Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kerry Meyers, Youngstown State University; Catherine F Pieronek, University of Notre Dame; Leo H McWilliams, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

engineering students ratedthemselves lowest in terms of personal and social development, as well as in regard to reflectiveand integrative learning, when compared to their peers in other majors. The authors speculatethat “the engineering experience may focus narrowly on content, excluding broader personaldevelopment that is necessary for life-long learning” (p. 275).1 Smith and associates agree thatall engineering students throughout their undergraduate education require professional skill Page 23.519.2development in terms of talking through and listening to ideas with peers, knowing how to buildtrust in a working relationship, and leadership of

Conference Session

Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Meagan C Pollock, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

. Page 23.544.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Equipping an Army of Ambassadors: A Workshop Model for a STEM Career Speaker's BureauImmersed in a society that is dominated and driven by work, and vulnerable to social influencesof prestige and gender bias, children as young as five years of age begin to postulate what careerthey will one day have[1]. Young people tend to choose professions that are familiar[2], whethertraditions in their family, or professions that have been exposed to them through education andexperience.Most careers in STEM aren't quite as tangible and recognizable as say a teacher, fireman, orprofessional sports player[3, 4], and young women

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa A Dagley, University of Central Florida; Nirmala Ramlakhan, Nee-Moh, Inc; Cynthia Y. Young, University of Central Florida; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Associate Editor of the Neural Networks journal from 2006 to 2012. He has served as the Technical Co-Chair of the IJCNN 2011. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Establishing a Women’s Mentorship Network in a STEM Learning CommunityFor the science and technology workforce to remain globally competitive “The U.S. researchenterprise needs all the talent, skills, and brainpower that it can get” (p. 109)1. While addressingthe President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), Linda Rosen, CEO ofChange the Equation, stated “generally, with the recession, looking at three years of (national)data there were three point six people for every open job

Conference Session

Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara A. Atwood, Elizabethtown College; Joshua M Frey, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

economy alone [1]. While producingmore engineers is a complex systemic challenge, one of the major hurdles is the lack of studentsentering the pipeline to higher education in STEM fields [2]. Outreach programs to K-12students have been established to address the lack of excitement and knowledge about theengineering field amongst younger students. While there are many engineering companies, non-profit organizations, and individualsthat support localized outreach, most K12 students still do not have substantial exposure toengineering, and there continues to be unmet demand for trained engineers. As a field, we needto motivate more individual engineers to support and perform K12 outreach. One model forexamining the motivation to perform some

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Moriarty, National Science Foundation; Susannah Howe, Smith College; Elena Rose Yasinski, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

college for women. The Picker Engineering Program wasestablished in 1999 and is the first accredited engineering program at a women’s institution inthe United States. The program decided to seek funding for a job shadow program based on theresearch reported above suggesting that job shadowing might be one way to increase interest inengineering and on the following factors: 1. Students at Smith do not declare a major until the end of their sophomore year, thus providing a perfect opportunity for students to explore engineering and for recruiting students who might not have otherwise chosen engineering. 2. Students enrolled in Picker Engineering courses have consistently reported in surveys administered by the department

Conference Session

Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kacey Beddoes, Purdue University; Corey T Schimpf, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

notions of power.Following that is a two-part literature review on: 1) work-family balance and related policies, Page 23.489.2and 2) engagement with Foucault in engineering education literature. After a description of ourmethods, we present our findings, identifying ways in which further engagement with Foucault’sscholarship can help engineering educators and administrators better understand both thechallenges faced by female engineering faculty and persistent underrepresentation of femalefaculty. Specifically, we identify the following topics that would benefit from furtherengagement with notions of power: 1) internalization of social norms

