Conference Session

Factors Affecting Student Performance

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maddumage Karunaratne, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

sequential circuit design and thenuse Verilog to describe them rather than directly coding from the problem specifications.However they are introduced to the RTL coding style of finite state machines which follows theswitch-case statements in C language. For Section D, the sequential circuit blocks such ascounters, shift registers, and linear feedback shift register (LFSR) modules are taught alongwith Verilog RTL coding styles.Part III: class projects and laboratory experimentsLab assignments typically reflect on the material covered in the lecture class. Students useModelSim[9] for simulation and validation of their design work. They develop testbenches forverification of their designs. As the table 1 shows, lab assignment 7 introduces

Conference Session

Research Related to Learning and Teaching Engineering in Elementary Classrooms

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Rivale, University of Colorado, Boulder; Janet Yowell, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jayne Aiken, University of Colorado, Boulder; Sweta Adhikary, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

with additional factors. Future longitudinal studies are necessary toultimately answer the question as to whether or not explicit CTC messaging at a young age ismaking the desired impact of increasing diversity in college engineering enrollment.AcknowledgementsThe authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation for Track 2GK-12 grant no. 0338326 and Track 3 GK-12 grant no. 1133773. Any opinions, findings, andconclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. We also acknowledgeadditional support provided by the University of Colorado Undergraduate ResearchOpportunities Program. Alexander Archuleta and Linda

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Huiping Guo, California State University, Los Angeles

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

problems and get them prepared for the design ofnew network components or system. Since our work is still on the early stage, the paper onlypresents very preliminary assessment results at this point. In the future, more comprehensiveassessment data will be collected and analyzed, and the findings will be used to further improvethe course redesign.AcknowledgmentThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.0941839. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this materialare those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National ScienceFoundation (NSF).References[1] The network simulator NS-2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/[2] Opnet Network Simulator

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radu F. Babiceanu, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Daniel Rucker, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Hussain M Al-Rizzo, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Seshadri Mohan, University of Arkansas, Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

the Arena® simulation environment, reflects both thesemodels of operations to provide a means of comparison for futurechanges and improvements. The difference between the two models liesin the use of the ticket counter scheduling. The number of ticket countersin the current system model is fixed at two ticket counters per air carrier.Each ticket counter has two physical positions and is able to serve twocustomers at any one time.The per-use model was found to scale very well during the simulationexperiments. The ability to reassign a ticket counter to a different aircarrier in order to meet the passenger input demands greatly reduces high Fig. 2. DTCIS

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wenshen Pong, San Francisco State University; Amelito G. Enriquez, Canada College; Hamid Shahnasser, San Francisco State University; Cheng Chen, San Francisco State University; Nilgun Melek Ozer, San Francisco State University; S. (Ed) Cheng, San Francisco State University; Hao Jiang, San Francisco State University; Hamid Mahmoodi, San Francisco State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

3 11.5% 5 19.2% Other (Non-engineering) 2 7.7% 5 19.2% Undecided (Non-engineering) 2 7.7% 2 7.7% Total 26 26The failure of the SEI program to achieve its primary goal of recruiting students into engineeringis also reflected in Table 3. Although student enthusiasm for the program increasedsignificantly, there was a statistically significant decrease in student confidence that the Institutewill help them select an appropriate engineering major. The slight increase in student level ofconfidence that they have the necessary skills and preparation

Conference Session

IE Technical Session I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth A. Cudney, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Steven Michael Corns, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Jennifer A. Farris, Texas Tech University; Stephen Gent, South Dakota State University; Scott E. Grasman, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Ivan G. Guardiola, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

graphical models were imported into VE-Xplorer, the Page 22.628.7graphical engine of VE-Suite. A layout was then arranged to simulate a manufacturing line [Fig.2], and the models used to represent the stations were then assigned properties to reflect theirphysical appearance. The next step was to write the programming code for the mathematicalmodels used to simulate the production line, such as Little’s Law. C++ language was used tocreate these models to allow for the creation of a computational unit for use in VE-Suite. Agraphical user interface was then designed to allow the students to provide input to thesimulation. This was written using an open

