to 15%, in Spring 2007, 2008, and 2009, thereby reflecting the importance he gave tothe project as a reliable partial measure of the learning

Conference Session

Poster Sessions for Unit Operations Lab Bazaar and Tenure-Track Faculty

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deniz Rende, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Nihat Baysal, Yeditepe University; Sevinc Rende, Isik University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

referee is called as offense. On the other hand, a student’s knowledge onanswering the questions after his/her presentation is called as defense. The presentation isexpected to carry interest for the audience and the student is expected to be presentable, such asspeaking fluently. Hence, the evaluation form is designed to reflect a multi-scale evaluation.Each student’s performance is a combination of (i) individual presentation performance, (ii) teamperformance (which is a unique score for the team), (iii) defense (according to the ability ofanswering the questions) and (iv) offense (according to his/her performance as a referee, whichis a separate score). The results of the evaluation forms are then averaged and the students areinformed of their

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali M. Al-Bahi, King Abdulaziz University; Reda M Abdulaal P.E., King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Engineering, Industrial Engineering Department; Abdelfattah Y. Soliman, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Engineering; Faisal I. Iskanderani, King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

learning skills in a freshmanengineering course where the students are required to develop and reflect on their learningstrategies.27The response of academia to these accreditation criteria through project based learning was notlimited to to introductory design courses. One can easily find several examples of project basedcourses in statics28, structures29, vehicle engineering30,31, architecture8, computer sciences32, energyconservation33, energy conversion34, and industrial engineering.35In the late 1990, MIT's Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics engaged in a rigorous process todetermine the knowledge, skills and attitudes that graduating engineers should possess. This resultedin a framework known as CDIO, short for Conceive, Design

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations in College-Industry Partnerships

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard T. Schoephoerster, University of Texas, El Paso; Ryan Wicker, University of Texas, El Paso; Ricardo Pineda, University of Texas, El Paso; Ahsan Choudhuri, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

training will be most beneficial to individuals that have the educational maturity for the reflection, analysis, and synthesis necessary to process clinical experiences, and then to apply that learning in practice. For identical reasons, we believe engineering internships and cooperative educational experiences are most meaningful for students at the post-baccalaureate level, and that a practice-based post-baccalaureate education is the optimal pre-requisite for entry into the profession.  Incorporation of Clinical Experiences into Program Learning Outcomes The accreditation standards set by the Liaison Committee for Medical Education (LCME) explicitly state that “the curriculum of a medical education

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Agnes Galambosi, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Ertunga C. Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education: Cross-cultural Awareness and Social Impacts

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel James Boland, University of Iowa, IIHR: Hydroscience and Engineering; Michael V. Schaefer, University of Iowa, IIHR: Hydroscience and Engineering; Carmen M. Langel; Taryn Michelle Tigges, University of Iowa; Fabienne Bertrand, University of Iowa, IIHR: Hydroscience and Engineering; Marian Muste, University of Iowa, IIHR: Hydroscience and Engineering; Zachary David Hingst; Timothy James Middlemis-Brown, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa

Tagged Divisions

International

in students’ familiarity with both the host countries society and their waterresource engineering capacities. For both the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, students feltthat they were much more acclimated to the local society. This also led them to feel morecomfortable traveling alone internationally in general. Thus the class has been able to buildstudents’ confidence in being abroad. The perceived gains in knowledge of the water resourcesof each country reflect the impact of the thematic nature of the course. Similar results werereflected in the entrance and exit surveys of the course that travelled to Egypt. Page 22.1007.10Table 2: Key

Conference Session

Engineering Design in Pedagogy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew D. Lammi, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education, K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

as raw video were collected to capture the students’cognitive processes and strategies39. Additionally, software tracked the students’ activity on adesktop computer. Post-hoc focus group reflective interviews immediately followed the designchallenge40. The audio and video data from the design challenge, audio and video data from thepost-hoc interview, the computer tracking data, and the design artifact were triangulated forevidence of emerging themes or phenomena in systems thinking.Participants School selection. A high school pre-engineering program was chosen that had open-ended authentic engineering design as part of the curriculum. Authentic was defined as achallenge that was similar to what was experienced in industry: open-ended

Conference Session

Thinking Outside the Box! Innovative Curriculum Exchange for K12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Victor Mejia, California State University, Los Angeles; Jessica Alvarenga, California State University, Los Angeles; Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Huiping Guo, California State University, Los Angeles; Israel Hernandez, California State University, Los Angeles; Eun-Young Kang; Phanit Pollavith; Adriana Trejo, Roosevelt High School; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and subtraction, the matrices should have the same dimensions in order to perform theoperation.b. FunctionsFunction Transformations In mathematics, there are several basic functions: f(x) = c, where c is a constant, f(x) = x,f(x) = x2, f(x) = x3, f(x) = |x|, f(x) = x . Various transformations or combination oftransformations can be performed on a basic function. Transformations can cause a shift, areflection, a stretch, or shrink of the original graph. For example, we can negate a function suchthat g(x) = -f(x), which will produce a reflection across the x-axis. We can have g(x) = f(-x),which will produce a reflection across the y-axis. We can modify the function such that g(x =f(x)+ c, which will shift the original graph up by c units

