Conference Session

Faculty and Course Evolution: Teaching With Technology, Online Delivery, and Addressing Emerging Student & Industry Needs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Paul Pearson, Northrop Grumman, Electronic Systems; Timothy Boyd, Northrop Grumman Corporation; Noah Miller, Northrop Grumman, Electronic Systems

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

-orbit sensor characterization but has also managed technical teams as a technical team lead and a deputy Integrated Project Team lead within the SEIT (Systems Engineering Integration and Test) organi- zation. Boyd has presented his work at both academic and industry conferences. Furthermore, to address his passion for leadership development and community building, he kickstarted a chapter of Connect1NG; a professionally recognized yet non-traditional development program focused on engaging and assimilat- ing new employees to the workplace through leadership development activities and networking. He is currently one of two Western Region liaisons for the program. Boyd was also selected to be a part of the company’s

Conference Session

Teaching Materials Science Using Innovative Methods

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University; Dale R Baker, Arizona State University; Adam R Carberry, Arizona State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

research project on more effective teaching in core materials classes, the research questionhere is, "What is the effect on student learning and attitude of differing modes of feedback fromstudents' Muddiest Point reflections?" One method is to restructure the notes from a given classand place the set on Blackboard so the new notes respond to student issues raised in MuddiestPoints. This can reinforce class learning, clarify muddy points, and potentially assist in solvinghomework problems. A second method is with Class Warm-ups, which consist of a slide or twofor discussion at the beginning of the next class which can help clarify confusing or difficult-to-grasp concepts. Another method is to create Muddiest Point YouTube tutorial screencasts

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technolog Programs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James P Cohoon, University of Virginia; J. McGrath Cohoon, University of Virginia; Luther A Tychonievich, University of Virginia; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

Research Triangle Park Evaluators, an American Evaluation Association affiliate organization and is a member of the Amer- ican Educational Research Association and American Evaluation Association, in addition to ASEE. Dr. Brawner is also an Extension Services Consultant for the National Center for Women in Information Technology (NCWIT) and, in that role, advises computer science departments on diversifying their un- dergraduate student population. She currently serves as the principal evaluator for the Teachers Attracting Girls to Computer Science project which aims to increase and diversify the student population studying computer science in high school. Dr. Brawner previously served as principal evaluator of the NSF

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Multidisciplinary Instruction

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darshita N. Shah, Teaching and Learning Laboratory at MIT; Jennifer E French, Teaching and Learning Laboratory at MIT; Janet Rankin, The Teaching & Learning Lab - MIT; Lori Breslow, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Paper ID #6210Using Video to Tie Engineering Themes to Foundational ConceptsDr. Darshita N. Shah, Teaching and Learning Laboratory at MIT Darshita (Dipa) Shah is the Associate Director for Teaching and Learning in MIT’s Teaching and Learning Lab (TLL). Dipa’s primary role is to assist in the development of curricular innovations on campus and to provide professional development around teaching and learning for graduate students and faculty. Before joining TLL, Dipa played an integral role in developing instructional materials for the Engineering is Elementary (EiE) project at the Museum of Science in Boston. Used by more

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane A. Brown P.E., Washington State University; Devlin Montfort, Washington State University; Nadia L. Frye, Washington State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

student epistemological development can provide needed insight into the beliefs thatstudents hold about engineering knowledge, how those beliefs relate to student understandingand success and how those beliefs and their relationship to understanding change as studentsprogress through school and transition into the workplace.Goals and Objectives The purpose of this project is to determine when conceptual and epistemological changesoccur for engineers on the path from undergraduate-student to early-career, practicing engineer.The project is also designed to explore how these changes occur and how they interact with eachother. In order to achieve this purpose, we are tracking two cohorts of students; one betweentheir sophomore year in college