Conference Session

Descriptions of Curricular and Model Development

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keeshan Williams, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander, Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-based experimental devices of the lessonsfacilitated students’ preferred methods of learning even as it fostered their creativity whilesimultaneously establishing boundaries and structure in accordance with the learning goals of thelesson. Moreover, as reflected in Figures 2d, 5d and 7d, in post-lesson assessment surveys alarger proportion of students acknowledged that the use of LEGO Mindstorms was helpful in thelesson. Finally, as evidenced from Tables III-V, VII-IX and XI-XIII, students’ response toevaluation questions in post-lesson assessment surveys suggests that LEGO-based activitiesproved effective in engaging them in the lesson. The descriptive responses to EPr/o1 were categorized into either a positive or negativeresponse to

Conference Session

ABET and Curriculum-Level Assessments

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph J. McCarthy, University of Pittsburgh; Robert S. Parker, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. integrated. feedback loops may exist. Correctness – conforming The map is naive and contains The map has few subject matter The map integrates concepts to or agreeing with fact, misconceptions about the sub- inaccuracies; most links are cor- properly and reflects an accurate logic, or known truth ject area; inappropriate words or rect. There may be a few spelling understanding of subject matter terms are used. The map docu- and grammatical errors. meaning little or no misconcep- ments an inaccurate understand- tions, spelling/grammatical er- ing

Conference Session

Capstone Projects and Experiential Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian D Vuksanovich, Youngstown State University; Darrell R Wallace, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

mimimized.An ANOVA of the sample data shows that despite the small sample size, the grade relativeperformance of the Co-Lab group is statistically significant at power of p=0.304. With nearly70% confidence based on the small sample size, the statistical support for the effectiveness of the Page 22.653.8Co-Lab project is encouraging.An additional major benefit, it was discovered, was not reflected in the grades. Discussions witheach student were held and it was discovered that the students had the following importantoutcomes:1. interest in technology was increasedThe students were able to apply their skills to a problem in the way that they saw fit

Conference Session

Design Tools & Methodology II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Adam Camburn, University of Texas, Austin; Kristin L. Wood, University of Texas, Austin; Daniel D. Jensen, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

at the U.S. Air ForceAcademy. Any opinions, findings, or recommendations are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.Bibliography (by order of appearance)1. Camburn, B. Wood, K. "When to transform? Design context indicators for design evaluation"ASME IDETC Montreal, 20112. Singh, V., Skiles, S. M., Krager, J. E., Wood, K. L., Jensen, D., and Szmerekovsky, A.,“Innovations in Design Through Transformation: A Fundamental Study of TransformationPrinciples”, International Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Philadelphia, PA, 10 – 13Sept. 2006, DETC-2006-995753. Yanko Design – Modern Industrial Design News, 2008, http://www.yankodesign.com4. Otto, K. and Wood, K. L., 2001, Product Design: Techniques in

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert P. Taylor, University of Alabama; Keith A. Woodbury, The University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-ins, and other assistance is gratefully acknowledged.DisclaimerAll opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed herein are those of theauthors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography 1. Dent, T., Woodbury, K.A., and Taylor, R., 2008, “Microsoft Excel Heat Transfer Add-in for Engineering Courses,” AC 2008-933, 2008 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, June 22-25, Pittsburgh PA. 2. Chappell, J., Taylor, R., and Woodbury, K.A., 2008, “Introducing Excel Based Steam Table Calculations into Thermodynamics Curriculum,” AC 2008-1398, 2008 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition, June

Conference Session

New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rigoberto Chinchilla, Eastern Illinois University; Harold Jay Harris, Eastern Illinois University School of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

reflective of the biometric verification process. 3 Phillips el al conclude that “demographic origin of face recognition algorithms and thedemographic composition of a test population interact to affect the accuracy of the algorithms.”This would indicate algorithm performance variations when deployed over dissimilar populationdemographics. To help detect some of the pitfalls associated with face recognition, certainbiometric best scientific practices have been established as guidelines for conducting technical 8performance testing. As Mansfield and Wayman explain in version-2 of Biometric TestingBest Practices, technical performance testing involves attempting to determine the

