Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University; Ronald L. Miller, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

 actually  occurs.    It  is  key  in   this  step  that  the  students  can  observe  that  there  is  not  a  “trick”  involved.     Appropriate  guidance  from  a  faculty  or  teaching  assistant  during  this   experiment  is  beneficial.     3) Students  must  complete  a  post-­‐lab  homework  in  which  they  reflect  on  the   discrepancies  between  the  experiment/simulation  and  their  prediction,   describing  how  the  two  were  different  and  revising  their  answer  to  reflect   Page 22.885.3 what

Conference Session

Assessing Student Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Bucks, Ohio Northern University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Page 22.1157.6For this study, a semi-structured interview protocol was employed in order to obtain a measureof consistency among the interviews, with each interview lasting approximately 60 minutes. Theprotocol was designed to allow the participants to talk about their previous experiences withprogramming in a general sense in order to prime them for the reflection needed to answer thein-depth questions about their understanding23. This is a key component in conducting aphenomenographic research study, as it is only through this process of reflection that theparticipant is able to fully articulate their experience or understanding, especially if thephenomenon under investigation is a specific event or experience. However, reflection is a

Conference Session

Special Session: Moving Towards the Intended, Explicit, and Authentic: Addressing Critical Misalignments in Engineering Learning within Secondary and University Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Anderson, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Sandra Shaw Courter, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Mitchell J. Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Amy C. Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Christine G. Nicometo, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Traci M. Nathans-Kelly, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Thomas Dean McGlamery, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Amy K. Atwood, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods, K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

and Self-Objectives; examinations) Assessment andPresentations) Self-Reflection Items)In the set up to the Are students Are the students Is the teacherlesson or within the directed to actively assessed in a way presented withmaterials presented connect math and that allows them to materials in trainingduring the lesson, science concepts to demonstrate that wouldare math and science engineering connections of math explicitly connectconcepts explicitly concepts in their and science

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Shields, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Curriculum Content Standard 9.1: 21st Century Life and Career Skills describes skillsthat prepare students to engage fully in civic and work life. The standard includes six strands,which reflect the Framework for 21st Century Learning. 4 For the purpose of this study and asmentioned above, we are focusing on the skills of collaboration and communication, although itis expected that engaging the students in a variety engineering activities will also improve theirability to think critically and solve problems. That topic will be addressed in a larger study of allof the students whose teachers are part of the NSF funded PISA2.Partner ClassThe partner school is located in Jersey City, the state’s second largest city. The school districthas 28,218

Conference Session

Pedagogical Issues in Computing

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Perry Samson, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

. Page 22.532.31 LectureTools (http://www.lecturetools.com) is freely available to all higher education instructors in the United States and Canada.3. Methods3.1. Design The LectureTools classroom application is built around the hypothesis that students learnbetter when they have opportunities to actively assess their understanding as material is beingpresented, to pose questions and get feedback during lecture, and to reflect on their learningoutside of class. Inherent in this approach is a need to facilitate “Concept Tests,” a series ofquestions posed to students, requiring their responses as either a means to introduce a topic or totest their understanding. LectureTools promotes this instructional strategy with the expectationthat

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board; Diana Papini Warren, Maui Economic Development Board; Frank R De Rego Jr., Maui Economic Development Board, Inc.; Kanesa Duncan Seraphin, University of Hawaii at Manoa

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

overview of the scientific inquiry process and explicitalignment to the state science standards. Interdisciplinary STEM connections are also outlined.Three modules are provided on the following topics: energy auditing, photovoltaic solar energy,and wind energy. Each module presents some background topical information for the teacher,however the theme is facilitating authentic inquiry by way of students getting hands on withresearch, building, designing, and testing right away. Student worksheets are in the form of labreports with hypothesis development sections that help students clearly establish and controlvariables, data collection tables to facilitate multiple trials, and sections to encourage reflection,analysis, conclusion development, and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Justice

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William M. Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

