Conference Session

Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado, Boulder; Bailey Renee Leppek, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kara E. Gray, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

photography students, plus students from art history, film, and journalism. In contrast tomany other art/science courses, the artists do not contribute only art to their joint projects, nor do the engineerscontribute only technical assistance. Instead, the engineers are expected to be artists, with aesthetic control overtheir work, while both the art students and the engineers are expected to preserve the scientific utility of theirimages of fluid flow by providing accurate documentation of the flow and imaging process. There are severalother unusual aspects of this course. All assignments are open-ended: students are not given explicitrequirements or instructions to use specific flows or visualization techniques. Instead they are provided with

Conference Session

Before and After: Matriculants and Alumni

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xingyu Chen, Purdue University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Venters, Virginia Tech; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Virginia Tech Engineering Communication Center. Her research includes interdisciplinary collaboration, commu- nication studies, identity theory, and reflective practice. Projects supported by the National Science Foun- dation include interdisciplinary pedagogy for pervasive computing design, writing across the curriculum in statics courses, and a CAREER award to explore the use of e-portfolios to promote professional identity and reflective practice. Her teaching emphasizes the roles of engineers as communicators and educators, the foundations and evolution of the engineering education discipline, assessment methods, and evaluating communication in engineering.Dr. Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech Marie C. Paretti is

Conference Session

Potpouri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nehal I. Abu-lail, Washington State University; Fatin Aliah Phang, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Ashley Ater Kranov, ABET; Khairiyah Mohd-Yusof, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia; Robert G. Olsen, Washington State University; Rochelle Letrice Williams, ABET; Azizan Zainal Abidin, Universiti Teknologi Petronas

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Compatibility and Radio Science. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012Dr. Rochelle Letrice Williams, ABET Rochelle Williams recently joined the ABET headquarters staff as Educational Research and Assessment Manager in the Professional Services Department. In this role, Williams manages ABET’s educational of- ferings on a global scale and leads technical education research projects. Prior to joining ABET, Williams held two positions at Baton Rouge Community College: Science Laboratory Manager and Adjunct Fac- ulty in the Mathematics Department. In addition, Williams has worked closely with the National Sci- ence Foundation’s Next Generation Composites Crest Center at Southern University

Conference Session

ChemE Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; John L. Falconer, University of Colorado, Boulder; David L. Silverstein, University of Kentucky; Ronald L. Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, including: highlights of AIChE Concept Warehouse news, added questions, new tutorials and comments about submitted questions. Search View, filter, and search for questions. Then, select question(s) for use in class. Organize, group, download (MS Power Point, MS Word), or assign (via projection in-class or Manage Tests sent to student laptops or smartphones) ConcepTests. Confidence and short answer explanation prompts can be added to questions during assignment. ConcepTests View information after questions have been answered, including all or a

Conference Session

Factors Impacting Engineering Career Choices, Including Engaging Families

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Massi, University of Central Florida; Charles H. Reilly, University of Central Florida; Diane Johnson, University of Central Florida; Leslie Castner, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

interest and preparedness. Along with teaching seventh grade science, she is now giving workshops to middle school teachers demonstrat- ing how to incorporate more STEM-based learning into the curriculum. She is also one of the coordinators for Expanding Your Horizons, sponsored by the College of Engineering and Computer Science at Uni- versity of Central Florida, an annual conference that encourages middle school age girls to realize their potential in science, technology, engineering, and math.Leslie Castner, University of Central Florida Leslie Castner graduated from Duke University with a B.S. in computer science. She worked for IBM as a software developer on projects for the FAA and the petroleum industry. She is

Conference Session

FPD IX: Research on First-year Programs Part III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Federica Robinson-Bryant, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

this study. The course is designed to introduce students to engineering and its manydisciplines. It leans heavily on communication, teamwork and technical skill through designtasks, computational analyses and research-based projects while also attesting to the importanceof crucial soft skills often unrecognized by young engineering students. Each section averaged27 students, with one student assistant assigned to each. All courses were taught by a singleinstructor using the group blog format within the Blackboard interface for the first half of thecourse only (approximately 8 weeks).3.2 ParticipantsStudents were generally first-year students enrolled in one of several engineering programsoffered at the University. Although specific majors vary

