Conference Session

Addressing the NGSS, Part 2 of 3: Supporting K-12 Science Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering-Science Connections, Part 2 of 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mounir Ben Ghalia, The University of Texas, Pan American; Hasina Huq, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

identified as relevant to the subjects taughtby the teachers: (i) sensors, (ii) data analysis, and (iii) design constraints. These elements werefound to be translatable to relevant educational activities that teachers would be able toimplement in their classrooms. During the weekly curriculum discussions, teachers discussedtheir research experiences and shared ideas for their learning activities with other programparticipants and the program management team. Throughout the lesson plan developmentsessions, inputs from teachers, engineering and education faculty were instrumental informulating the engineering-based learning activities.To serve as a motivation for students’ learning, each activity is expected to have an engineeringconnection that shows

Conference Session

Student Beliefs, Motivation and Self Efficacy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Bourne, Wright State University; Nathan W. Klingbeil, Wright State University; Frank W. Ciarallo, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

data showed increases in yearly retention numbers and highsatisfaction with the course from the students. Following years of success, the course was fullyincluded in the curriculum for engineering majors and continued success was apparent asretention rates among engineering majors continued to increase. As a result of these trends alongitudinal study was planned to provide greater understanding of the effects of the course.A longitudinal analysis of the effects of the EGR 101 intervention demonstrates the increase instudent performance as a result of the course.1 As summarized in figure 1, graduation rates forstudents taking EGR 101 increased significantly across ACT math scores from 18 to 30. Theseresults are for engineering students that

Conference Session

Pedagogical Approaches in Construction Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Nicholas II, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Don Chen, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Construction

] Page 24.428.2These findings echo a trend toward more inductive or project based learning that has been Page 1 of 10documented in recent literature. [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12] As such, new models are required to movethe STEM disciplines forward.Finger, et al. informs that rarely does a professor or a company plan to use the results generatedfrom an engineering project performed by engineering student groups. Furthermore, the studentswork in an unstructured environment even if project roles have been assigned. [13] In addition,collaborative work or team assignments are frequently completed by students workingindependently during the project and combining work near

Conference Session

Virtual and Online Learning Tools in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason M. Keith, Mississippi State University; Liz Rayfield, Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University; Niraj Kashinath Palsule, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

about solar energy as well.Also, exposure to various databases used as references in the modules would probably increasethe critical thinking of students. The information that students would gain would be beneficialfor them while preparing reports, presentations and projects during their entire engineering study.To give an example, the module titled Greenhouse Gas Emissions contains the Emissions &Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) database as a reference. This database isgenerated by EPA and is contains data related to the output, corresponding emissions andresource mix of power plants across the United States.Future DirectionsOur module development is in the initial stages and we plan to achieve the following objectivesin the

Conference Session

WIED: Curricular Undergraduate Student Programs

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, Petroleum Institute; Nausheen PashaZaidi, The Petroleum Institute

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

course is more of a theoretical approach with computer simulation andanalysis. Both are core courses to be taken in succession. The overall aim of the STEPSprogram is to introduce and expose students to the engineering design process andintegrate a range of skills and competencies that will simulate project management andreal-world design activities in a professional engineering environment.Teams of students are required to respond to hypothetical client specifications bydesigning, managing and presenting technically feasible solutions rooted in real worldengineering problems. Teamwork, organization, planning, research skills, and problemsolving are essential for success in the STEPS courses. All students are actively engaged

Conference Session

Summer and Cohort Programs for Minorities: Student Success

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin, Jackson State University; Qing Pang, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. A learning communityatmosphere is created as the students are housed together in a dormitory and evening andweekend activities are planned. Periodic visits to engineering employers are arranged for thecohort. The students meet upper class and graduate engineering students, alumni from previoussummer cohorts provide formal lectures and all expenses (tuition, room and board, and books)are paid from a US Department of Education Title III grant. Two previous papers by the authorsprovided some of these data that are included herein for completeness. Results in the papersindicate that one, two, and three year retention rates were increased by 22%, 25%, and 29%respectively when compared with students in the identical ACT Math score group (17-25