. Page 22.587.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Engineering Ethics and Justice: How do they Relate?AbstractEngineering professional societies have revised their ethics statements in recent years to includeadditional issues such as sustainability and environmental protection that were not in earlierstatements. These changes reflect changes in our society and changes in how engineers see theirrole in society. This paper will examine the issue of justice, and how/whether it should be inengineering ethics codes.One example of this issue was when members in the Engineering Ethics Division were requestedto aid ASEE in a revision of its policy on engineering ethics education. We had

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly Lau, University of California, Berkeley; Mary Kathryn Thompson, KAIST; Alice Merner Agogino, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

accessibility for research, shorter length questionnaire andthe ability to benchmark against prior work. Having fewer questions was particularly important,as we needed to translate the survey into the Korean language to administer in Korea. Page 22.31.2The Kolb model is based on the idea that “knowledge is created through the transformation ofexperience”17,18, and is built on two axes. The vertical axis represents how one thinks aboutthings, while the horizontal axis represents how one acts on things. The end of each axiscorresponds to a cognitive or behavioral extreme: Concrete Experience versus AbstractConceptualization, and Reflective Observation

Conference Session

Engineering as the STEM Glue

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ben Pelleg, Drexel University; David Urias, Drexel University; Adam K. Fontecchio, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Ph.D., Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

250engineering based modules that are available for public access. To assess the effectiveness of theprogram, the fellows, teachers, and students were monitored throughout the school year. Thefellows completed multiple surveys and wrote weekly reflection journals. The students weresurveyed at the beginning and end of the year, while the teachers completed mid and end of yearsurveys. Evaluations of all three populations showed positive outcomes. The fellows developedtheir communication skills in the classroom and gained experience communicating their researchto a non-specialized audience; the teachers reported their partner fellow as being a valuable assetto the classroom in a number of ways; and the students showed an increase in their knowledge

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for Undergraduate Students

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Kate A. Disney, Mission College

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

framework is intended to form theorganizational infrastructure for creating a repository of course materials and an onlinecommunity for course developers and instructors.The proposed framework will help faculty develop expertise in adapting existing innovativecourse materials and standards for defining technological literacy and incorporating themefficiently into their own courses.What Is Technological Literacy?In 2006 the National Academy of Engineering published Tech Tally 3. In this document the NAEdefined technological literacy as “an understanding of technology at a level that enables effectivefunctioning in a modern technological society”. This reflects E.D. Hirsh’s definition of“literacy” as “information that is taken for granted in public

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kemper Lewis, University at Buffalo - SUNY; Deborah A. Moore-Russo, University at Buffalo, SUNY; Omar M. Ashour, Pennsylvania State University ; Timothy W. Simpson, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Gül E. Okudan Kremer, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Xaver Neumeyer, Northwestern University; Ann F. McKenna, Arizona State University, Polytechnic; Wei Chen, Northwestern University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

exercises. Kolb[24] argues that learning is a four-stage process involving the four learning modes of concreteexperience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Wepropose that Kolb’s four stages of learning can be mapped to the four phases of archaeologicalexploration as shown in Figure 2.Specifically, during the preparation phase students will reflect on what they know about thefactors that impact the design of particular products and postulate responses to several questionsrelating to economic, societal, etc. aspects of the designs. The excavation activities serve asconcrete experiences where students can physically dissect products and perform appropriateresearch to develop well-reasoned answers to

Conference Session

Learning From Experts

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alejandra J. Magana, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Natalie Barrett, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

thesystem are represented as dotted lines because this kind of work requires researchers tobridge domains. Identifying these concepts (the top of the pyramid) will inform Page 22.1038.13curriculum development.The bottom of the pyramid describes learning strategies and kinds of thinking necessary,e.g. computational thinking and the ability to handle complex systems. The bottom partof the pyramid may inform pedagogical approaches.Implications of the use of PCK as a theoretical framework to conduct research inengineering education relate to a) the need for better integration between content andpedagogy that is informed by and reflects what practitioners do, b