Conference Session

Tablets Large and Small

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

added benefit of recording student responses and using it toquickly learn student names can become a handy assistive technology. With several new featuresbeing incorporated, Pikme with added functionalities has the potential to become an essentialtool in classrooms.AcknowledgementsMajority of the Pikme app development efforts were headed by Ryan Sikorski as part of hissenior year student project at Rowan University Mechanical Engineering Department. MichaelGoldberg assisted in the initial stages of the app development, while Robert Sheridan, AlexanderRedfield and Justin Litowitz were involved in the latest update. Pikme was developed usingfunding from the Rowan University’s Mechanical Engineering Department

Conference Session

Innovatiive Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michel A. Reece, Morgan State University; Tracy R. Rone, Institute for Urban Research, Morgan State University; Carl White, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

ofOccupational Statistics and Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2002, Vol.125, No. 5.[4] May, G. S., Chubin, D. E., “A Retrospective on Undergraduate Engineering Success forUnderrepresented Minority Students,” Journal of Engineering Education, January 2003.[5] Treisman, U., “Studying Students Studying Calculus: A Look at the lives of minoritymathematics students in college”, The College Mathematics Journal, Vol. 23, o. 5, pp. 362-372. Page 25.730.12[6] Bonsangue, M., “An efficacy study of the calculus workshop model,” CBMS Issues inCollegiate Mathematics Education, Vol. 4, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI,1994. pp. 117

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson P.E., Bucknell University; David Kelley, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.11. Nauhaus and S. Lord, “Know Your Lab Stuff: Laboratory Proficiency Exam for an Introductory Circuits Class,” Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.12. K. Saunders, J. Shanks, S. Mallapragada, M. Griffin, C. Glatz, and M.. Huba, “Using Rubrics to Facilitate Students’ Development of Problem Solving Skills,” Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.13. M. Parten, “Semester Long Projects in Electrical and Computer Engineering Laboratories,” Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition.14. J. Kang-Meiler

Conference Session

ETD Design I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Border, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to accomplish labs within a reasonable amount of time. However,experience has shown that since the simulations are executed on Windows XP computers withina laboratory shared with a wide variety of actively used software applications, unexpectedinterruptions due to computer freezes (etc.) can occur and spoil an unsuspecting student's work.Future work will concentrate on moving the lab work in two directions. One direction is to takea few portions within this material and move them into the program's sophomore year electronicsdigital logic course. An example would be to use encoding schemes such as AMI or NRZI as thebasis for digital logic projects. This will help students better understand the interrelationbetween areas of electronic

Conference Session

Ethical Cases and Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu, St.Joseph’s College; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Site) Hypothetical Case 8. Human Subjects (RCR Role Plays) (Web Page on this Site) Open-Ended Scenario 9. Hazardous Substances (RCR Role Plays) (Web Page on this Site) Open-Ended Scenario 10. Conflict of Interest (RCR Role Plays) (Web Page on this Site) Open-Ended Scenario 11. Whistleblowing - Professional Relationships (RCR Role Plays) (Web Page on this Site) Open-Ended Scenario 12. The Extended Project (Web Page on this Site) Hypothetical Case Page 25.836.14

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Onursal Onen, University of South Florida; Rasim Guldiken, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

future directions and a section to which students writetheir comments on. The content of the lecture will be listed in the next section, followed by themethod and results of survey including student comments. In the last section, the effectivenessand outcomes of the lecture will be discussed based on the results followed by planned futurework. Page 25.850.4Lecture ContentThe microfluidics lecture was based on a presentation with 60 PowerPoint slides includingintroduction to microfluidics and scaling laws, basic theory, design methods, state-of-the-artapplications, current and projected market and career opportunities. The content covered