Conference Session

Preparing for Practice

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Corey T Schimpf, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

and deliver a two with rubrics in class. minute and a ten minute presentation 5. Use video feedback- 3. Students will appraise the presentations of their peers peer & self-appraisal.Comments Task: 6. Pair up students inMisconceptions 1.Use creativity/idea generation techniques for finding class practices to getabout presentation and selecting their course project topics more individualskills and best 2. read text: Winning Presentations in a Day attention through peerpractices in 3. Provide script drafts and

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; James Edwin Cawthorne Jr., Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

presentation and selecting their course project topics more individualskills and best 2. read text: Winning Presentations in a Day attention through peerpractices in 3. Provide script drafts and practice in/out of class their feedback.presentations are two minutes and 10 minute pitches 7. Video tape and postcovered in the text 4. Review and critique videos of previous classes and idea pitch and finaland in readings. winning 2 minute Idea Pitches exam presentations. 5. Reflect on and assess their idea pitch performance 8 Arrange external

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Matos, Clayton State University; Tamara Pearson, Clayton State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

last decade4. There are many textbooks andsupplements that include projects in MATLAB, Maple or Mathematica5. There is a fine line towalk, however, between having the CAS solve the ODE for the student, and the student using itas a tool to help them solve the exercise. The author will share how she has implemented Mapleuse into her classroom. The paper will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using Page 23.720.2programs such as TechSmith’s Camtasia to record lectures to post online and to answer studentquestions.BackgroundClayton State University is a small liberal-arts institute that has a strong emphasis on technologyuse. Students

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Hoff, University of South Florida; Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

by theNernst potentials of the constituent ions. This parallel conduction model for nerve and musclesignal generation is basic to bioelectricity and although difficult to develop, months later, allstudents retained their understanding of this concept. Also, all now appreciate the contributionof Hodgkin and Huxley to engineering science and to society in general. Students providedmany examples of the societal impact of Hodgkin and Huxley’s contributions from present dayliterature.A few of the titles of projects developed by student laboratory groups were; “The Effect ofHeart Rate on Response Time Using LabChart,” “Eye Tracker Lab Project,” “Turning on andDimming a Light Bulb with Arm and Finger Motion,” and “Heart Rate Variability.” Such

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jamiiru Luttamaguzi, Elizabeth City State University; Ka'Ren Ladoris Byrd; Akbar M. Eslami, Elizabeth City State University; Ehsan O Sheybani, Virginia State University; Giti Javidi, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Study on Simulated Spaceborne Microwave Radiometer Measurements of EarthAbstractThis paper describes a NASA internship case study in which the outcome can be implemented ina classroom setting. Through this case study, the students can learn numerical interpolation andintegration of functions in a real world project as well as the error analysis. A tradeoff expectedto be observed is between the speed of obtaining results and getting accurate results. As a result,recommendations are expected for various data sets to ensure fast and accurate results. Thesimulation can also be carried out using Matlab.The case study discusses numerical convergence of simulated space-borne microwaveradiometer measurements of earth brightness

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard M. Bennett, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; William Schleter, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; Taimi Olsen, Tennessee Teaching and Learning Center; Stan Guffey, University of Tennessee Teaching and Learning Center; Wenshu Li

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

pass rate for students who completedat least 80% of the homework was 96.9%. The pass rate for the 22.5% of the class who did lessthan 80% of the homework was 33.3%. We are interested in why 22.5% of the students do notcomplete at least 80% of the homework. The goal of identifying the characteristics of studentswho do not do homework is to enable appropriate intervention techniques to be developed. Thispaper presents a work in progress, describing the research process and giving preliminary results.There is debate over the role of homework, its usefulness, and its role in learning [e.g Vatterott(2009) and a current NSF project reported by Kaw and Yalcin (2010) examining whethercollecting homework improves exam performance]. This research does

Conference Session

Starting Them Early

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianna L Dorie, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