Conference Session

Integration of Liberal Education into Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ricco, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

ofSonnemann is not divided into understander and understandee, but involves an individual’sunderstanding of him or herself. The self in the mode of identity pulls from different sourcesboth within the conditional and unconditional realms to construct a spectrum of identity.Combining the work of Sonnemann with that of Jaspers, (Figure 2) I construct the firstframework for consideration of identity as Dasein in self-reflection; one that uses conditionalidentity and unconditional identity. Perception plays the role of guiding the self from empiricalexistence or the conditional to the existenz or unconditional. Unconditional identities in the sociological framework are those which derive from therealm outside of the physical world or, in other

Conference Session

Active and Project-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren A. Rockenbaugh, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daria A. Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T. Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

research.Student motivation to learn is also tied to student engagement in the learning process. Similar tomotivation, the term “engagement” has been defined in many different ways. According toBarkley, students who are engaged in the learning process “really care about what they’relearning; they want to learn” and they “exceed expectations and go beyond what is required”.These statements about engagement reflect a view of engagement that is rooted in motivation.Barkley also describes student engagement with statements like “engaged students are trying tomake meaning of what they are learning” and “engaged students are involved in the academictask at hand and are using higher-order thinking skills such as analyzing information or solvingproblems” (Barkley

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gwen Lee-Thomas, Ph.D., Old Dominion University; Autar Kaw, University of South Florida; Ali Yalcin, University of South Florida

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

Inventory (LCI) developed by [8]. The LCI is divided intotwo parts and includes 28 questions in part one that allows the respondent to rate their preferencefor learning patterns. These learning patterns are reflected in the literature regarding obtaining,retaining, and retrieving learned information. The response options are presented on a 5-pointLikert scale of: “Never Ever = 1,” “Almost Never = 2,” Page 22.1626.4 “Sometimes = 3,” “Almost Always = 4,” and “Always = 5.”Part II of the LCI includes three (3) open-ended questions that allow respondents to write—intheir own words—their thoughts regarding their

Conference Session

Broadening Participation of Minority Students in and with K-12 Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allison Anderson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Guillermo Luis Trotti, Trotti & Asssociates, Inc.; Suzanne Marie Wilcox, ExplorationWorks Museum of Science and Culture; Elizabeth Perry Gundersen, ExplorationWorks Museum of Science and Culture; Dava J. Newman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

concepts, explanations, arguments, models, and facts related to science. Strand 3 Manipulate test, explore, predict, question, observe, and make sense of the natural and physical world. Strand 4 Reflect on science as a way of knowing; on processes, concepts, and institutions of science; and on their own process of learning about phenomena Strand 5 Participate in scientific activities and learning practices with others, using scientific language and tools. Strand 6 Think about themselves as science learners and develop an identity as someone who knows about, Page 22.1638.4

Conference Session

IE Technical Session II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Walton Pichette, Wayne State University; Darin Ellis, Wayne State University; Walter Bryzik, Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University; Kyoung-Yun Kim, Wayne State University; Ming-Chia D. Lai, Wayne State University; Yun Seon Kim, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

concepts and competencies. Each learning objective was associated with at leastone assessment. Assessments instruments varied by course and by outcome. In addition tocourse-specific assessments, three common assessments were administered for all courses: 1)SE Career Awareness / Interest Survey, 2) Assessment to Measure Students‟ ability to transferSE Learning to Novel Problems, and 3) Open-Ended Blog Postings by students thatdocumented and reflected on capstone progress.Course Evaluation / Improvement Plan:Four Fall Semester 2010 courses implemented some System Engineering elements.The primary contribution of the Systems Engineering class was to prepare and deliver lecturemodules for all of the participating classes. The following modules were

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Alan Gow, Alan Gow and Associates; EunSook Kwon, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

resolve a specific question orproblem. CETE: Senior project students are introduced to the project management via a workshop. They are also introduced to the intellectual property in general, and the process of filing patents at the University of Houston. Their research plan is well documented through the Microsoft Project program and shows schedule of deliverables and task assignments. Weekly progress reports reflect the progress made. Cost estimation, overall plan to implement the research problem is an important component of the overall evaluation of each team and members of that team. ID: Students possess leadership and stewardship to plan and conduct appropriate research methods to

