Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen B. Coletti, Northeastern University; Melinda Covert, Northeastern University; Paul A. DiMilla, Northeastern University; Lauren Gianino, Northeastern University; Rachelle Reisberg, Northeastern University; Emily Wisniewski, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Figure 1aProjected Use of Supplemental Instruction in College Page 23.1281.6 Figure 1bFigure 1a is a graph of student feedback from the pre-survey regarding their usage of threedifferent types of supplemental instruction in high school. These three types of supplementalinstruction are one-on-one tutoring, instructor office hours, and group tutoring. Figure 1b is agraph of student feedback also from the pre-survey on their projected usage of these same threeadditional resources in college during the Fall 2012 semester. For all three types of supplementalinstruction, a larger percentage of females used these resources in high school and planned tocontinue to use them in

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Innovations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John R. Baker, University of Kentucky; Vincent Capece, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

in a case where K-12 students learned about gravitational attraction and the motion offalling objects. That recent reference includes a significant literature review which can beconsulted for further reading. Ashby and Asay2 discuss recent use of high-speed video in auniversity engineering setting in which undergraduate students studied the dynamics of a vehiclerollover with an ejected passenger. A test was performed that included the video recording ofthe rollover event. According to student surveys, the overall project, which included the high-speed video, was effective in enhancing student understanding of dynamics principles. Okçayand Öztekin3 used a video camera which could record at 30 frames per second in a fluidmechanics course as

Conference Session

Study Abroad, International Experience, Exchange Programs and Student Retention

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Imran, Ajman Univeristy of Science & Technology, UAE; Mohamed Nasor M. Kalil; Fahar G. M. Hayati, Ajman University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 207–212.15. Madsen, J.N., Bales, R.A., & Hynds, D.L. (2010). Role of scholarships in improving success rates of undergraduate Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) majors. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 458–464.16. Nasor, M., Imran, A., & Hayati, F. (2011). Achieving enhanced performance in undergraduate biomedical engineering program. ICIE (Germany) conference on ‘Excellence in Education 2011: Giftedness-Creativity- Development’. Turkey, pp. 93.17. Ragusa, G., & Lee, C.T. (2012). The impact of focused degree projects in chemical engineering education on students’ research performance, retention, and efficacy, Education for

Conference Session

Research on Learning, Performance, and Impact

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Denson, North Carolina State University; Chandra Y Austin Ph.D, Auburn University; Christine E. Hailey, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Paper ID #6156Evaluating the ”Impacts” Section of the Engineering Self-Efficacy, Interest,and Perception SurveyDr. Cameron Denson, North Carolina State UniversityChandra Y Austin Ph.D, Auburn UniversityDr. Christine E. Hailey, Utah State University Dr. Christine Hailey is a Senior Associate Dean in the College of Engineering and a Professor of Mechan- ical and Aerospace Engineering. Her teaching responsibilities include Thermodynamics I and the Women in Engineering Seminar. She is the Principal Investigator of an NSF-funded project entitled ”The Influ- ence of MESA Activities on Underrepresented Students.” The Math

Conference Session

First-Year Programs (FPD) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Matthew A Verleger, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #5728First-Year Math and Physics Courses and their Role in Predicting AcademicSuccess in Subsequent CoursesDr. James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach James J. Pembridge is an assistant professor in the Freshman Engineering Department at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. He earned a B.S. in Aerospace Engineering, M.A. Education in Curriculum and Instruction, and Ph.D. in Engineering Education from Virginia Tech. His research has focused on mentoring as pedagogy for project-based courses and understanding the adult learning characteristics of undergraduate students.Dr. Matthew A

Conference Session

Bringing Industrial Applications into the Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Lepek, The Cooper Union; Charmian Wu, Tufts University; Ryan Poling-Skutvik