Conference Session

Materials Experiments, Labs, Demos, and Hands-On Activities

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Surendra K. Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology; Steven John Kosciol, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

capacitance of a liquid column whose height changes with tilt. The inclinometer’selectronic equilibration and response is quite sluggish. These inclinometers are designed forapplications where either the angle is static or angle changes due to vibrations need to beminimized by damping. In Figure 7, the horizontal error bars for inclinometer data reflect this0.15° uncertainty whereas the troptometer data error bars reflect the least count of 0.1°. We arehoping to replace each inclinometer by an iPod Touch to remedy the issue of sluggish response,and our initial results appear promising.Conclusions1. Students encounter three difficulties in using the existing troptometer: (i) keeping it aligned while mounting it on a specimen, (ii) reading its

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Issues Part One

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Titus, Purdue University; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Margaret Huyck, Illinois Institute of Technology; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jill L. May, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

dilemmas and uncertainties in engineering. The method is Page 22.1436.2modeled on validated instruments designed for other contexts and on major theories in moraldevelopment. The second instrument is a team ethical-climate measure we adapted from onevalidated in business contexts. This measure asks students to self-report their perceptions of theethical behavior of their teammates. The third instrument is a taxonomy of ethicalcomprehension that can be used as a rubric for assessing ethical reflection essays. Our goal forthe first two measures is to demonstrate both reliability and validity by utilizing acceptedpsychometric strategies. Our goal

Conference Session

Core Concepts, Standards, and Policy in K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenny L. Daugherty, Purdue University; Rodney L. Custer, Illinois State University; Raymond A. Dixon, Illinois State University, CeMaST

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

                                                                                                                       1  This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0426421. Any Page 22.1508.3opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and donot necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.   The focus of secondary level engineering education, however, has largely been onprocess. The Standards for Technological Literacy (STL),9 for example, include design-orientedstandards that

Conference Session

Globalizing Engineering Education II: Best Practices

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan McNeill, University of Florida, Gainesville; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

ASEE Global Programs

should look beyond current assessment strategiesand find ways to engage participants in active reflection while abroad in order to support adiverse array of possible learning outcomes.Introduction Engineers in both industry and academia recognize that engineering is a global profession(Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century, 2007; Continental AG,2006; National Academy of Engineering, 2004) and that engineers of today must be able tocollaborate with colleagues and clients from cultures that differ from their own on projects of Page 22.749.2global impact (Downey et al., 2006). Engineering educators have also come to

Conference Session

Two-Year College Special Topics Potpourri

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Tracy D Blake, Utah State University; Wade H. Goodridge, Utah State University; David Dwight Sam PhD, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

. Page 22.1411.2• Promote Distance Delivery of Engineering Education: To engage remote students in a distance delivered framework with a geographically dispersed instructional team.• Promote Engineering Professionalism: To educate students in the profession of engineering and engineering ethics by highlighting the experiences of a multidisciplinary instructional team and practicing engineers as invited speakers.• Promote Engineering Recruitment and Retention: To excite students to complete engineering degrees and join the engineering profession with a learner-centered instructional environment.Based on the desired outcomes, instructors improvised the team at a distance-teaching approachto reflect the primary tenets of the

Conference Session

Expanding the Borders of Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Farris, Grand Valley State University; Paul Merritt Lane, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

Afternoon Evening Week 1 Culture Class Repair Products for Reflection, processing, Culture Business and Residents faculty led discussions, language debriefings and journaling Weekend Visit Revolutionary Monument, Entrepreneurial Cookie Factory, Solar Center, Typical Mountain Community, and Somoto Canyon Faculty Lead Discussions and Debrief. Week 2 Spanish Class Work in Local Reflection, processing, Culture Business and Manufacturing Companies faculty led

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Approaches to Teaching and Outreach

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary B. Vollaro, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Materials

polymer form areference located in Knovel, and leaving Google images as a source to find really greatpictures of their product and/or application. Papers reflected similar use of new and oldvocabulary, references with proper citations, and complementary pictures. Page 22.873.6SURVEYSStudent surveys were also used to gage the impact of a directed and focused informationliteracy activity on student’s past, present, and future habits, as well as possible effects onlifelong learning.Questions included personal comments on the sources of information which theyselected, and insight on the value of the library session, and the resources availablethrough the