Conference Session

Topics in Computer Science and Programming

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Talbert, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

in the traditional Page 25.883.2classroom are largely left to figure this out on their own.The inverted classroomThe STEM disciplines include notable exceptions to the traditional classroom model. Laboratorycomponents to courses typically expect students to complete preparatory readings and exercisesbefore lab, and then the lab time is spent assimilating what they have read through hands-onactivities in the presence of a guide. Courses designed using project- or problem-based learning1extend this methodology sometimes to an entire course. STEM courses designed along theselines show evidence of being highly effective in preparing learners

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Warren, Kansas State University; Xiongjie Dong, Kansas State University; Tim J. Sobering, Kansas State University; Jason Yao, East Carolina University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Director, Tim’s vision was realized as the laboratory came online and assumed the responsibility for supporting the instrumentation needs of research programs across all of K-State.Dr. Jason Yao, East Carolina University Jianchu (Jason) Yao received a Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Kansas State University in 2005. He is currently an associate professor of engineering at East Carolina University. His research inter- ests include wearable medical devices, elehealthcare, bioinstrumentation, control systems, and biosignal processing. His educational research interests are laboratory/project-driven learning and integration of re- search into undergraduate education. Yao is a member of the American Society of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olufunmilola Atilola, Texas A&M University; Cheryl Osterman; Francisco Vides, Texas A&M University; Erin M. McTigue, Texas A&M University; Julie S. Linsey, Texas A&M University; Tracy Hammond, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

. The focus group discussion showed that thestudents really liked the program; they mostly appreciated the instant feedback and they said thatMechanix motivated them to move on to more problems when they saw that they hadsuccessfully solved the previous ones.IntroductionThe Mechanix software is an innovative and efficient computer-based educational tool developedto teach engineering students the fundamentals of truss mechanics and design. It provides avisual aid for students to solve problems and it is able to guide (tutor) them through the processof solving a truss design by providing immediate and intelligent feedback and guidance.The objective of this project is to evaluate and improve on the Mechanix program whilemeasuring its effectiveness

Conference Session

Social Media and In-class Technology: Creating Active Learning Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Patrick Hogan, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Dan Cernusca, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2012-4852: MILLENNIALS PERCEPTION OF USING CLICKER TOSUPPORT AN ACTIVE CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT: AN EARLY ADOP-TION PERSPECTIVEDr. John Patrick Hogan, Missouri University of Science & Technology John P. Hogan is an Associate Professor of geology in the Department of Geological Sciences and Engi- neering at the Missouri University of Science and Technology. He received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in geology in 1990 and 1984 from Virginia Tech. He also holds a B.S. in geology from the University of New Hampshire. His research interests include igneous petrology, structural geology, and tectonics. He has active projects in Maine, Oklahoma, Missouri, Egypt, and southern Africa. He is also interested in enhancing

Conference Session

Global Engineering Models: Curriculum Development, Improvements, and Partnerships

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Teri Kristine Reed, Purdue University, West Lafayette; P.K. Imbrie, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Qu Jin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Joe J.J. Lin, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

International

Pur- due University. He holds B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in aerospace engineering from Texas A&M University. His research interests include educational research, solid mechanics, experimental mechanics, microstructural evaluation of materials, and experiment and instrument design. He has been involved with various research projects sponsored by NSF, NASA, and AFOSR, ranging from education-related issues to traditional research topics in the areas of elevated temperature constitutive modeling of monolithic super alloys and environmental effects on titanium based metal matrix composites. His current research inter- ests include epistemologies, assessment, and modeling of student learning, student success