Conference Session

New Teaching Methods in Mechanics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul S. Steif, Carnegie Mellon University; Anna Dollar, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

feedback on their practice.How might instructors encourage use of such a resource, if viewed as potentially valuable, in acourse that contains other standard learning resources, such as lecture, homework, and so forth?Can we move away from the model in which all students are assigned the same amount of work,regardless of how they perform, and instead give them the opportunity to self-regulate theirlearning? In the model of Zimmerman and Schunk6, self-regulatory learning involves a three-step process of planning, practicing, and evaluation for students to follow to independentlymonitor their learning. Learning resources that offer feedback may provide the evaluation uponwhich students can gauge their own learning and then choose to undertake

Conference Session

Graduate Ethics Education & Professional Codes

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nael Barakat, Grand Valley State University; Nadia Sunny, Grand Valley State University; Md Mehedi Hasan, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

from her employer in 2009, 2011 and 2012 for successful project management. Her areas of work and research interest are device design and regulation on medical devices.Mr. Md Mehedi Hasan, Grand Valley State University I have been working as a research assistant in supply-demand planning of Lithium-ion batteries for electric drive vehicles while pursuing my MS in Product Design & Manufacturing Engineering in Grand Valley State University. I pursued my bachelor in Industrial & Production Engineering from Bangladesh Uni- versity of Engineering & Technology in 2012. My areas of interests are manufacturing processes, quality management, supply chain management etc

Conference Session

Teaching Statics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Devin R. Berg, University of Wisconsin - Stout

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

previouslymentioned, when comparing the LMS dropbox submissions with the Titter posts, it was foundthat the Twitter posts in general contained more simplistic analysis of a given situation. However,the ensuing discussion surrounding a post was often more meaningful and timely than waspossible with the LMS submissions.As a result of this experience, it is planned to continue the use of this form of journalingassignment in future offerings of this course as well as in other similar courses. The submissionmethod used for these assignments will continue to be the Twitter platform for benefits ofreal-time communication and automation of the collection and distribution process. One of thefuture goals for this work is to use these assignments to encourage students

Conference Session

ETAC, ABET, & STEM Programs

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, relevant topicsthat are covered and expected learning outcomes. Page 24.564.4Module 1: Introduction to Quartus II Software Design SeriesThis introductory module describes FPGA as a new design platform for digital systems, it alsoprovides extensive training on how to use Quartus® II development software to develop anFPGA or CPLD [10]. Students will be able able to create a new project, enter in new or existingdesign files, and compile their design. Students will learn how to plan and manage I/Oassignments and apply timing analysis of design to achieve design goals using Quartus® IIdevelopment software.Module 2: Numbering SystemsThis module introduces

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hong Huang, Wright State University; Steven R. Higgins, Department of Chemistry, Wright State University; Aaron Joseph Blake, Wright State University, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering; Jason Allen Deibel, Wright State University; Ioana Sizemore, Wright State University, Department of Chemistry

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

theimprovement of the laboratory design. Based on the students’ feedback received in fall 2012, theinvestigators improved the Power Point presentations and standard operating procedures (SOPs),and further made some adjustments on laboratory planning and scheduling. As a result, theratings were improved in fall 2013.Figure 5 displays the histogram showing the class ratings of each laboratory module obtained infall 2013. Eight out of the twelve labs for Q2-Q4 were rated around 9.5 out of 10 manifesting thestudents’ true interest and good experiences with the novel, high-quality nanolab course. Page 24.575.7According to students’ comments, the relative low

Conference Session

Student Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Patsavas; Barrett S. Caldwell, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Student

knowledge domainsremains a challenging task from both knowledge development and systems engineering processmodeling perspectives. However, the longitudinal examination (as well as my ongoingintrospection) regarding “Simulating Kelly” as an engineering process has helped to provide bothpersonal benefits and research outcomes. In addition, it is hoped that the student’s experienceprovides useful insights regarding the valuable role of research apprenticeships forundergraduate engineering students, regardless of their future industry, graduate education, orengineering domain career development plans. Page 24.584.6References 1. Caldwell, B. S. (2013