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects in ECE

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynne A. Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; James M. Widmann, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; J.Kevin Taylor, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

recreational activities. The end-users of these devices are given opportunities to exercise and experience greater independencethrough the devices designed by students in the class. This paper presents the design of thecapstone class and the intent behind the in-class activities and out-of-class assignments thatguide students through the design process.BackgroundService-learning occurs when “Students engage in community service activities with intentionalacademic and learning goals and opportunities for reflection that connect to their academicdiscipline” (Cress et al, 2005)1. It has been shown to be one of ten high-impact (i.e., those thatprovide for deep learning) “educationally purposeful activity” 2,3. The reflection aspect ofservice-learning is

Conference Session

Outreach Projects: Promoting Energy Efficiency and Education in General

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Cherif Megri, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

design of the building.Fig 1a. Natural ventilation: cool and warm air Fig 1b. Day-lighting reflections (OWP/P)The rendering of Figure 1a shows the flow of cool air in through the windows and upthrough the open atrium. The cool air is exchanged for the warm air that leaves throughthe wind tower. Also seen in this figure are the heat sinks made of concrete on theceilings of each level. The concave design allows for a greater surface area to absorb andexpel energy when needed.This building also uses the same system that is used to allow for passive ventilation toallow for natural lighting to enter and reflect in the building and atrium. The dual use ofthe system allows for savings in initial cost and ongoing costs through energyconservation

Conference Session

Recruitment & Retention of Women I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew J Miller, University of Maryland; Robert Lent, University of Maryland, College Park; Paige E Smith, University of Maryland, College Park; Bevlee A. Watford, Virginia Tech; Gregory M. Wilkins, Morgan State University; Matthew M. Jezzi, University of Maryland; Kayi Hui, University of Maryland, College Park; Robert H Lim, University of Maryland, College Park; Nicole A Bryan, University of Maryland, College Park; Helena Mimi Martin, University of Maryland, College Park

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

research teammember. Any coding inconsistencies were resolved through consensus.Results Our first research question asked about the major hurdles or challenges that studentsfaced during their first semester and whether these challenges hindered academic success orwillingness to continue in engineering. Participant responses reflected five broader categoriesincluding academic-internal, academic-external, social, financial, and health barriers. Commonacademic-internal (i.e., intrapersonal) barriers included student disinterest (e.g., in coursematerial), negative affect (e.g., feeling overwhelmed or frustrated), problems with academic,organizational, and developmental skills and adjustment (e.g., time management, academicperformance problems

Conference Session

Design Spine

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ming-Chien Hsu, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

among expert andwork separately 12. Also, Klein believed that “engineering do not engage in critical reflection ofproblem choice, the epistemology of the disciplines being used, or the logic of disciplinary Page 22.1114.2structures” 13.There is a need to further explore the possible learning models, designed learningprocess, and observable outcomes in the cross-disciplinary engineering design context with theultimate goal of being able to facilitate cross-disciplinary learning. In this paper, we ask aresearch question of:  How can students’ cross-disciplinary practice be observed and described?This question is one of the many essential

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Developments, Exchanges, and Partnerships

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sowmya Narayanan, VIT University; Muniratnam Adithan, VIT University, Vellore; Robert C. Creese, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

International

and for professional development of its faculty members at VITUniversity is in line with the international concept of continuous training of faculty members 3. „The shortage of appropriately skilled labour across many industries is emerging as asignificant and complex challenge to India's growth and future. According to the NationalAssociation of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM), each year over 3 milliongraduates and post-graduates are added to the Indian workforce. However, of these only 25percent of technical graduates and 10-15 percent of other graduates are considered employableby the rapidly growing IT and ITES(Information Technology Enabled Services) segments.Hence, what we have today is a growing skills gap reflecting