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Issues Part One

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gretchen L. Hein, Michigan Technological University; Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

andjustification.4 Another way to analyze ethical issues that has been used at Union College is tocreate an ethics matrix with the NSPE Canons along one axis and the situation alternatives alongthe other. Students fill in the matrix with “Yes, No, and Maybe”, along with a justification.5These studies indicate that faculty recognize the importance of engineering ethics incontemporary society and the need to update the teaching of ethics to reflect current studentlearning preferences. To investigate what students think about contemporary ethical issues, asurvey of first-year students was completed at Manhattan College. The issues did not just focuson engineering, but also included “philosophy, politics, economics, law, sociology, andpsychology”.6 This one

Conference Session

FPD XI: Assessing First-Year Programs, Experiences, and Communities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia R. Backer, San Jose State University; Emily L. Allen, San Jose State University; Janet Sundrud, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

campuses (see Figures 1 and 2). While six-year graduation rates at theUniversity are disappointing, the rates for African American (38.7%) and Latino (39.9%) malesare truly dismaying and unacceptable. The retention and six-year graduation rate in the Collegeof Engineering is even lower than the university overall, particularly for African American andLatino students.As a result of an examination and reflection on the causes of the low retention and graduationrates, the College established the 15x12 Initiative, with the goal of increasing our graduation rate15% by the year 2012. We decided to focus on improving the effectiveness of our first-yearexperience (FYE) programs, as well to complete a major overhaul of our advising systems andmethods. This

Conference Session

Assessing, Developing, and Enhancing the Engineering Experiential Education Experience

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

Synthesize Support What Data is from Exhibiting Literature Survey Generate Page 22.258.15 Informative Graphs Experimentation Modeling AnalysisHypothesis Scientific Inference Method Research Verification Observation Page 22.258.16 Metacognitive Learning Reflective Learning

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Walter, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

to the first-time or non-experience student. A list of the most used “How-To” videos, their length, and a description of the information conveyed is described in Table 1.The number of hits is the number of times (since fall 2010) that the videos have been accessed;this reflects the relative popularity of the topic.Basic “How-To”Tutorials Video Description Number Length of hits (m:ss)How_to_Breadboard 1:45 Explains the connections in a standard breadboad 65How_to_measure_R_with_DMM 1:00 A digital multimeter is used to

Conference Session

Aerospace First-Year Project-Based Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristi J. Shryock, Texas A&M University; Kaushik Das, Texas A&M University, College Station; Stephen Oehler, Texas A&M University; Jacques C. Richard, Texas A&M University; Dimitris C. Lagoudas, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

% is earned through the portion of daily work completed as a team andcomponents of the projects, such as weekly technical memorandums and final reports. Thetechnical memorandums are quite useful in the course as they assist in guiding the teams throughthe design process and require them to reflect quite often on their progress with the design.New ProjectFor the final five weeks of the semester, the smart materials project is introduced to the classteams in the form of a "request for proposal." In summary, design requirements are outlined andspecified for each team to design and build a supporting structure and lifting crane arm that canlift its own weight, while actuating through an angle change of at least 45o. Each team usesLEGO Mindstorm

Conference Session

Design Education I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Reifschneider, Illinois State University; RJ Linton, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

manufacturing with the flexibility of apure fabrication process.ConclusionAlthough injection molding appears to be the lowest cost process to make the housing, it is notnecessarily the best method for the product in question. The question of market sales has yet tobe answered. Further, the agile nature of the fabrication and forming methods to making slightproduct design changes throughout the product's history might prove valuable to the companydeveloping the product. The final decision will be made after the company's team of designersand marketing representatives have reviewed the summary of the design alternatives presented inFigure 40. This team will review again the unit cost data and reflect upon the pros and cons ofeach design option to arrive