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

New York City (from Staten Island tothe Bronx) were chosen to be part of the pharmaceutical engineering project. In an effort toengage the students and “break the ice” a series of group activities were developed to introducethe students to chemical engineering, pharmaceutical engineering, and to their fellow teammates.For the first exercise, students were required to work in groups of two to fill out activity formsthat included questions about their teammates (e.g. “what does your teammate plan to learn fromparticipating in this?” Following this, students were given an introduction to the field ofchemical engineering. At the end of the lecture, the students were required to work in teams andfill out questions about chemical engineering (e.g

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alireza Rahrooh, Daytona State College; Walter W. Buchanan P.E., Texas A&M University; Robert De la Coromoto Koeneke, Daytona State College

Tagged Divisions

International

Science from Santa Clara University in 1982. His 34 years of professional career covers: teaching at undergraduate and graduate level, planning, developing and managing project in the areas of Telecommunications and Information Systems. His research interest include embedded systems, digital programmable devices and computer communications. He is a member of IEEE, ASEE and ACM. Page 23.825.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013Introduction of New Technologies in the Engineering Technology CurriculumAbstractClosed-loop feedback control system is an important component of a

Conference Session

Statics - They can move at constant velocity!

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Y Tsai, University of Colorado at Boulder; Daria A Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado Boulder; Michael Patrick Hannigan, University of Colorado - Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

learning, in which relevant problems are used to provide context and motivationfor learning2. Collaborative, cooperative, and problem-based learning are among the mostthoroughly discussed active learning methods2–5.The Engage Engineering project utilizes problem-based learning as one of “three research-basedstrategies to improve student day-to-day classroom and educational experience,” referred to asE3s or Everyday Examples in Engineering1. Motivated by the idea that students learn better whenthey are comfortable with the context and meaning of the teaching examples used in lessons, theEveryday Examples in Engineering project uses objects that students are familiar with (iPods,sausages, bicycles, etc.) to teach fundamental engineering concepts6-7

Conference Session

Computational/CS Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain P.E., South Carolina State University; Wanda Moses, South Carolina State University; James Allen Anderson, South Carolina State University; Cynthia T Davis, SC State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Alliance. We are thankful to theSTARS Alliance for providing us with this help. References1. DuBow, W. (2011). NCWIT Scorecard: A report on the status of women in information technology.Boulder: NCWIT.2. Simard, C., (2009). Obstacles and Solutions for Underrepresented Minorities in Technologywww.anitaborg.org/news/research.3. Gürer, D., Camp, T., (2010). Investigating the Incredible Shrinking Pipeline for Women in ComputerScience (Final Report – NSF Project 9812016)http://women.acm.org/archives/documents/finalreport.pdf.4. Swain, N. K., Korrapati, R., Anderson, J. A. (1999) “Revitalizing Undergraduate Engineering,Technology, and Science Education Through Virtual Instrumentation”, NI Week Conference

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Hull Seale, UCSB; Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University; Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #6564Curriculum Exchange: ”Make Your Own Earthquake”Dr. Sandra Hull Seale, UCSB Dr. Seale earned the B.S.E. in Civil Engineering from Princeton University in 1981, the S.M. in Civil En- gineering from MIT in 1983, and the Ph.D. in Civil Engineering from MIT in 1985. Dr. Seale is currently working as the Project Scientist and Outreach Coordinator for the Seismology Research Laboratory at UC Santa Barbara.Dr. Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University Dr. Thalia Anagnos is a professor in the General Engineering Department at San Jose State University, where she has taught since 1984. She also serves as the co

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liping Guo, Northern Illinois University; Jingbo Han, Northern Illinois University; Andrew Wasonga Otieno, Associate Professor

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. Page 23.373.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Design and Simulation of a Sun Tracking Solar Power SystemAbstractGlobal energy consumption is dramatically increasing due to higher standard of living and theincreasing world population. The world has limited fossil and oil resources. As a consequence,the need for renewable energy sources becomes more urgent. With the fast development ofrenewable energy technology, it proposes increasing demand for the higher education. Thisproject is funded by the National Science Foundation Transforming Undergraduate Education inSTEM (TUES) program from May 2012 to April 2015. As part of the objectives of the project, asun tracking solar power