), mechanical toys, gear kits, train set. § Games/Puzzles Board games (Blockus, Chess, Crack the Case, Guess Who?), Sudoku, puzzles § Computers West Point Bridge Designer, educational computer games (math or physics), helping to install programs.Hands-on Activities § Building Paper airplanes, helping around house, crafts, model car, sand castles, and simple construction projects. § Experiment Chemistry experiments (cleaning pennies, Mentos & Coke), science fair projects, combining materials and noting results. § Tinkering

Conference Session

FPD 2: Retention

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herbert P. Schroeder, University of Alaska Anchorage; Linda P. Lazzell, University of Alaska Anchorage

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

withpracticing professionals from the community, and weekend group activities. Field SummerBridge includes one week of safety training, a for-credit calculus or other advanced mathematicsclass, and a five-week field internship working with scientists and engineers. Each SummerBridge student makes a presentation for the partner sponsors at the end of the summer. Studentswho successfully complete the component requirements are awarded scholarships.Summer Bridge students: • work on real projects with practicing engineers and scientists; • earn money for college; • complete a college-level mathematics class for credit toward their BS degree; • solidify their vision of a career as a scientist or engineer; • learn to navigate on the campus

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Culture

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Julie Ann Lorah, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Paper ID #6684A Natural Experiment: NAE’s Changing the Conversation Report and Stu-dents’ Changing Perceptions of EngineeringDr. Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington Elizabeth Litzler, Ph.D., is the Director for Research at the University of Washington (UW) Center for Workforce Development (CWD) and an Affiliate Assistant Professor in UW Sociology. She directs re- search projects from conceptualization, methodological design, collection of data and analysis, to dis- semination of research findings. Dr. Litzler manages the Sloan-funded Project to Assess Climate in Engineering (PACE), which uses quantitative and

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session III

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

relating to this laboratory work, preference fordesigning with solar cells as an option on their design projects, and greater enthusiasm forstudying renewable energy. The students even received some unexpected recognition from theirnon-engineering peers. The paper presents sample costs of the equipment and typical resultsfrom four simple but insightful experiments that the students performed within a single hour-long class period using commonly available instruments in their laboratories.IntroductionA number of universities have begun to teach topics in renewable energy. Textbooks of goodquality and appropriate to support a wide breadth and depth of coursework have appeared. Someof the more advanced academic experts have even placed some superb

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods (ERM) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcia R Laugerman P.E., University of Iowa; Mack Shelley, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Paper ID #6699A structural equation model correlating success in engineering with academicvariables for community college transfer studentsDr. Marcia R Laugerman P.E., University of Iowa Dr. Laugerman is a PE in Industrial Engineering with over 20 years of University teaching experience. She is currently working as a research fellow in the Department of Teaching and Learning at the University of Iowa on an Institute for Education Sciences project to increase critical thinking skills in science through an inquiry-based instructional method. Her teaching and research interests are in STEM.Prof. Mack Shelley, Iowa State

Conference Session

Training and Mentoring of Graduate Teaching Assistants

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tershia A. Pinder-Grover, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

over 85%of the respondents; nearly 55% of the respondents attend classes, grade exams and createsolutions for homework, exams, etc. Activities such as teaching a discussion section or creatingassignments are done by nearly 40% of the students. Only about 30% teach a lab, hold reviewsessions, maintain a website, give occasional lectures, and supervise graders. Although someTAs have multiple responsibilities, the primary teaching duties of engineering GSIs in this studywere to (1) teach a lab (27%, N=20), (2) teach a discussion section (26%, N=19), (3) hold officehours (22%, N=16) (4) grade homework, papers, labs or projects (10%, N=7), (5) give lectures(7%, N=5) or (6) supervise team projects (4%, N=3

Conference Session

Novel Methods of Construction Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ifte Choudhury, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Paper ID #6068Appraisal of Learning Objectives of a Course in Construction ScienceDr. Ifte Choudhury, Texas A&M University Ifte Choudhury is an Associate Professor in the Department of Construction Science at Texas A&M University and has extensive experience as a consulting architect working on projects funded by the World Bank. His areas of emphasis include housing, alternative technology, issues related to international construction, and construction education. He is also a Fulbright scholar. Page