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

G. Padmanabhan, North Dakota State University; Carol Davis, North Dakota EPSCoR

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

mentor student research. In 2009, the students examined mercury contamination inLake Sakakawea, a man-made lake on the reservation. The student research project identifiedimportant baseline data completed 10 years ago by the state of North Dakota and another by FortBerthold Tribe. This could be of great significance as FBCC prepares to participate as a researchpartner with National Ecological Observations Network (NEON), a climate change researchcenter funded by the National Science Foundation. These environment-based initiatives reflectthe deep interest that the FBCC community has for the environment and the close connection ithas to the culture. Students often reflect that in their choice of research projects

Conference Session

"Green" Topics in Architectural Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stan Guidera, Bowling Green State University; Jon M. Stevens, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

. However, this requires that true integration of theoretical, practical and self- regulative knowledge takes place.”[3]From this position it can be inferred that a key difference between traditional cooperativeeducation models, full semester formal employment experience, and project based learning liesin the self regulative characteristic of the experience. Self-regulative knowledge has receivedattention from both educational and working-life researchers. Theorists of adult education havetypically discussed it in terms of reflective thinking and theorists of student learning in terms ofmetacognitive skills. [5] Page 22.370.2According to

Conference Session

ELOS Best Paper Nominations

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Huettel, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

needs, e) identify, formulate, andsolve engineering problems, and k) use techniques, skills, and modern engineering toolsnecessary for engineering practice –neither motivated the change in the laboratory experiencenor reflect the goals of our pilot project. Rather, one would expect to observe greater differencesbetween the groups on criteria such as h) understand the impact of engineering solutions inglobal and society context which, unfortunately, is not measured using this specific tool.Fortunately, the complete set of ABET criteria were included in student surveys, as discussed in Page 22.374.9the following section, so a qualitative

Conference Session

Preparing Engineering Students for the Global Workplace, Competency, and a Successful Career

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yi Shen, Purdue University; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Yating Chang, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

International

orienting experiences that help develop their cultural awarenessand orientation. This could include relevant activities “at home,” such as coursework orextracurricular experiences, or short-term travel programs. Second, instructors and programadministrators should be mindful of the different levels of cultural awareness and appreciationthat exist among participants in global educational experiences, and use this knowledge to tuneorientation and program activities accordingly. To support development of global competency,students should be provided with a variety of reflective learning opportunities that allow them toengage, understand, and appreciate cultural differences.Our study also points to numerous opportunities for further research, some of

Conference Session

Engineering Mechanics Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

AnnMarie Thomas, University of Saint Thomas; Keith Berrier, University of Saint Thomas; Andrea Guggenbuehl, University of Saint Thomas, Health and Human Performance Department

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

consisted of motion capture for a low-casting trapeze swingingfreely with no human on it. A piece of reflective tape was placed on the side of the trapeze andvideo was taken of it using the same process that was used for the German wheel lab.Students were then asked to model a human on the trapeze as a double pendulum by hangingweights . To do this, students first needed to find the center of gravity for one member of their Page 22.416.9group. Note that the CG needs to be calculated with the student’s hands extended overhead.Weights (approximating the weight of this student) were hung from the trapeze using a strapwith a length that was

Conference Session

IE Technical Session I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizabeth T. Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

social purpose: an integrative approach to the development of optimal human functioning. Educational Psychologist, 42(3), 153-171.   10. Hadgraft, R., Goricanec, J. (2007). Student engagement in project-based learning. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Research in Engineering Education, ASEE, ISBN: 0-87823-193-5. 11. Maleki, R. (2009). Business and industry project-based capstone courses: Selecting projects and assessing learning outcomes. Industry and Higher Education, 23(2), 91-102. 12. Maleki, R. (2009). Business and industry project-based capstone courses: A reflection on the performance of student teams. Industry and Higher Education, 23(2), 103-110. 13