Conference Session

Institutional Transformations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Canan Bilen-Green, North Dakota State University; Roger A. Green, North Dakota State University; Christi McGeorge, North Dakota State University ; Cali L. Anicha, North Dakota State University; Ann Burnett, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

institutional transformationinvolves multiple interventions which take into account (1) the effects of institutional policiesand practices; (2) campus climate, reflecting attitudes and behaviors that diminish women’sadvancement; and (3) knowledge and skills for success in teaching, research, and leadership.Because men are recognized as vital partners in achieving institutional transformation forgender equity, the ADVANCE FORWARD project deliberately cultivates alliances with menfaculty and administrators. The Campus Climate component of the project focuses upon the institutional andindividual responsibilities for working toward a gender diverse faculty and a supportive,inclusive, collegial environment, and tying institutional rewards to success

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Culture

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Julie Ann Lorah, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

quantitative and qualitativedata suggest that schools that used the CTC messaging and principles generally saw a greaternumber of improvements in student perceptions of engineering than those that did not use theCTC messaging and principles. Further, using CTC principles in the curriculum appears to havea stronger relationship with student perceptions of engineering than using CTC to createrecruitment and publicity materials.IntroductionThe National Academy of Engineering’sChanging the Conversation (CTC) reportprovides recommendations for how to talkto students about engineering to engagethem, interest them, and keep them in thefield.1 The messages portray engineering asa creative endeavor that can help others. Specific messages suggested by CTC

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Culture

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas E. Pinelli, NASA Langley Research Center; Cathy W. Hall, East Carolina University; Kimberly Marie Brush, NASA Langley Research Center; Jeannine B. Perry, Continental Research Associates, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

23.206.2Abstract Participants in this study were student interns and mentors taking part in the 2012, 10-week Langley Aerospace Research Student Scholars (LARSS) summer internship program inHampton, Virginia. The study examined mentors and student interns’ ratings of theirpreparedness in basic knowledge and skills. The study focused on three primary areas: 1) overallevaluation of knowledge and skills by mentors and interns; 2) male and female interns’perceptions of their own skills in these key areas; and 3) mentors’ perceptions of their studentinterns’ knowledge and skills in the same areas by gender. Overall mentors were more positiveabout their interns’ improvement in 12 of 17 areas assessed than were the student interns. Therewere no

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Fowler, University of Michigan; Lorelle A Meadows, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, psychological, andcognitive reasons for choices, particularly in academic settings. Simply put, the model suggeststhat academic motivation is influenced by perceived competence beliefs (“Can I do this task?”)and beliefs about the worth of the task (“is this task useful/interesting/etc?”). The model predictsthat student motivation for engineering is influenced by both students’ expectancy for successand their values. Figure 1 illustrates the general framework (A) as well as this study’sinterpretation of the EVT applied to student motivation for engineering (B). Figure 1. Expectancy-Value Theory of Achievement Motivation: general framework (A) and applied to this particular project context (B). Modified from Finelli and Daly (2012)11.Research by the

Conference Session

Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Fu, MIT; Tahira N Reid, Purdue University; Janis P. Terpenny, Iowa State University; Deborah L. Thurston, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Judy M. Vance, Iowa State University; Susan Finger, Carnegie Mellon University; Gloria J. Wiens, University of Florida; Kazem Kazerounian, University of Connecticut; Janet Katherine Allen, University of Oklahoma; Kathy Jacobson

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

disadvantages that women and minorities face in society, and specifically in thefields of science and engineering, may be largely imperceptible to those more privilegedmembers of well-represented groups [1], it is evident there remain significant disadvantages forthese underrepresented groups. In this paper, we focus on the status of underrepresented groupsin academia, though the impact of these disadvantages reaches far beyond. While there havebeen significant increases in the participation of women and minorities in science andengineering, degree attainment and careers in academia in the last 40 years [2, 3], it remains farfrom equitable among all groups. The 2011 Engineering by the Numbers report [4] in the ASEEProfiles of Engineering and

Conference Session

Institutional Transformations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna P. Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University; D. Patrick O'Neal, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

environment be focused on 1) reducing role conflicts imposed by multipleenvironments, 2) providing continuity of training efforts, 3) creating a positive andrewarding mentoring culture, 4) and incorporating and evaluating efforts to increase one’sresearch self-efficacy beliefs.  Not only must one be interested in a career pathway and provided with the optimalconditions to pursue a career pathway, they must be supported in their work environments toachieve and maintain a satisfying work life. Lent and Brown13 initially proposed a model forwork satisfaction that extends their scholarship on Social Cognitive Career Theory11. In thisprocess model, the authors posit that work satisfaction is influenced by 1) one’s affectivetraits, 2) participation in goal

