Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rob O. Hovsapian, Florida State Univeristy ; Chiang Shih, Florida A&M University/Florida State University; Bruce A. Harvey, Florida A&M University/Florida State University, College of Engineering; Okenwa I. Okoli, Florida A&M University/Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

from avery few to the majority of the projects over the years. For example, over sixty percent of thiscurrent year’s projects are sponsored by industry. Another positive sign of the success of themodel is the high return rate for our industry sponsors as shown in Table 1.At the end of the school year, the capstone design course concludes with a one-day review eventfeaturing final presentation and open house. All teams make oral presentations describing theirprojects and the results obtained in front of students, faculty and external sponsors; this will befollowed by a poster session when teams showcase their projects and the actual hardware. Wehave also integrated the annual open house with our continuous assesssment process to identifyany

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren D. Thomas, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

field of optics completely changed and wouldrevolutionize the rest of the twentieth and twenty-first century in radical ways.A Jewel in the Crown 7 documents literally the first forty years of optics education in the UnitedStates, but the decades that would follow are equally interesting. Rochester’s first competitor didnot come on the scene until the 60s at the University of Arizona, then ten additional departmentsor degree granting programs would follow. Figure 1 shows a graphical timeline of theemergence of departments, with the greatest spike in the 1980s. The programs in the 1980sincluded the first associates degree program, as well as one of the first bachelor degree programs.In interviews, several department chairs stated that many of

Conference Session

Green Renewable Energy and Engineering Technology

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G. Belu, Drexel University; Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University, Goodwin College of Professional Studies, Engineering Technology Program

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

energy conversion systems, as one described in the Figure 1.Engineering and engineering technology programs must offer a relevant and validatedcurriculum that prepares students for post-graduation success. Courses that cover traditional Page 22.201.2subject matter in mathematics, the sciences, materials, engineering economics and related topicsprovide the foundation of knowledge upon which specific skill sets are added depending onemphasis. However, it is critical for engineering technology to transition from theoretical workin the classroom to learning through experimental hand-on activities based on applications oftechnology and design

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Keith L. Coogler, Sam Houston State University; Ayhan Zora, Deere & Company

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

traditional non-renewable energy sources are dwindling and concerns over environmentalpollution are rising everyday due to increased use of fossil fuels, the focus of the automotive andboat industry have shifted to production of hybrid electric vehicles that are more energy efficientand have less green house gas emission rates. In particular, there is an educational and industrialincrease in hybrid and electric boat projects [1-5]. The first electric boat was developed by Moritzvon Jacobi in 1839 in St Petersburg, Russia, a 24-foot boat which carried 14 passengers at3 mph. However, it took more than 30 years of battery and motor development before this craftbegan to be deployed in any numbers. In 1886, an electric boat crossed the English Channel

Conference Session

Teaching Analog and Digital Communication: Novel Ideas for Lecture Courses, Laboratories, and Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jay Wierer, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Edward W. Chandler, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

results are then compared totheoretical results that can be predicted using methods from the prerequisite signals and systemscourse.The TIMS system is introduced to the students in the second experiment (Experiment 1). Theobjectives of this experiment are to create a double sideband – suppressed carrier (DSB-SC)signal and a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) signal using the TIMS modules and toobserve the spectra of the DSB-SC and PRBS signals on the oscilloscope, comparing results tothe theory presented in lecture. This experiment provides students with an exposure to TIMSmodules that operate with analog signals, producing a DSB-SC signal, and TIMS modules thatproduce digital signals, in particular the PRBS signal. This Experiment 1 used at

Conference Session

Middle School Engineering Programs, Curriculum, and Evaluation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Johnny Thieken, Arizona State University; Tirupalavanam G. Ganesh, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 22.204.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Analysis of Census Survey of Middle School Students’ Knowledge of Engineers and Engineering in Suburban K-8 School DistrictIntroductionThis paper describes the results of a census survey of middle school student conceptions ofcareer choices, descriptions of engineers and engineering, and interest level in specific examplesof engineering given to all grade 6, 7, and 8 students in a suburban school district in Arizona.The purpose of administering this survey was two fold: 1) as an extension of the survey andresults described in the National Academy of Education’s1 (NAE) Changing the Conversation:Messages for Improving Public Understanding