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natalya A. Koehler, Iowa State University; Charles T. Jahren P.E., Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

bridge construction project en- gineer for a construction contractor and as a research engineer for the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory in Port Hueneme, Calif. His teaching interests include construction equipment, cost estimating and con- struction process design. His research interests include highway and heavy construction methods, road maintenance methods and innovations in construction process administration. Page 23.415.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013Development of a Framework for the Online Portion of a Hybrid Engineering

Conference Session

Innovative IE Curricula

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan L. Murray, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Terri M. Lynch-Caris, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

Paper ID #6598Educating the Professional Engineer of 2020:Dr. Susan L. Murray, Missouri University of Science & Technology Susan L. Murray is a professor of engineering management and systems engineering at Missouri Univer- sity of Science and Technology. Dr. Murray received her B.S. and Ph.D. in industrial engineering from Texas A&M University. Her M.S. is also in industrial engineering from the University of Texas-Arlington. She is a professional engineer in Texas. Her research and teaching interests include human systems in- tegration, productivity improvement, human performance, safety, project management, and

Conference Session

Perspectives and Approaches to Teaching Simulation and Design-Based Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca K. Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Hossein Toghiani, Mississippi State University; Larry Everett Pearson, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

necessary flowrate,composition and property profiles. These results are uploaded using the available coursemanagement software. Students also must develop a spreadsheet where column diameter isdetermined at four different points in the column (tray below the condenser, tray above thereboiler, trays adjacent to the feed tray). This spreadsheet, if correct, is then available for themto use when sizing columns for their semester design project. The necessary data (flowrates,surface tension, vapor and liquid density) required for the diameter calculation are obtained fromtheir generated column profiles. Page 23.468.16Comprehensive Design ProjectDuring

Conference Session

Two-Year College Division Transfer Topics Part I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erin Shealy, Clemson University; Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Catherine Mobley, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Clemson University; Richard A. Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

Paper ID #7198A Descriptive Study of Engineering Transfer Students at Four Institutions:Comparing Lateral and Vertical Transfer PathwaysMs. Erin Shealy, Clemson University Erin Shealy is a master’s student studying Applied Sociology at Clemson University. Her bachelor’s degree is in Psychology, also from Clemson University. For the past two years, she has been serving as a graduate research assistant for an NSF-funded research project on engineering transfer students, part of the larger Multi Institution Database for Investigating Engineering Longitudinal Development (MIDFIELD) study.Dr. Catherine E. Brawner, Research

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Margot A Vigeant, Bucknell University; Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, approached from the perspec- tive of Human Constructivism. She has authored several publications and given numerous presentations on the generation of analogies, misconceptions, and facilitating learning in science and engineering educa- tion. She has been involved in collaborative research projects focused on conceptual learning in chemistry, chemical engineering, seismology, and astronomy. Page 23.221.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013Assessment and Repair of Critical Misconceptions in Engineering Heat Transferand ThermodynamicsAbstractThis final report from our NSF

Conference Session

Integrating Art, Humanities, and Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University (ENG); Craig A Chin, Southern Polytechnic State University; Mir M. Atiqullah, Southern Polytechnic State University; John F. Sweigart P.E., Southern Polytechnic State University; Beth Stutzmann, Southern Polytechnic State University; Wei Zhou

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

transforming theirstudent bodies from predominantly male to a 50:50 male/female ratio, and have succeeded inattracting and retaining more minority students3. One of the ways to attract and retain goodstudents is by diversifying the engineering curricula.Leading engineering schools have had success with a variety of curricular and non-curricularprograms to attract and retain engineering students3. These include out-of-class experiences, suchas undergraduate research, study-abroad programs, internships, and participation in studentorganizations and professional organizations; assignments to multidisciplinary and evenmultinational project teams; training for diversity of career paths; hands-on engineering andintegrative experiences in first year

Conference Session

New Approaches in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Singli Garcia-Otero, Virginia State University; Nasser Ghariban, Virginia State University; Fedra Adnani