Conference Session

Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ziyu Long, Purdue University; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Klod Kokini, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robyn F Wilson, Purdue University; Jennifer C Batra, Purdue University ; Lindsey B. Anderson, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, there is a growing body of research on undergraduate mentoring. However,few studies explore faculty mentoring processes in academic settings and none describe howfaculty mentoring networks are enacted in ways that advantage and disadvantage particulargroup members such as women in engineering.44 Our research expands the current literature by studying not only women faculty members’mentoring relationships but also women engineers’ developmental mentoring networkconfigurations. Furthermore, we explore an underresearched mentoring process known asepisodic or spontaneous mentoring and mentoring moments.1 As such, we contribute to much-needed empirical research on women in STEM disciplines (science, technology, engineering, and

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Culture

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech; Courtney S Smith-Orr, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

stereotypes about women in engineering, men did reportmore endorsement (3.4 for men vs. 2.4 for women, with 7 representing strong endorsement)11.The shifting and often conflicting patterns with respect to women’s experiences in engineeringraise questions about how the climate has or has not changed, what strategies and structureswomen are leveraging to negotiate engineering culture, and what practices institutions should beemploying to continue to increase gender diversity in the field. Toward these ends, this paperpresents a qualitative study undertaking in conjunction with Jones et al.’s quantitative analyses10,11 to better understand women’s experiences in the contemporary engineering climate.Specifically, we address two questions: 1. Do women

Conference Session

Panel: Opportunities & Methods to Encourage More Women Toward Research Commercialization

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Babs Carryer, National Collegiate Inventors & Innovators Alliance (NCIIA); Mary Raber, Michigan Technological University; Abby Thompson, Mississippi State University ; Louise C. Dunlap, DunlapBrowder

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation, Women in Engineering

a brief review on the disparities in technology transfer by gender, followedby responses from each of the panelists in the three later categories above. The goal of this paperis to archive the wisdom from this session for future reference.Disparities in technology transfer by genderGender gaps have been noted in the technology transfer arena 1. Stephan concludes that,“women are less likely to disclose than are men, less likely to patent, and less likely to engage inentrepreneurial activity, such as starting a company or serving on a scientific advisory board,”although rigorous quantification of the bias was left for future studies 1. In the medical schoolresearch community, women were as likely as men to report inventions although women

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Culture

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn S. Hobson, Virginia Commonwealth University; Cindy Jong, University of Kentucky; Donna Joy Dockery; Mary Hermann, Virginia Commonwealth University; Teresa Jones Carter, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Pilot Study: An Exploration of the Experiences that Influence Women’s Interest, Pursuit, and Continued Involvement in STEM CareersAbstractWhile longitudinal studies that examine the effects of personal and environmental factors onwomen’s career motivation have been reported in the literature [1] [2], none have provideddepth or breadth of biographical interviewing over the time span of the last two decades. Manyintersecting variables have been identified by empirical research to account for women’scontinued underrepresentation in STEM careers, yet persistence, especially in computer scienceand engineering, remains an issue. Recent studies [3] [4

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Valle, Georgia Institute of Technology; John D. Leonard II, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ann Marie Blasick, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

et al.2 shows students of both genders tend to drop out ofengineering primarily for two reasons: 1) the curriculum is too challenging and the quality ofteaching too poor, and 2) students don’t believe they belong.Ohland et al.3 present an extensive analysis of retention measures and student educationalexperiences at the undergraduate level. This paper uses the large, multi-institution datasetMIDFIELD (Multiple-Institution Database for Investigating Engineering LongitudinalDevelopment) which contains records of over 75,000 students in engineering during the years of1988 through 1998. Ohland and his colleagues3,4 determined that eight-semester persistence ishighly predictive of six-year graduation rates. But, using eight-semester persistence