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark W. Steiner, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Junichi Kanai, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Cheng Hsu, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Richard Alben, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

ABETcurricula program outcomes[1]. Our approach to capstone is based on the premise thatthere should be little or no formally prepared content delivered to students. Anexperienced staff engineer provides mentoring to each project team, but the basicassumption is that students should be prepared and ready to work on an open-ended real-world project at the culmination of their undergraduate academic careers and demonstratean ability to apply the theoretical and abstract concepts learned in prior courses. Acapstone project is in essence a semester long exam that measures how students willperform as practicing engineers.Traditional wisdom and best practice in education promotes a clearly defined set oflearning objectives. This can be a major challenge for

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leigh R Abts, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

those courses, but also for courses of study related to the Design Process, such as asenior-level Capstone Design Project. The creation of a reference Design Process Rubric wouldbegin to lay the foundation to address some of the barriers to both an advance placement and / orfor a dual-enrollment course (secondary and undergraduate credit).IntroductionThe work reported in this paper began with the Strategies for Engineering Education K – 16(SEEK-16) Summit held on February 21 and 22nd, 2005 at the National Academy ofEngineering. As a direct result of SEEK-16: (1) funding was provided by several NationalScience Foundation (NSF) awards; (2) a research program was conducted to study the rationale

Conference Session

Biological & Agricultural Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

lourdes gazca, American University, Puebla, Mexico; Aurelio Lopez-Malo, American University, Puebla, Mexico; Enrique Palou, American University, Puebla, Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

that must be simultaneously considered when attempting to think about issues ofteaching and learning. The model illustrates that the appropriateness of using particular types ofteaching strategies depends on: (1) the nature of the materials to be learned; (2) the nature of theskills, knowledge, and attitudes that learners bring to the situation; and (3) the goals of thelearning situation and the assessments used to measure learning relative to these goals. Aparticular teaching strategy may flourish or perish depending on the overall characteristics of theecosystem in which it is placed.The Jenkins model fits well with a proposal by Wiggins and McTighe10. They suggest a“working backwards” strategy for creating high-quality learning experiences

Conference Session

K-12 Students and Teachers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tirupalavanam G. Ganesh, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

after-school program. Image-elicitation interviews along withanalysis of written responses that accompanied the draw-an-engineer assessment were usedto confirm our interpretations of students’ representations.Table 1. Percent Project Participants by Gender and Year Number of Students 2007-08 2008-09 Combined Sample Percent by Gender Female 32 35 67 58% Male 16 33 49 42% Total 48 68 116 Page 22.208.6Table 2. Percent Project Participants by Race/Ethnicity and Year Number of Students 2007-08

Conference Session

Knowing Ourselves: Research on Engineering Education Researchers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie M. Gillespie, University of Miami; Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Russell Pimmel, National Science Foundation

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

– all degrees are in electrical engineering. Page 22.209.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Analyzing the Transformative Nature of Engineering Education ProposalsAbstractThis study analyzed proposals submitted to the National Science Foundation’s CourseCurriculum and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) program for the Phase/Type 1 deadlines of2005 and 2009. The goal of this study was to characterize the nature of CCLI proposals in orderto determine a baseline for examining the potential effect of the recent name change in thesolicitation to

Conference Session

Effective Projects and Experiments in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Bowker; Saleh M. Sbenaty, Middle Tennessee State University; Mark Newton Johnson, Equipass ID

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

information from the chip and a simple forminterface for filling in any required information. The interface is divided into "pages" to reflect thedifferent areas of information stored onto the device.The ACG R/W module provides a dynamic link library (DLL) that contains standard methods usedto make calls to the device in order to perform a number of functions such as reading and writing tothe RFID microchip. These methods are specific to the ACG module, but are standard calls thatcan easily be adapted to any read/write device.RFID TagThe RFID Tag device that is being used for the current implementation of the system is the HITAGS2048 Transponder IC. A block diagram of the chip is shown in Figure 1.The memory of the RFID tag has a total capacity of 2048