Conference Session

Materials Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Joseph Stuart P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology; Natalie Rachel Sheffield, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

videos are used to help clarify a topic, it should be limited to two to five minutes in length. If there is something that is very complex then iy can be stretched another minute or two, but generally no longer than five minutes total. Our team is now working on expanding a database of brief videos that we can all pull from to clarify the ‘Muddiest Points’. These can be made right in the classroom with a student or teachers assistant as the lecturing person giving a PowerPoint explanation. If the video is focused and on point then this method is very effective. Another tool that the team is planning on incorporating into their JTF project is a Pencast. A Pencast is a ‘smart pen’ that connects with a computer so

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Erick Jacob Nefcy, Oregon State University; Debra M. Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Jaynie L. Whinnery, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

appropriately addressed. The instructorfeedback is carefully calibrated to engage the students in identifying the gaps in their currentdesign and to direct their thinking on how they can address those gaps rather than simplycorrecting errors in the students’ approach. The team must have its design approved (typicallyafter a revision) before they are allowed to run experiments in the virtual laboratory. Page 24.603.4The team then undergoes the process of iterative experimental design by planning experiments,analyzing data, developing models, and identifying strategies. This process is punctuated by aTeam Update Meeting (TUM

Conference Session

FPD 3: Retention

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Warren Bucks, University of Cincinnati; Kathleen A. Ossman, University of Cincinnati; Jeff Kastner, University of Cincinnati; F. James Boerio, University of Cincinnati; Joni A. Torsella, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

exposing them to open-ended problems, hands-on activities,and communication skills. Data from the co-op employer surveys will be analyzed to compareperformance in the first co-op term of the students who took the common first-year courses to thestudents that did not.Discussions are ongoing between faculty in Engineering, Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistryto develop a common set of practices within all first-year STEM courses. The first step is thedevelopment of a common report structure so that students are exposed to a single set ofguidelines. Future plans involve the adoption of common technology platforms and matchingschedules so that topic delivery is more cohesive.ConclusionThe results from student surveys and the retention data show that

Conference Session

Computing in the First Year

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sally J. Steadman, University of South Alabama; Gail D. Jefferson, University of South Alabama; Tom G. Thomas, University of South Alabama; Kuang-Ting Hsiao, University of South Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

the group members found the exercise to be an interestingchallenge. These groups contained two pairs of twins, which were separated into differentgroups.Group strategies for meeting design specifications have been strikingly different. Some groupsprefer to just start putting parts together and writing code, refining as they go, and other groupsdo significant planning before beginning to build any hardware. The interesting thing is thatboth approaches are generally successful.After the first day, it is difficult to get the students to leave at the end of the day. It is obviousthat they find working with the Mindstorms to be interesting and challenging. It is surprisinghow quickly all the students learn LabVIEW and how quickly they learn to

Conference Session

Integrating Engineering & Liberal Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dara R. Fisher, Harvard University; Aikaterini Bagiati, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Sanjay E. Sarma, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

-curricularmultidisciplinary design program established in 19954. Through this program, student follow afive-stage approach to an engineering design project to respond to the needs of a communitypartner such as a museum, school, community center, or another service organization4. As aresult of participation in this program, students report that they develop skills in leadership,communication, and project planning, as well as an increased resolve to pursue a degree inengineering4. Other studies of engineering co-curricular service and development projects –such as Borg and Zitomer’s research on student solar water pump projects5 or Amadei,Sandekian, and Thomas’ model for undergraduate experience in sustainable humanitarianengineering design6 – have shown positive

Conference Session

Program and Curriculum Design Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

supply-demands trends are discussed. The status of the oil industry in the UAE is emphasized and the roles of the various disciplines in the industry will be introduced.ENGR 101 course frameworkTo be successful in engineering studies, it is important to plan and commit student’sacademic goals. Student must become a self-motivated learner and gain a repertoire ofskills to adapt to academic demands and expectations (Landis, 2013). This transformationwill occur when a student take control of their education. The purpose of this course is tofacilitate development of appropriate behaviors and attitudes as they relate to thefollowing areas: (1) orientation to PI; (2) community building; (3) professionaldevelopment; (4) academic

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Fries, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville; Ryan W. Krauss, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