Conference Session

Institutional Transformations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen J. Horton PE, University of Maine; Amy Fried, University of Maine ; Mary Madden, University of Maine

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

careers; however,identifying and tracking these had not resulted in improved situations at most of thoseinstitutions.1 Prior to submitting the proposal similar documentation efforts had been ongoing atthe University of Maine. A 1992 internal report proposed ways to increase women faculty inscience and engineering. In 2003 the Office of Equal Opportunity concluded that for facultymembers hired in the 1980’s, men were significantly more likely to have been promoted toProfessor. One major issue identified in the literature involves the persistence of implicit biases,which are held by both women and men and which lead to individuals privileging male faculty

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cate Samuelson, University of Washington; Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

different major.IntroductionThere is strong evidence of student flexibility and vacillation around career options post-graduation from college. Specifically, a single interaction or experience (such as a co-op) cansometimes mean the difference between taking a job after graduation in engineering or anotherfield.1 Further, research suggests that cooperative education and internships result in increasedsocial and cultural capital of those who participate, which can contribute to their ability to secureemployment after graduation.2 Student perceptions of the engineering field, which can be shapedby undergraduate work experiences, can also impact persistence in engineering programs.3-7While there is a growing literature examining the relationship

Conference Session

Institutional Transformations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue Ph.D., Towson University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

to femalefaculty such as work-life balance. The strategies were organized into four categories: 1) changingculture (category contains five strategies, including “emphasize data-driven decision making”);2) building networks of support and information (three strategies, including “encourage informalnetworking among female STEM faculty”); 3) supporting work-life balance (three strategies,including “continue, clarify and enhance family-friendly policies”); and 4) other strategies tosupport female STEM faculty (five strategies, including “increase opportunities for femaleSTEM faculty to be officially recognized for their work”). The study has implications not onlyfor how ECU might better support female STEM faculty, but also how other

Conference Session

Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susannah Sandrin, Arizona State University; Connie M Borror, Arizona State University West

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

versus female participation. The pilot phase of the survey (administered to the FYC population) asked students fortheir gender and age, but it did not ask them for their race/ethnicity. During the second phase ofthe survey study (administered to grades 6-12), students were asked to share their race/ethnicityin addition to their gender and grade. In terms of race and ethnicity, the secondary schoolpopulation was representative of the population in this part of the country, but it was not diversecompared to the national population (Table 1). Participation across grade level was spread ratherevenly across the range of grades, but slightly dominated by high school students.Approximately 75% of the students were high school students in grade

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer A. Skaggs, American University in Cairo

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

developed. Gender and technology are ina symbiotic process constantly being reconstructed in a dynamic and relational manner with theindividual and the environment. The culture of technological work and its environment areassociated with masculinity and power, both on a personal and societal level,1 leaving femalesout of the equation and without influence, control or authority. Schooling, includingundergraduate engineering education, also reproduces gender divisions within educationalinstitutions, thereby reproducing these imbalances within the professional workforce.2By asking distinctive questions regarding how female undergraduate engineering studentsperceive and negotiate their gender identities in the male gendered environment of

Conference Session

Women in Engineering (WIED) Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Svetlana Vasilievna Barabanova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Julia Ziyatdinova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Anastasia Sokolova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Vasiliy G. Ivanov, Kazan National Research Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

of women in the technical professions of anengineering university has a number of advantages while presenting many problems. Among themany problems are the following: (1) a lack of career advancement for women in engineeringeducation; (2) a shortage of women in administrative positions with influence in the decisionmaking process; (3) the resurgence of chauvinistic stereotypes for women; and (4) the conflictbetween family and professional life.This paper explores the impact of gender bias in the Russian academic community and assessesthe obstacles for technically trained women in the male dominated Russian university.IntroductionSince 1917 and until the end of the Soviet era, the role of women was very important in theengineering and

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann Sharon Lourens, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU) Port Elizabeth South Africa