Conference Session

Manufacturing Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel P. Johnson, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rebecca Dobbs, Rochester Institute of Technology; Changfeng Ge, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

estimated to be a $500B market, and one of the fastest growingindustries in the world. [1] Ongoing globalization of manufacturing, distribution and markets islikely to expand the reach of the problem and add significantly to the challenge companies willface protecting their product and supply chain integrity. A wide range of individuals andenterprises make up the spectrum of exactly who engages in the activity of creating copies,knockoffs, fakes and frauds. As a research field however, the subject of anti-counterfeitingtechnology presents some challenge in that researchers working in the area may be reluctant topublish their findings in order to prevent the dissemination of the technologies to those workingto defeat these new techniques.A wide

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Issues Part One

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire Komives, San Jose State University; Moira M. Walsh, Independent Scholar

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

level onBloom’s scale. These include: 1. Restate the six fundamental canons of the NSPE Code in order to demonstrate knowledge of a code of engineering ethics. 2. Identify the ethical issues in an engineering case study. 3. Design a strategy to manage a situation where an employee/subordinate commits an ethics violation. 4. Identify all potential consequences of an ethical infraction. 5. Recognize the requirement of personal responsibility with regard to striving to be a well- prepared, technically competent engineer by the time of graduation. 6. Explain the foundations of the code of engineering ethics as stemming from the notion that all human beings share a common human nature and as such, it is

Conference Session

Graduate Education and Undergraduate Research in ET

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afsheen Mozammel, Purdue University, Calumet; Lash B. Mapa, Purdue University, Calumet; Susan Scachitti, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

processimprovement. Therefore, the project was conducted by following the Six Sigma DMAICmethodology as shown in Figure 1. Page 22.213.3 Figure 1: DMAIC MethodologyDefineDuring the Define phase, the team and its sponsors reached consensus agreement on what theproject was and what it should accomplish. A project charter was developed by the project teamthat defined the business case, problem statement and goal statement. The decision was made tolimit the scope of this project only to the workload of Nursing Shift Directors. A workshop wasconducted to introduce key Lean and Six Sigma principles to the team members.A Voice of the

Conference Session

International Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alireza Rahrooh, Daytona State College ; Robert De la Coromoto Koeneke, Daytona State College; Walter W. Buchanan, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

International

difference between the system set point value and the systemoutput. The controller output signal is Proportional to: the error, the Integral of the error, andthe Derivative of the error. The PID has the following form3: 1 u( s) K[1 Td s] (1) Ti swhere K is the proportional gain, Ti is the integral time, and Td is the derivative time. There aretimes when the derivative portion of the PID controller is not needed for satisfactory systemcontrol. A PI controller is capable to provide satisfactory control for first order systems.However, higher order systems are controlled via PID controller. The system to be controlled inthis paper is third

Conference Session

Computer and InformationTechnology-Related Issues

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Rodriguez, Western Michigan University; Alamgir A. Choudhury, Western Michigan University; Brian Dragone

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. The cervical region is made up of the vertebrae directlybelow the skull. The vertebrae are labeled from C1 to C7 with C1 being classified as the atlassignifying the topmost vertebrae. The thoracic region contains twelve vertebrae (T1-T12) whilethe lumbar region consists of five vertebrae (L1-L5). The body, or anterior segment, of a vertebrais cylindrical and attaches to the intervertebral discs in order to allow the spine to move. Thevertebral arch is formed by the laminae and pedicles, which, in turn, form the vertebral foramen.The foramen protects and encloses the spinal cord. (National Scoliosis Foundation, 2009) Figure 1. Schematic representation of spine scoliosis.Scoliosis. It is an affliction in which a person’s

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University; Chyna Kristin Vaughn