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

: Eliminating the Gap in Incoming Academic Preparation”, Journal of STEM Education: Innovations & Research, May/June 2012, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p74-86.5. Adulaal R., Al-Bahi, A., Soliman, A., Iskanderani, F., “Design and Implementation of a Project-Based Active/Cooperative Engineering Design Course for Freshmen”, European Journal of Engineering Education, Aug 2011, Vol. 36 Issue 4, p391-402.6. Malik, Q., Koehler, M., Mishra, P., Buch, N., Shanblatt, M., Pierce, S., “Understanding Student Attitudes in a Freshman Design Sequence”, International Journal of Engineering Education, 2010, Vol. 26 Issue 5, p119-1191. Page 23.11.8

Conference Session

Motivation and Self-Efficacy

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hannah Kolar, Arizona State University; Adam R Carberry, Arizona State University; Ashish Amresh, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

software problems/errors 7) wire parts of a hardware system together 8) troubleshoot hardware problemsThese questions allowed us to measure mean scores of self-efficacy for individualcomputing tasks as well as an overall mean score for computing self-efficacy of studentsin STEM majors.The instrument was created and validated using both content and criterion-relatedvalidity. Content validity concerns the extent to which a measurement adequatelysamples a specific domain represented in an instrument.16-18 Content validity came byway of two resources. First, we researched past studies on the field of computing andcomputing-related self-efficacy. We used freshman computing and fused computing-engineering project class syllabi to create the

Conference Session

Delivery Methods in Mechanical Engineering Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David J. Dimas, The University of California, Irvine; Faryar Jabbari, University of California, Irvine; Jia Frydenberg, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

courses with asignificant amount of design and team project work include subsections of the course shell thatprovide access-controlled, group project collaboration and presentation functions.Study DesignIn this study three face-to-face courses in the Department of Mechanical and AerospaceEngineering with varying levels of additional online content were assessed over a three yearperiod beginning in the winter quarter of 2011 and ending in the winter of 2013. Each course is10 weeks in length and each carries 4 units or credit. The courses meet from between 3-4 hoursof lecture per week and each requires students to attend at least one 1-hour discussion per weekusually taught by graduate student teaching assistants. The courses varied in size between

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering (ME) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan C Morales, Universidad del Turabo; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

authentic engineering projects. Engineering curricula andteaching methods are often not well aligned with these goals”. Also, in a recent article thataddresses the challenges of diffusing engineering education innovations, Borrego3 states that“despite decades of effort focused on improvement of engineering education, many recentadvances have not resulted in systemic change”. In addition, the Research Council of theNational Academies’ report on transforming STEM education4 states that support is required toimplement “innovative SME&T course development that exceeds substantially the normalcourse preparation commitment“. It also states: “The authoring committee recognizes thatimplementing the visions of this report could require new funds or

Conference Session

Software Engineering Pedagogical Approaches

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John C. Georgas, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

example, identifies theimportance of ensuring that the context in which knowledge is gained matches the context inwhich the knowledge will be applied. Problem-based learning19 promotes the adoption of large-scale, open-ended problems, which is of particular importance in the context of softwareengineering education14, as it has helped give rise to the increasingly ubiquitous adoption of real-world, long-term projects in computer science and software engineering curricular programs andmotivates the importance of architectural-style learning as a pathway to better prepare studentsfor the design problems these projects entail.The idea of increasing learner engagement with the material, which our approach pursues, is alsoimportant in the context of

Conference Session

Thermal Sciences

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georg Pingen, Union University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

) 1. Lift on a Quonset Hut Design Aerodynamic Design 2. Drag effect on Shotgun BB shot Boundary Layer Flow (Handout) 3. Final Project: Bicycle Potential Flow (Handout) Aerohelmet Design/Construction Flow over a Flat Plate Bicycle Aerodynamics (Handout) IV: External Forced Convection: Flat Plate Design of a Heat Sink Convection Natural Convection V: Internal Flow Laminar/Turbulent Pipe Flow 1. Drain Cleaning Robot Flow and Heat Transfer Pipe Networks and Pumps Analysis Thermal Pipe Flow 2