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew L. Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University; Robert W. Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

conclusion of the Fall 2010 Semester, 74students had completed the EGE 5303 Energy and Environmental Management I course over theseven times it had been offered, although not all of those students were intending to complete theCEEM. In other words a few of those students were taking the CEEM-required course as aMechanical Engineering degree elective only.) Some of the 36 students completed an earlieriteration of the requirements wherein students were required to complete only one course, butneeded 18 months of experience and/or training instead of 12 months. The following results area reflection of both sets of students. Page 22.467.8An anonymous

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

(Ruth) Jill Urbanic, University of Windsor; Susan S. Sawyer-Beaulieu, University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, poor parts accessibility and lack of appropriate tools, made partsrecovery difficult. However, it was observed that the students had difficulty translating IE toolsto assess a non-standard problem. Overall, they had a lack of practical knowledge with respect tousing hand tools, making good estimates and understanding manufacturing and assemblyprocesses. In Table 2 there is a summary of the student assessments for the various components,and the instructors’ assessment of the students work. The students also recognized their lack ofexposure to practical knowledge. This is reflected in the student feedback survey (selectedcomments are presented in Table 3). Selected student comments related the usefulness of theworkshop or desired changes are

Conference Session

They're Not "Soft" Skills!

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruth Wertz P.E., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Meagan C. Ross, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michael Fosmire, Purdue University Libraries, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, and information literacy is crucial todeveloping those skills. For example, Shuman, et al, when describing requirements for lifelonglearning, explicitly includes informational components, expecting students will Demonstrate reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills Demonstrate an awareness of what needs to be learned Follow a learning plan Identify, retrieve, and organize information Demonstrate critical thinking skills Reflect on one‟s own understanding1.There is substantial overlap between Shuman‟s lifelong learning competencies and thoseidentified by the Association of College and Research Libraries in their Information LiteracyCompetency Standards, which include Determining the extent

Conference Session

FPD II: Increasing Engagement and Motivation of First-Year Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicky Wolmarans, University of Cape Town, Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Research in Engineering Education (CREE); Corrinne Shaw, University of Cape Town, Department of Mechanical Engineering and the Centre for Research in Engineering Education (CREE)

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

together, with recognition of themultidisciplinarity of many problems. S2: it obviously needs to stand, and the, the structure needs to hold, that is the key, but it needs to, the impact it has is how people are going to see it and how people are going to interact with your structure, and that is going to be what reflects the success of your structure.But a sense of how to balance conflicting requirements is missing. In fact satisfying the needsof people is often seen to compromise “good science”: S6: that water is clean but - it is clean but it smells - they have to add some chemical to help it smell nice but as engineers they know that it is clean, it doesn't have to smell nice, it can look green but it is

Conference Session

Design Across Disciplines

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Besser, University of Saint Thomas; AnnMarie Thomas, University of Saint Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

: Mechanical Engineering." Web. 13 June 2009..[35] McCormick School of Engineering. “A Compass for the Future: The State of McCormick 2009.” Web. 31August 2009. .[36] Stanford University. "Product Design and Joint Program in Design at Stanford University." Web. 13 June2009. .[37] Lande, Micah, and Larry Leifer. “Introducing a "Ways of Thinking" Framework for Student EngineersLearning to do Design”. Proc. of American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition.2009. Session #3525.[38] Green, Graham, and Paul Kennedy. "Redefining Engineering Education: The Reflective Practice of ProductDesign Engineering." International Journal of Engineering Education 17 (2001): 3-9

Conference Session

Project-Based Education in Energy Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Moghbelli, Ph.D., Texas A&M University, Department of Mathematics; Haitham Abu_Rub, Texas A&M University at Qatar, ECE Department

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

of installation causes loss of significant part of solar radiation energybecause of the permanent reflection. The angle between light and the collector surface, and alsothe time length of the solar day, sun appearance time on the top of the solar collector, is shorterthan duration of normal day especially in the summer. Figure 6 shows the effect of the lightangle on the generated current on a sample solar cell. Fig.6: Solar cell current variation due to variation of the sun light radiation angel on the surface of the solar cell [2]3.5 Using Moveable photovoltaic arrays to Increase EnergyIn contrast with the fixed PV array, the solar collector (or PV-array) which follows the