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

concerns, and analyzes several transportation alternatives based on SystemsEngineering comparative analysis. We illustrates that the most effective and highly desirablesolution to Metro Atlanta’s transportation problem is the development and implementation of aSpecialized HOV lane. Past and recent survey data highlight the key selection criteria for theutilization of an alternate method of transportation. This paper is a case study to demonstrate theapplication of systems engineering tools and methodologies acquired in a systems engineeringgraduate program.Systems Engineering MethodologyThis study is an example of the application of the systems engineering methodology. The processas shown in Figure 1 is a generic process taught as part of the

Conference Session

Investigating Alternative Energy Concepts

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ignacio B. Osorno, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

included.There are several other software vendors that have solar cell simulations which are utilized in industry, such asETAP and PSCAD.Solar cell model-The solar model that is studied and analyzed is shown in fig. 1. It is quite a simple circuit andeasy to model. The modeling results are accurate and therefore they validate the goodness of the model.Semiconductor technology analysis is kept to a minimum since the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate asimple, yet effective way to teach the modeling of solar cells using Pspice and Matlab. IL I RS

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josue Njock-Libii, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

these two requirements arenecessary. It is shown that increasing the height from which a basketball is dropped decreases itsrebound height relative to the original drop height but that increasing the internal pressure of abasketball increases its rebound height and, hence, compensates for the effects of increasing thedrop height. Therefore, it is possible to achieve the same rebound height with a given ball byusing various combinations of the internal pressure and the drop height. Accordingly, specifyingthe height from which a basketball is dropped during a ball-drop test and its internal pressureduring the subsequent fall is essential in order to interpret the quality of the bounces of differentbasketballs accurately and without ambiguity.1

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions: Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen R. Turns, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Peggy Noel Van Meter, Pennsyvlania State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

conceptsand principles, application of skills and strategies, and awareness and control of learning andproblem solving processes. In this paper, we describe each of these categories of knowledge, including importantcharacteristics, and how the knowledge relates to problem solving. We also discuss specificideas for how instructors can impact students’ acquisition of, and their ability to use, each type ofknowledge. Although this paper discusses how these methods can be applied to a specificthermodynamics course, the principles of instruction can be applied to a variety of engineeringcourses. A graphic overview of the organization of this paper and key points from each sectionare shown in Table 1.A Framework of Student Cognition: Three

Conference Session

Digital Technologies and Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Shreya Kothaneth, Virginia Tech; Glenda R. Scales, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Page 22.220.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Applying the Innovation in Engineering Education Framework: Assessing the Impact of Instructional TechnologyAbstractOne component in systematic educational innovation is examining the use and impact ofinstructional technology within the engineering undergraduate curriculum 1. Instructionaltechnology such as laptops, used in conjunction with software such as OneNote andDyknow, course management systems, and social networking platforms can providestudents and faculty access to shared learning spaces and allow for mobile learning.Regular use of these tools within the engineering curriculum by a cadre of faculty trainedto use them

Conference Session

Research on Engineering Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Gül E. Okudan Kremer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Carolyn Plumb, Montana State University; Hyun Kyoung Ro, Penn State University; Alexander Yin, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

students. The full study concentrates on threeattributes of the engineer of 20201: design and problem-solving skills, interdisciplinarycompetence, and contextual competence; this paper focuses specifically on effective strategiesfor teaching design and problem solving. The paper reports findings from the P2P quantitativestudy as well as the P360 six case study institutions of Arizona State University (Tempe &Polytechnic Campuses), Harvey Mudd College, Howard University, Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, University of Michigan, and the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.Using the framework shown in Figure 1, we assume that learning is situated in social, cultural,and institutional contexts that strongly influence what is

Conference Session

Curriculum Innovations in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

level Architectural Page 22.222.3Engineering. More specifically, the content of the curriculum takes the following form. 2011 ASEE Annual ConferenceOur objective is to have four professional specialization areas are listed under architecturalengineering. These are: (1) building mechanical and energy; (2) building electricity; (3)Plumbing, fire protection and life safety; and (4) structural engineering.Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, 2010-2011, Mechanical Option (132 CreditHours)FRESHMAN YEAR, FALL SEMESTERES 1000 Orientation to Engr. Study I