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth E. Dudeck, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus; Wieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

programs, especially those who have the interest to deal with energyissues. Many teachers are working to integrate energy related topics into their curriculums andinvolve students in “a community based sustainable energy project that will give them theopportunity to make a difference in their local community and the world”.[2]At the university level, various “Energy Engineering” programs have begun to emerge to addressthe anticipated shortage of energy engineers. In a 2009 industry survey by the Center forEnergy Workforce Development [3], it was found that over half of engineers engaged in powergeneration could leave their jobs by 2015, due to retirements and other attrition. This anticipatedshortage of traditional energy engineers, along with the

Conference Session

Training and Mentoring of Graduate Teaching Assistants

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikitha Sambamurthy, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jeremi S London, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jeeyeon Hahn, Purdue University; Jiabin Zhu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica Farmer Cox, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Director of the Engineering Leadership Minor. She obtained a B.S. in mathemat- ics from Spelman College, a M.S. in industrial engineering from the University of Alabama, and a Ph.D. in Leadership and Policy Studies from Peabody College of Vanderbilt University. Teaching interests relate to the professional development of graduate engineering students and to leadership, policy, and change in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. Primary research projects explore the preparation of engineering doctoral students for careers in academia and industry and the development of engineering education assessment tools. She is a National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career (CA- REER) award winner and is a

Conference Session

Design Methodology and Evaluation 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas D. Fila, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Research and Learning (INSPIRE) at Purdue University. Dr. Purzer is a NAE/CASEE New Faculty Fellow. She is also the recipient of a 2012 NSF CAREER award, which examines how engineering students approach innovation. Her expertise is on assessment and mixed-methods research. Page 23.1227.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 The Quality of Engineering Decision-Making in Student Design TeamsAbstractEngineers often must decide between multiple design options that present tradeoffs. Engineeringstudents gain experience making and justifying such decisions during team design projects

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dazhi Yang, Boise State Univeristy; Inanc Senocak, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

students, 1 a more rational way for us to treat them is to prevent them by trainingstudents before they take relevant coursework.The nationwide trend to reduce the number of credit hours in engineering education haveresulted in a compact and refined curriculum, leaving less time for remedy interventions. Webelieve a foundational understanding of core science and engineering concepts early in thecurriculum is more critical than ever for students to succeed in upper level engineering coursesand improve their problem-solving abilities for multidisciplinary projects. Therefore, we believepreventing and eliminating student misconceptions can be a key strategy to increase retentionrates in engineering degrees.AcknowledgementWe thank the National Science

Conference Session

Software and Web-based Learning in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.); Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.)

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #6190Using a Virtual Platform for Teaching Electrical Machines and Power Sys-tems CoursesDr. Radian G Belu, Drexel University (Tech.) Dr. Radian Belu is Assistant Professor within the Engineering Technology (ET) program - Drexel Uni- versity, Philadelphia, USA. He is holding the second position as Research Assistant Professor at Desert Research Institute – Renewable Energy Center, Reno, Nevada. Before joining to the Drexel University Dr. Belu hold faculty and research positions at universities and research institutes in Romania, Canada and United States. He also worked for several years in industry as a project

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries (ELD) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David A Zwicky, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

Biomedical Engineering). Initially, two librariansattended each session, and each session was only held on Tuesday afternoons from noon to2:00PM. Starting with the third semester of the project, the schedule was expanded to two dayseach week with one librarian per session (rotating through a staff of three librarians). EB I wasvisited on Tuesdays and EB III was visited on Thursdays. At the same time, the time was shifted Page 23.1390.3to 11:00AM to 1:00PM, in order to align more closely with openings in the typical classschedule in those buildings.To promote “Ask Us Here,” beyond the immediate signage, we posted notices on the electronicbulletin board