Conference Session

Innovations in Computing Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hassan Rajaei, Bowling Green State University; Eman A. Aldakheel, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

 ultimately uses IaaS utilities. In addition, the project identified different levels of difficulties in courses to explore more than one layer of cloud services.  Figure 4: The proposed CBE­CS architecture mapping Computer Science courses to the  Cloud architecture (courses appearing in multiple layers have different levels). Moving  from  the  SaaS  layer  to  the  PaaS  reflects  the  increase  in  the  depth,  difficulty,  and complexity of a course. Likewise, the move from PaaS to IaaS indicates complexity of a course  Page 25.318.8with  respect  to  the  needs  for  details  in  VM  configuration,  networking

Conference Session

FPD IX: Research on First-year Programs Part III

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin A.M. Hensel Ed.D., West Virginia University; Todd R. Hamrick Ph.D., West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

facilitate some students’ successful path through the Calculus sequence andultimately through an engineering major to graduation. Page 25.334.9REFERENCES1. Hart, B.G.; Holloman, T.l.; Oapos; Connor, C.A. A Calculus Retention Program for Students at Risk in Engineering. Frontiers in Education Conference, 1995. Proceedings, 1995.2. Lowery, Andrew, Steve Kane, Vicki Kane, Robin Hensel, Gary Ganser. Joint Math-Engineering Projects to Facilitate Calculus Success in First Year Students. The 2010 ASEE Conference and Exposition, June 20- 23, 2010, Louisville, KY. Proceedings, 2010.3. Tsang, E., Halderson, C., Kallen, K. Work In

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deepika Sangam, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

were most difficult? Explain. 3. In your opinion, what is the most effective way to learn electricity concepts? For example, you can consider: textbooks, web-based simulation, lecture and discussion, projects, and problem practice.To determine the relationship between student perception and performance, we used studentresponses for question #1 to compute a perception score (p-score). Representative responsesranged from “difficult because hard to visualize” to “no it is just formula based.” Mostrespondents mentioned that it had been a long while since they last encountered electric circuitconcepts or problems. We assigned p-score=0 for responses such “yes it is difficult …”, p-score=1 for responses like “it is somewhat difficult

Conference Session

Middle School Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Courtney A. Peckens, University of Michigan; Jerome Peter Lynch, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

foundation for thegeometric concepts that were previously introduced (see Table 1).The final course module in the program introduces another branch of civil engineering with afocus on strength of materials. To establish the subject, the students discuss the choice ofmaterial for construction of civil infrastructure with emphases on the factors that engineersconsider when choosing materials for construction for their projects. To further demonstrate theproperties of the materials, the students explore the compressive strength of clay through a small-scale stress-strain test12. Once the test is complete, the students plot their results on a scatter plotto determine the slope, or modulus of elasticity, of their stress-strain curve. To demonstrate

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aditya Johri, Virginia Tech; Hon Jie Teo, Virginia Tech; Jenny L. Lo, Virginia Tech; Asta B. Schram, Virginia Tech; Monique S. Dufour, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Social Networking Sites and other Technologies. Pew Internet & American Life Project 2011 10. Hargittai, E. & Litt, E. (2011). The Tweet Smell of Celebrity Success: Explaining Twitter Adoption among a Diverse Group of Young Adults. New Media & Society, 13(5), 824-842. 11. Hembrooke, H. & Gay, G. (2003). The laptop and the lecture: The effects of multitasking in learning environments. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 15, 46-64. 12. Finin, T., Java, A., Song, X., & Tseng, B.. 2007. Why we twitter: understanding microblogging usage and communities. In Proceedings of the 9th WebKDD and 1st SNA-KDD 2007 workshop on Web mining and social network analysis (WebKDD/SNA-KDD ’07). ACM

Conference Session

Focus on Elementary

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ming-Chien Hsu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Senay Purzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

work too well, she might want to make a few better more changes than she did  He improved it  He was fixing his project he was redoing it to make it not break the eggTest Testing out the prototypes  You don't know if it works if you don't test them. built  He tested the test version…. So he can see what he needs to addDocument Taking notes of what  He wrote a report about it… So that ummm everybody ideas came up and what else knows. was