Conference Session

First Year Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xingyu Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Russell Andrew Long, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Information Literacy, Computer Efficacy and Readiness

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Renee Henson, Mineral Area College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

800,000 new engineers will be needed by 2018; however, the U.S.currently graduates only one-fourth of that number. Women and minorities are potentialprospects for meeting this need because they are projected to fill approximately 70 percent of thejob market at that time. However, they currently compose only 20 percent of the existing STEMrelated job market. Consequently, it is critical for the American higher education system to Page 23.1206.3provide sufficient training to fill technical skills gaps in all students, particularly those within thegrowing populations of minority and older workers.6Nontraditional students often lack the most

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J Rust, Western New England University; Steven G Northrup, Western New England University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

semester, the studentscompleted a 12 day field experience in Guatemala, which allowed them to investigate healthcarein the region through visits to medical facilities. During these visits, the students completed aneeds assessment for the healthcare facilities, with the eventual goal of developing projects to beimplemented through the engineering senior design curriculum. Upon finishing the fieldexperience, the students completed a post-course survey that was designed to measure theirinterests and attitudes regarding global health issues. When compared with responses on a pre-course survey, the findings showed that the course and field experience resulted in increasedstudent knowledge in global health issues, confidence in developing solutions to

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Student

, Minority, and Energy Conversion and Conservation Divisions; presenting all of them with the exception of one paper in 2010 when she was double-booked. Albers most recently held the position of project coordinator for the ARRA funded Student Energy Internship Program in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department at NCSU. She mentored and coordinated 60+ interns with energy professionals in the private and public sectors and recruited interns to volunteer at Family STEM Nights. Prior to this experience, she was a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellow in K-12 Education working under the direction of Liz Parry, Dr. Laura Bottomley and Dr. Karen Hollebrands in the RAMP-UP program at NCSU. During this

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Mazloomzadeh, Florida International University; Mustafa Farhadi, Florida International University; Osama A. Mohammed, Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Florida International University(FIU) emfarhadi@gmail.comDr. Osama A. Mohammed, Florida International University Dr. Mohammed is a Professor of Electrical Engineering and is the Director of the Energy Systems Re- search Laboratory at Florida International University, Miami, Florida. He received his Master and Doc- toral degrees in Electrical Engineering from Virginia Tech in 1981 and 1983, respectively. He has per- formed research on various topics in power and energy systems as well as computational electromagnetics and design optimization in electric machines and drive systems. He performed multiple research projects for the Office of Naval Research and the Naval Surface Warfare Centers since 1995 dealing with; power

Conference Session

Research Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Tillman, The University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP)

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

efficacy in math. Thesample of second grade students and utilization of a randomized control assignment methodhelped fill missing methodological gaps, and several relationships were examined that filled inconstruct related holes. The guiding question for the current study was: Did second gradestudents who participated in a mathematics based PBL unit report higher levels of engagementcompared to students who participated in traditional, teacher directed instruction?MethodsThe current study was an examination of one piece of a two-year, multifaceted grant. Thisresearch project was a Jacob K. Javits initiative funded through the U.S. Department ofEducation that followed one cohort of students during 2nd and 3rd grade as they experienced threePBL

Conference Session

Teaching and Assessing Sustainability and Life Long Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire L. Antaya, Arizona State University; Melissa M. Bilec, University of Pittsburgh; Piervincenzo Rizzo, University of Pittsburgh; Amy E. Landis, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

around the nation areincorporating sustainability into their curriculum.The National Research Council (NRC) notes several challenges to effective undergraduateeducation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines. Thesechallenges include providing engaging laboratory, classroom and field experiences; teachinglarge numbers of students from diverse backgrounds; improving assessment of learningoutcomes; and informing science faculty about research on effective teaching3-5. Researchsuggests that team based projects can also enhance student learning in STEM fields since itpromotes active and collaborative learning while simultaneously promotes individualaccountability, personal responsibility, and communication skills2. In