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mukasa E. Ssemakula, Wayne State University; Celestine Chukwuemeka Aguwa, Wayne State University; Darin Ellis, Wayne State University; Kyoung-Yun Kim, Wayne State University; Gene Liao, Wayne State University; Shlomo S. Sawilowsky, Wayne State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

Foundation CCLIProgram under grant number DUE-0817391. Any opinions, findings, and/or recommendations inthe paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.6 References [1] SME Education Foundation. 2011. http://www.smeef.org/about/index.html [2] DeMeter, Edward C., Jorgensen, Jens E. and Rullan, Augustine. 1996. "The Learning Factory of The Manufacturing Engineering Education Program." Proceedings, SME International Conference on Manufacturing Education for the 21st Century, San Diego, CA. [3] Lamancusa, John S.; Jorgensen, Jens E.; Zayas-Castro, Jose L.; and Ratner. Julie. 1995. "The Learning Factory - A New Approach to Integrating Design and Manufacturing into Engineering

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching Physics or Engineering Physics II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey A. Jalkio, University of Saint Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

terminology and uncertainty. These two documents are theInternational Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (abbreviated VIM andoriginally published in 1984) and Evaluation of Measurement Data – Guide to the Expression ofUncertainty in Measurement (abbreviated GUM and originally published in 1993). In 1997, theBIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, and OIML formed the Joint Committee forGuides in Metrology (JCGM) to update and maintain these documents as well as to create furtherdocuments aiding the further standardization of metrology3.The VIM provides standardized definitions for terms such as error, precision, accuracy,repeatability and reproducibility. These definitions reflect the shift that has occurred over thelast 40 years

Conference Session

Descriptions of Outreach Programs

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rayshun J. Dorsey, WizKidz Science and Technology Centers, Inc.; Ayanna M. Howard, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

activities [20]. In this section, we discuss specificmodules used in the after-school robotics programs, namely Assistive Robotics, Mars Roboticsand Space Robotics. We employed an after-school and Saturday program that explored variousSTEM research areas such as robotic hardware, planetary space exploration, astrobiology, flightsimulations, and engineering design challenges. The program connected students with scienceand robotics experts and offered an exciting hands-on experience that reflected true scientificprocesses. Using various activities, our students used their science and technology skills,teamwork, and their imaginations to help create solutions for real world issues. Postsecondaryengineering and science students also interacted with

Conference Session

BME Courses and Learning Activities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Weizhao Zhao, University of Miami; Xiping Li; Fabrice Manns, University of Miami

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

givenimmediately after the student finished the module. Students were informed to finish the modulein one logon session so that the pre/post tests reflect the gain through the module only, regardlessof students’ knowledge from other sources.Conclusion and DiscussionBased on the outcomes and the evaluations of different assessments, we conclude that thedeveloped MITS/DATS system is convincingly suitable and applicable for medical imagingeducation to undergraduates. We feel confident to scale up the development through the effortsby multi-institutions to produce a professional medical imaging teaching product that can beadopted by interested academic institutions. In fact, three local institutions are working with us todevelop a complete set of animation or

Conference Session

Emerging Areas: Biotechnology, Microtechnology, and Energy

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur Felse, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Engineering Education. Page 22.1393.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011Teaching Fluid Mechanics and Mass transport to Biologists Page 22.1393.2Introduction:Teaching chemical engineering to non-chemical engineers presents a myriad of challengesranging from course development to delivery to evaluation. However, these challenges reflect theexpanding scope of chemical engineering profession and as a consequence the chemicalengineering education. The American Institute of Chemical Engineers Centennial report in 2008noted that “Chemical

Conference Session

Computer Science Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan J. Meuth, University of Advancing Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

through over-simplification,erroneous representation, etc. An incorrect understanding is worse than lack of understanding, asthe erroneous knowledge must be first exposed and overcome before the correct understandingcan be communicated effectively. In computer simulation it is extremely easy to over-simplify Page 22.1648.6phenomena, and thus impart partial understanding where the student believes they are receivingcomplete knowledge. It is vitally important that simulation reflects reality as accurately aspossible – this is the burden of the experience designer. If available, a domain expert should beconsulted. In addition to correct theory, the

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathaniel Bird, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

This book contains a collection ofhow-to guides for small projects that are too large and material intensive for a weekly lab.It would serve as a great source of ideas for the quarter-long project, but would not workas a course reference book. The last book is Banzi’s “Getting Started with Arduino”.1This is a short, cheap book that serves purely as a reference for the Arduino board andprogramming environment. Banzi’s book will likely be used next time this course is taught.Laboratory AssignmentsNine laboratory sessions were conducted over the course of the quarter. The assignmentsthemselves were designed to reflect and build upon the foundational concepts discussed inlecture. The remainder of this section briefly outlines the assignment for