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

propose an evaluation process for the programme. Thefindings will be used to provide guidelines for the engineering leadership developmentprogrammme design specifically for higher education in Southern Africa.1. IntroductionWomen in engineering programmes are a crucial part of a country‟s response to the need formore women in engineering 8. A South African comprehensive university based in PortElizabeth, in collaboration with the merSETA (manufacturing and services seta*) responded tothe need for more women engineers by initiating the Women in Engineering LeadershipAssociation (WELA) in 2011. The goals of WELA are to focus on academic, professional andpersonal development of women engineering students (WES). Two successful years of growthand

Conference Session

Retaining and Developing Women Faculty in STEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Bush, Michigan State University; Laura J Genik, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

professionalorganization.Survey Methods/ResultsSurvey questionnaireThe leadership team wanted to begin to understand the involvement of women in the disciplinarysocieties and professional organizations. At the start of the grant, a survey was distributed totenure stream women faculty in Engineering, Natural Science and Social Science. The purposeof the questionnaire was 1) to collect data on the levels of disciplinary involvement of femalefaculty who are tenured and compare those to early career faculty, and 2) identify women whoare leaders in their disciplinary society (elected, appointed roles). All of the women invited toparticipate were promised a summary of the findings. Part of the ADVANCE leadership team’sgoals was to also use the results of the survey as an

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Culture

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lorelle A Meadows, University of Michigan; Denise Sekaquaptewa, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

learned a lot on thisproject; I didn't get a lot out of doing the project (reverse scored); My understanding of coursematerial was strengthened; I learned a lot by presenting it to others"). The items were rated on a7-point scale (1-strongly disagree, 7-strongly agree), and ratings were averaged to create acomposite self-perceived learning score.To complete the data set, general data was compiled on the student participants including age,citizenship, performance indicators including ACT/SAT scores, AP credit, course grade, GPA,and self-reported gender and race-ethnicity. These three data sets (video analysis, survey andgeneral data) were merged into a single database for analysis.Analysis was performed examining the roles adopted by each student

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen B. Coletti, Northeastern University; Melinda Covert, Northeastern University; Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University; Lauren Gianino, Northeastern University; Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University; Emily Wisniewski, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

course coordinator for the freshman-level General Chemistry for Engineers as well as an instructor for Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 1 and Chemical Engineering Kinetics at Northeastern. He also is the author of the recently-published textbook General Chemistry for Engineers.Lauren Gianino, Northeastern University Lauren Gianino graduated in May of 2012 from Northeastern University with a Bachelor’s Degree in Chemical Engineering. During her time at Northeastern, she held three co-op positions at Lockheed Martin, 1366 Technologies, and Genzyme and completed a summer REU program at UC Berkeley in Bioengineering. Lauren is currently employed at EMD Millipore as a Quality Engineer.Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern

Conference Session

Issues of Outreach and Interest in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary R. Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Armando A. Rodriguez, Arizona State University; Anita Grierson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

therefore not manychildren aspire to be an engineer. Authored by a Committee on Public Understanding ofEngineering Messages, “Changing the Conversation” was published in 2008.1 Slogans and taglines were tested for their appeal to adults, teens, underrepresented minorities, and females. Oneof the goals of this study was to attract young people to careers in engineering. “A betterunderstanding of engineering should encourage students to take higher level math and sciencecourses in middle school, thus enabling them to pursue engineering education in the future. Thisis especially important for girls and underrepresented minorities who have not historically beenattracted to technical careers in large numbers.”1 A better and more attractive understanding

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nadia M Alhasani, The Petroelum Institute

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

campaign, it is the breaking of thestereotyping and proving one’s worth in contributing to a country’s economy, especially duringstrategic phases in its evolution, that displays some communality with the UAE’s currentsituation. It is this calling, to serve the UAE and Abu Dhabi society, which the WiSE women areresponding to. His Highness Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the UAE andRuler of Abu Dhabi, affirms that: “Work is a true criterion of citizenship. It is evidence ofsincerity and loyalty. We all share the responsibility of building this country, protecting itssovereignty and safeguarding the gains.” This call seems to bring the best out in our WiSEstudents and alumnae.References 1. United in Ambition and Determinations