%), process(+250%), solution (+200%), and solve (+192%) as shown in Figure 1. There were also Page 24.150.4increases in terms that include use (+136%), idea (+133%), people (+133%), and math (+100%.)Only modest increases were found in the terms life, make, new, improve, world, and design.On the contrary, students used certain words less after completing the course, indicating that theyunderstood that engineers are more active in the planning and specification of a solution ratherthan the actual construction activities. Specifically, students decreased their use of build (-74%),structure (-67%), construct (-25%), and create (-13%). Note that

Conference Session

Robotics and Automation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren Rosen, Drexel University (Eng.); Yalcin Ertekin, Drexel University (Engineering Tech); M. Eric Carr, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the car traverses the course and again breaks thelaser beam. Elapsed time is shown on a monitor in real time as the car runs the course (see Figure5b). Each car has a chance to run several trials and the car with the lowest individual time is thewinner.Figure 4. Racecourse used for the project. Page 24.153.8Figure 5. a) Start of a race. The Christmas tree, which provides the starting sequence, can be seenon the right. b) Race timer showing elapsed time.ResultsThe project was used in the fall of 2013 in an introductory engineering technology course. Sevenstudents participated; these were a mix of students who planned either a concentration inelectrical engineering technology

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nausheen Pasha-Zaidi, The Petroleum Institute; Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

engineering, and computer aided design. This programrequires teams of students to respond to client specifications by designing, managing andpresenting technically feasible solutions to real-world problems. Teamwork,organization, planning, research skills, and problem solving are essential for success. Allstudents are actively engaged in teamwork and solving open-ended problems usingmethodical approaches and state-of-the-art design and communications tools. During thesemester, students also regularly present the results of their project work using oral,written and graphical communication skills. The progress and development of each teamproject and each student's contribution is closely monitored and evaluated by qualifiedengineering design experts

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Finelli, University of Michigan; Maura J. Borrego, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

taxonomy firm, we drafted multiple versions of the taxonomy. The sixth/currentversion of the taxonomy includes 14 categories and five levels of organization for the 452 terms. Nextsteps involve validating and finalizing the taxonomy and disseminating it.We are hopeful that the taxonomy will be used broadly. Researchers and community members will beable to use the taxonomy to situate individual research initiatives in the broader field, see connectionswith others, and plan future work. Journal editors will be able to use the taxonomy to organize relatedresearch areas and to create a reviewer database. Funding agencies will be able to use the taxonomy toclassify research portfolios, identify areas for capacity building, frame solicitations, and

Conference Session

Promoting Technological Literacy

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; George Roskovich, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

, teachers are noticing a greater percentage of studentshaving difficulty understanding key concepts from difficult coursework. Tyler DeWitt, highschool teacher and Ph.D. student at MIT, noticed this phenomenon occurring with his highschool chemistry students. As he taught the class, some of his favorite topics in chemistry, henoticed students did not understand the content, regardless of prescribed book reading and wellthought out lesson plans. He became aware that even his top students were failing to understandkey concepts. In response, he developed a style of teaching that is designed to engage students,making the subject matter more fun for the audience. This dialogue can be found in the TEDTalk titled “Hey Science Teachers: Make it Fun!” 5

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip J. Parker P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Ben Bocher, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Austin Polebitski, University of Wisconsin Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

atapproximately 90% when “neutral” responses were included. Even though students found thegrading scheme to be more demanding than they were accustomed to, many still saw its value;one student wrote “Labs were graded harshly, but grading system has potential.” (studentunderline). Results were similar for the junior- and senior-level. WCBG has the potential tosave time as student work improves throughout the semester and by allowing the faculty memberto perform ABET assessment of writing competency concurrently with grading the lab. Allauthors plan to incorporate the aforementioned improvements and use WCBG in the upcomingsemester in courses that have a lab component

Conference Session

Topics in Computing and Information Technologies

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Quan Do, New Mexico State University; Rajeev K. Agrawal, North Carolina A&T State University; Dhana Rao; Venkat N Gudivada, Marshall University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