Conference Session

Simulation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ames Bielenberg, Swarthmore College; Erik Cheever, Swarthmore College

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Page 22.1673.2Compounding this last difficulty is the fact that many students are “visual” learners according toFelder’s index of learning styles [1]. For these students, an animation of a physical system canbe an important tool to help them learn [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. It has been shown that students preferhaving access to animations in addition to textbook-only presentations and the animationssignificantly increased their ability to visualize system behavior, as well as increasing enjoymentand self-confidence [3, 7, 8, 9]. In addition, Kolb’s theory of experiential learning posits thatexperience, which can be provided by animations, and reflection are part of student learning[10].There are many ways to present animations of simulations of physical

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David R. Bowman, Clemson University; Elizabeth A. Stephan, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

engineers know code because it is their job.‖  ―…the course material seems irrelevant to almost every major required to take this class… just another ‗weed-out‘ class.‖While these comments represent a small minority of our class, they are concerning due to thefundamental nature of the material presented in our first year courses. As a result, we saw a needfor a tool that forced students to reflect upon the material and think how each action they take inour class translates directly into mastery of objectives within each section, within a unit of study,and within a first year engineering course. Given student satisfaction with GEO, we thought itwould be powerful to include this tool.GEARSET: General Engineering Assessment Record Self

Conference Session

New Teaching Methods in Construction Eduction

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ifte Choudhury, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

considered as tools for enhancing studentlearning, home works have been found to have a positive relationship with overall studentperformance19.The effect of one other variable on performance that has been tested by many researchers isgender. Some studies indicate that men have more positive attitude toward education inengineering and science than women10, 21. It is reflected by their performance in relevant courses.However, there are other studies that do not report any correlation between gender and studentperformance 22, 23, 24.In view of the findings from this review of the literature, it was decided to include a few othervariables in the model for analysis of the relationship between video-viewing and studentperformance. These variables include

Conference Session

New Teaching Methods in Construction Eduction

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Walewski, Texas A&M University; Amy Ahim Kim

Tagged Divisions

Construction

generate future engineers that reflect industry needs.5 6 7 To meet societaldemands, engineers and engineering educators have increasingly recognized that engineering ismore than technical and scientific skills.8 Young engineers are expected to meet increasinglyhigher expectations by having technical skills and understand non-technical contents such associal responsibilities, social skills and humanities. Engineers that are flexible, work well inteams, have good communication skills and knowledgeable about political, environmental,economical and ethical concerns are becoming commonplace. The effect of globalization hasalso put more pressure on engineers and engineering education. Martin et al.9 studiedengineering graduates’ perception on how well

Conference Session

Assessing, Developing, and Enhancing the Engineering Experiential Education Experience

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean C. Millar, University at Buffalo, SUNY

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

the value theirorganization places on preparation in that area. Figure 1 shows the results for each area.” “With the exception of ‘Math and Science’ there appears to be a wide discrepancybetween the value expectations of the employer and the extent to which their employees are seento be well prepared. This would further appear to reflect on the mismatch between curricularemphasis and employer expectation. It must be recognized, of course, that math and science arewithout argument the key ingredients—at least in the lower division—of an undergraduateengineering education.” These research findings are, more than ever, valid today. For proof of this one canGoogle search “engineering soft skills” and find hundreds of articles

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anouk Desjardins, Écoel Polytechnique de Montréal; Louise Millette, Écoel Polytechnique de Montréal; Marc-André Plasse, _naturehumaine; Erik Belanger, Écoel Polytechnique de Montréal

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

authors suggest methods forforming teams based on students’ personalities, strengths and weaknesses to ensure teamsare as balanced and functional as possible.4,5,6 While the methods proposed in theliterature are interesting, they were not selected for the course. One of the goals for thegroup project is to develop teamwork skills regardless of team composition. It was feltthat tight control over the teams’ composition would not reflect the randomness of a realwork situation. For the ING4901 course, the teams (each of which comprised fiveengineering and two architecture students) were assigned by teachers and balanced basedon discipline, specialty, gender and academic achievement.3 This method of selectingteam members proved satisfactory, although

Conference Session

Capstone Design III

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Darling, Ph.D., Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

fluids with tubing whichallows air into the bottle without contaminating the saline solution.Figure 5: The IV saline prototype utilizing (upper left) a solar distillation system, (upper right) a Lifestraw Family Unit, (lower left) a reflective trough for solar disinfection of saline after Page 22.1348.9 mixing, and (lower right) tubing to allow 300 mL glass bottles present in Ghana to be used to infuse saline.This process meets the environmental constraints of the rural clinics, utilizing non-potable wateras source material and requiring no electrical power. While composed of several steps withnumerous