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Sciences, BasicEngineering, Introductory Architectural Engineering, and Professional level ArchitecturalEngineering. More specifically, the content of the curriculum takes the following form. Page 22.223.3 2011 ASEE Annual ConferenceOur objective is to have four professional specialization areas are listed under architecturalengineering. These are: (1) building mechanical and energy; (2) building electricity; (3)Plumbing, fire protection and life safety; and (4) structural engineering.New Methodology for teaching Architectural Engineering Program at UW:Our objective is to teach design courses, such as HVAC

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K.L. Jordan, Michigan Technological University; Susan Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University; Sheryl A. Sorby, Michigan Technological University; Tammy L Haut Donahue, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Page 22.224.3to learn how they work; there are rarely opportunities to enhance their vicariouscapabilities (learning through watching others). Also, many K-12 math and scienceprograms across the country lack the resources needed to prepare students to studyengineering11. This is just one of the many challenges these students face whenconsidering the pursuit of an engineering degree. This fact can be summed up as noted byBandura: “diversity in social practices produces substantial individual differences in thecapabilities that are cultivated and those that remain underdeveloped”1.Math and science skills are underdeveloped in urban communities which may leadminority students to pursue careers in athletics, entertainment, cosmetology, humanities

Conference Session

K-12 Students and Teachers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Guill Liles, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University; Courtney Lambeth, North Carolina A&T State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University (Eng); Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University (Eng)

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

for comparison. IRB approval, including camper and parentalinformed consent, were obtained prior to data collection.ResultsBioengineering summer camp participants ranged from 14-17 years old (M Age=15.5), and mostparticipants reported having just completed the 9th grade (n=7). Participants were predominantlymale (n=11) and African American (n=14). See Figure 1. All participants indicated that they (a)held US citizenship and (b) planned to attend a 4-year college. Further, most participants (n=11) Page 22.225.5stated they intended to pursue degrees in either bioengineering or STEM-related disciplines. SeeFigure 2. The majority of participants (n

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Issues Part One

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David H. Jonassen, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

processes engaged by problem solving and models and methods for supporting those processes during learning, culminating in the book, Learning to Solve Problems: A Handbook for Designing Problem- Solving Learning Environments. Page 22.226.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Arguing to Solve Engineering Ethics ProblemsABET, Inc. (formerly know as the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology,1997, p.1, p.2) includes in their criteria for accrediting engineering programs a requirementthat graduates must demonstrate an understanding of professional and

Conference Session

Simulation and Virtual Instrumentation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonio Francisco Mondragon, Rochester Institute of Technology; Prafull Purohit, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

design with a strong emphasis on hands-on experience for the students.The last module in the sequence is being taught as a capstone course that is geared more towardsindustrial like applications and industrial design environment. This includes project managementtechniques, version control and project sign-off milestones.Based on the above guidelines, we are developing a design experience for the students based ona popular commercial computer architecture such as the ARM processor[1, 2]; the flexibility ofextending this architecture by creating hardware accelerator blocks by the integration of a highdensity FPGA; and by the addition of off-the-shelf sensor components that are interconnectedthrough the popular I2C communications bus.During the

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sydney Rogers, Alignment Nashville; Sandra Harris, Alignment Nashville and PENCIL Foundation; Ismail Fidan, Tennessee Technological University; David McNeel, Education Consultant

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

STEM fieldsand professional women from local STEM-related businesses to serve as “mentors.”4. Art2STEM ActivitiesArt2STEM activities are created and planned by the coaches. Session dates and times are thenentered into the project calendar for additional planning and tracking. Snacks and drinks areprovided at the beginning of the two-hour, after school club meetings. One of the early activitiesof each project phase is Rapid Prototyping, which will be described in this section6.In one session, students create hand-made models using Play-Doh. During this time, studentsform any kind of Play-Doh animals or creatures using their brainstorming and creativity skills.See Figure 1. Figure 1: Play-Doh ActivityIn the