Conference Session

Methods, Techniques, and New Programs in Graduate Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Justin P. Micomonaco, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

teaching-as-research project as a result of participating in theinstitute.14 The latter finding indicates that participants concluded the institute with a clear planto engage in reflective teaching practice. The most common high-level engagement CIRTL program is a mentored teaching-as-research project. Although implemented differently at each institution, these programs providegraduate students an opportunity to engage in a project to improve undergraduate learning. Theteaching-as-research project requires graduate students to develop research questions abouteffective teaching, design the research project, collect data, analyze the data and report thefindings. For example, Vanderbilt University implemented the Teaching-as-Research

Conference Session

Aerospace Curriculum and Collaborations

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leigh S McCue, Virginia Tech; Joseph A. Schetz, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

dedicated to the memory of George Inger.Abstract:At the 1973 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference, Profs. Schetz,Marchman, and Inger presented the case for a combined curriculum in aerospace and oceanengineering (Schetz, Marchman, & Inger, 1973). Their paper summarized the justification forthis combination, program implementation, and preliminary feedback from students andemployers. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the program evolution that has occurredin the 38 years since the initial creation of this merged department. The present paper describesthe current state of teaching and research in the combined Aerospace and Ocean Engineeringdepartment and provides both student and employer feedback on the dual

Conference Session

Research on Engineering Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Reed, Purdue University; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, College of Technology, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

very least different levels of each, are required to solveproblems across the technological spectrum, yet little is known about the level of capabilityamong students in the domain, how those capabilities influence creative work in the domain, orhow the judgment of creativity in the domain reflects capabilities and/or influences theirexpression. The content of creative capability enhancement efforts in technological designprojects is difficult to determine when there is little understanding of what those capabilitiesactually are or how well they assessment measures adequately capture them. There is increasingevidence that capabilities that are most useful in solving straightforward, algorithmic problemsmay not play the same role in solving more

Conference Session

Open-Ended Problems and Student Learning

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen M. Bursic, University of Pittsburgh; Larry J. Shuman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

done using student reflections recorded after completing MEAs. Students insections of the courses that used MEAs rated their knowledge and understanding of theseprofessional skills significantly higher than students in sections that did not use the MEAs. As aresult we suggest that engineering faculty seriously consider using MEAs as a tool to improveboth student learning and the attainment of a number of ABET outcomes in addition to providinga process for assessing that attainment. By combining pre- and post-concept inventories with theMEA implementation, faculty can better document learning gains, and thus have acomprehensive tool for ABET assessment. This should prove especially helpful in those areaswhere previous assessments may have shown

Conference Session

Project-Based, Inquiry Guided, and High Performance Learning Environments: Effective Approaches

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Denny C. Davis, Washington State University; Paul B. Golter, Washington State University; Ashfaq Ansery, Washington State University; Baba Abdul, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

because in oursituation we typically had about four working DLMs so with eight teams, each could use theDLM for half of a 50 minute period. Second, the optimal DLM/person ratio is three to five per-sons because that’s how many that can comfortably sit around a DLM and still visualize the car-tridge, controls and digital read-outs. Third, there’s a pedagogical reason as this number giveseach person a task because if a team is to get operating values quickly it takes one person to ad-just flow rates on a rotameter, a second to read values from a display, and a third to record thosevalues. With four and five member teams, one can supervise while another can reflect on theprocess. Team member placements were based on convenience sampling to

Conference Session

Research on Engineering Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; James Loren Christian, University of Michigan; Seda Yilmaz, Iowa State University; Colleen M. Seifert, University of Michigan; Richard Gonzalez, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

alternative energy for everyday jobs, such as cooking. Simple reflection and absorption of sunlight can generate adequate heat for this purpose. Your challenge is to develop products that utilize sunlight for heating and cooking food. The products should be portable and made of inexpensive materials. It should be able to be used by individual families, and should be practical for adults to set Page 22.1382.9 up in a sunny spot. Note: Specific materials for a targeted temperature can be postponed to a later stage. Do not worry about the specific quantity of heat that can be generated. Please focus on