Conference Session

Starting Them Early

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Gina Navoa Svarovsky, Science Museum of Minnesota; Brianna L Dorie, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

understanding. In particular, the project closely examines parent-childconversation within a range of informal engineering contexts that exist at the intersection ofparents, children, and meaningful STEM learning. In this study we examine a pre-schoolprogram where parents and children can play with engineering-focused toys, a family-orientedengineering event for elementary students and their parents, and an engineering exhibit within ascience museum. This paper focuses on the first setting, the pre-school program where parentsand children play with toys to engage in engineering-related activities.Drawing from the literature on both engineering education and informal science education,video-recordings from 30 daughter-parent dyads are analyzed for

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education (DEED) Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Michael C Smith, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, providing students the opportunity to orally present technical work becomeschallenging as the number of students per class grows to large numbers. Furthermore, decadesof prior research in education have shown the effectiveness of formative feedback and anauthentic, active, and collaborative environment in promoting student learning. It is in thiscontext that the authors redesigned a class to take advantage of several blended learningapproaches in an effort to provide a higher quality learning environment.The purpose of this project is to implement and assess the impact of integrating blended learningapproaches in a case study based systems design class that faces growing enrollment. The goalsof integrating blended learning approaches into this

Conference Session

Implementing Active Learning in Mechanical Engineering Technology

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael W Martin, Northern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

implementation and outcomes of applying an active learningmethodology to a senior level engineering technology fluid mechanics course. This applicationis an element of a larger effort at Northern Michigan University to implement active learningthrough an NSF – TUES project (National Science Foundation – Transforming UndergraduateEducation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math). In this project a dedicated, studentcentered, high technology, active learning classroom was developed and used to teach variousclasses in the STEM disciplines, including the fluid mechanics class. Various approaches toimplement active learning in this class, including the use of the technology items available in thededicated classroom, will be explored.The effectiveness

Conference Session

Innovative Pedagogy in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chuang Wang, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Kimberly A Warren, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of engineering students in the United States hasexperienced a decrease10,17. Approximately 60% or less of all engineering students graduate withan engineering degree3,13,18. With a decline in both the engineering enrollment and graduationrate, the U.S. government, industry, and academia have become more dependent on the foreignengineering workforce16. As a result, the National Science Foundation (NSF) has fundednumerous projects with the goal of recruiting and retaining students in this field10,11. Whileattracting students to engineering majors requires an increase in outreach and an improvement inthe overall perception of engineers in society, retention can be enhanced by increasingengagement in engineering curricula11. This paper describes

Conference Session

Dynamics - Wow! They accelerate

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Jeffrey Georgette

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

engineering courses, inquiry-based learning in mechanics, and design projects to help promote adapted physical activities. Other professional interests include aviation physiology and biomechanics. Dr Self obtained his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Engineering Mechanics from Virginia Tech, and his Ph.D. in Bio- engineering from the University of Utah.Dr. James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University Jim Widmann is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. He received his Ph.D. in 1994 from Stanford University. Currently he teaches mechanics and design courses. He conducts research in the areas of machine design, fluid power control and engineering

Conference Session

Innovative Pedagogy in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew D. Lovell P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sean P Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Sensen Li, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, theimplementation of the course was enriched by sequencing instruction around a series ofchallenge-based learning experiences following a proven learning cycle. This paper providesresults from an initial study evaluating the prior implementation relative to the enhanced versionof the course. The primary focus is to determine the impact of using small challenge projects toincrease the effectiveness of learning and instruction with second year civil engineering students.BackgroundChallenge-based instruction engages learners in complex problem spaces that require thecoordination of multiple concepts to define an effective solution[1,2,4,5]. That is, a challengeillustrates the context and conditions when knowledge is used. The central learning theoryfocuses on