. Page 24.221.9Our future research direction is multifold. First, we will implement the strategy design pattern sothat our system can work with databases which are managed by MySQL, Oracle, and MicrosoftSQL Server. The second one involves generating natural language description of an autogenerated SQL query using textual generation algorithms. Third, we plan to extend the approachto generate multiple choice questions. Fourth, we will measure the effect of the Web-basedsystem on student learning by having control and experimental groups.References [1] ABET, Inc. www.abet.org/index.aspx, August 2013. Last checked: 5 August 2013. [2] M. Al-Yahya. OntoQue: A question generation engine for educational assesment based on domain ontologies. In

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jumoke Oluwakemi Ladeji-Osias, Morgan State University; Anita M. Wells, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

 Dr. Ayo’s class exhibiting what she suspects are signs of substance abuse – the student’s eyes are red and the student is incoherent and listless.Questions ­ The following questions were provided to guide the small group discussions.What are your initial reactions to the scenario? How would you respond in this situation? If you were tospeak with the student, what might you say? With whom would you want to consult? Do you need todocument your interventions? Is there anyone you would want to inform? What are some possiblepitfalls of your approach? What would be your “plan B” if your initial course of action was not effective?Large group discussionAfter the small group discussions, participants reported to the larger group. Many faculty

Conference Session

Construction Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ifte Choudhury, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

sq. ft. Data on different variables was collected for the samebuilding, assumed to be constructed in all the selected locations. Data collection forbuildings using BIPV roof tiles was done using SAM.Annual incident energy striking a roof surface is a function of solar altitude and azimuthangles. SAM selected the part of the roof that would contribute to energy savings whenBIPV roof tiles were installed. Figure 1 shows the roof area selected by SAM for thispurpose. Cost comparison was done based on only this part of the roof. Figure 1. Roof plan of prototype building showing the location of BIPV roof tilesVariablesEnergy savings (ENERGY): These are the net savings in electrical energy costs for abuilding using BIPV systems, during

Conference Session

Impact of Community Engagement on Communities

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Kubicki, The Pavlis Institute for Global Technological Leadership; Laura Lynn Lynch, Pavlis Institute for Global Technological Leadership; Robert O. Warrington Jr., Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

a strategic plan for clinic use in the region.A medical team composed of staff from a district hospital was the first to take the clinic into thefield (along with the institute team). The team included a clinical laboratory scientist, midwife,two community nurses, three nurses for vitals and shots, two pharmacists, an insurance agent,and driver. The hospital’s doctor led and organized this team. He was also the one to develop themost effective strategy for seeing patients in periphery villages. For five days, the leadershipinstitute team worked with the medical team to observe how the clinic was being used and togather ideas for improvement. Each morning, the van was stocked with supplies for the day,which included medication, malaria rapid

Conference Session

Summer and Cohort Programs for Minorities: Student Success

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darryl Dickerson, Purdue University; Freddy Solis, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Virginia Booth Womack, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tasha Zephirin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carol S. Stwalley, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

scheduledwith academic activities while students receive relative flexibility to plan their weekends. Theacademic component of the program consists of non-credit bearing course equivalents toChemistry I, Calculus I, English, and Matlab programming, which are gateway courses of thefreshman year. These courses are taught at an accelerated pace by professors or graduateteaching assistants, preparing students for the cultural shift to life in a college classroom.Table 1: Sample week in the engineering summer bridge program. Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday PREP CLASS PREP CLASS PREP CLASS PREP CLASS PREP CLASS 8:00 - 8:20 8:00 - 8:20 8:00

Conference Session

FPD 11: Culminating Considerations

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John A. Mirth, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; John P Iselin, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

and supported by theMechanical Engineering program. As such, only the course sections taught by MechanicalEngineering faculty participate in this project.The limited participation is necessary due to the limited access to the prototyping equipment.The course instructor works with the students to download and print the prototypes. Eachprototype requires 5-8 hours of print time. With careful planning, 3 complete prototypes can beprinted within a 24 hour period. Most of the prototypes are printed in the final week of thecourse, so the maximum production is approximately 21 complete blowers (which requires thecourse instructor to be available on the last weekend as well). Fortunately, a few groups printtheir models early (end of second to last