Conference Session

Android TA: Course Automation and the Fate of the Professor

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

King To Hung, Brigham Young University; Fernando Fonseca, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

financially. The financial situation was projected to retirement:65 years of age. The analysis used a timeline from year zero to year 47. Year zero represents thebeginning of age 18 (presumably when a person graduates from high school). Year 47 representsthe end of a person’s 65th year of age, (or the end of a person’s career). Three sets of analyses Page 25.43.7were performed: 1) simple cash flow; 2) 5% of annual income was invested in some low-riskinvestment, such as a mutual fund, and yields 12% overall annual return; and 3) 10% of annualincome was invested in some low-risk investment, such as a mutual fund, and yields 12% overallannual return

Conference Session

Best of the NEE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian M. Wade, U.S. Military Academy; Robert J. Rabb, U.S. Military Academy; R. Clayton McVay, U.S. Military Academy; Peter Hanlon, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, andfundamental design knowledge to complete capstone design projects requiring dynamicmodeling and control expertise. The course is multidisciplinary and is conducted as a jointoffering with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and theDepartment of Civil and Mechanical Engineering.The Thermal-Fluids course devotes 3.0 credit hours to engineering topics of which 2.5 credits areallotted to engineering science and 0.5 credits are allotted to design. The course is the secondcourse in a three-part course engineering sequence that non-engineer majors must take as aninstitutional requirement. The purpose of the three course sequence is to give the students abasic engineering understanding, but more importantly to help them learn

Conference Session

Improving IE Course Content

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leonardo Bedoya-Valencia, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Nebojsa I. Jaksic, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

AC 2012-5126: AN EXERCISE FOR IMPROVING THE MODELING ABIL-ITIES OF STUDENTS IN AN OPERATIONS RESEARCH COURSEDr. Leonardo Bedoya-Valencia, Colorado State University, Pueblo Leonardo Bedoya-Valencia is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Engineering at Colorado State University, Pueblo. He received his M.Sc. in system engineering and his Ph.D. in engineering manage- ment from the National University of Colombia and Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Va, respectively. His research interests include scheduling, operations research, and modeling and simulation in health care and energy planning. He has participated in several funded projects through various sources such as NASA, the Department of Homeland Security

Conference Session

Mechanics Concepts II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaobin Le P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology ; Richard L. Roberts, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Ali Reza Moazed, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Anthony William Duva, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

and discussion will be presented.According to the survey, students favored the application of SolidWorks in these two coursesand would like to see more integration of this tool for a greater understanding of the concepts inStatics and Strength of Materials.2. Program Description Wentworth Institute of Technology remains committed to academic excellence byproviding a hands-on, practical education to the future leaders in the disciplines of engineering,technology, design, and management. The Baccalaureate programs of Mechanical Engineeringand Mechanical Engineering Technology in the Department of Mechanical Engineering andTechnology at Wentworth Institute of Technology is a cooperative education and projected-based program in which there

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State University; Masud Salimian, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

conceptual discussions.Problem definitionTo overcome that deficiency, to improve teaching, and enhance learning of students, instructorshave over time developed novel and innovative concepts [7] that include, but are not limited, to: 1. Course projects Page 25.231.2 2. Software assignments 3. Journal reading and research 4. Online help, class handouts, and other ancillary materials.However, most of such efforts rely on instructor’s experience and his/ her desire and initiative toimprove teaching skills. Since many OR instructors are not familiar enough with the vastresources available in the area of student learning, they usually do not

Conference Session

Understanding Our Students I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle B. Reed, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

one’s perception about one’s own abilities. Toassist in measuring self-efficacy, Carberry et al.5 validated an instrument based on 36 questionsto measure self-efficacy in engineering design tasks. Their measure does not apply as well to Page 25.232.4task-specific concepts and they state that further study is needed on how self-efficacy relates tocognitive learning outcomes in engineering education.In contrast to much of the literature that has focused on student’s confidence in general terms,such as their ability to succeed in a course or on a complex design project, this paper focuses onself-efficacy in the face of specific problems that are