Conference Session

Measurement Tools

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura L. Pauley, Pennsylvania State University; Jonna M. Kulikowich, Pennsylvania State University; Nell Sedransk, National Institute of Statistical Sciences; Renata Engel, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Lord, F.M., Novick, M.R., (1968), Statistical theories of mental test scores. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.14 McDonald, R.P. (1999), Test theory: A unified treatment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.15 Masters, G.N. (1982), “A Rasch model for partial credit scoring,” Psychometrika 47: 149-174.16 Samejima, F. (1969), “Estimation of ability using a response pattern of graded scores,” Psychometrika Monograph.17 Mislevy, R. J., Verhelst, N. (1990), “Modeling item responses when different persons employ different solutionstrategies,” Psychometrika 55: 195-215.18 Kulikowich, J.M., Sedransk, N. (2010), “Current and emergent design and data analysis approaches” Manuscript inpreparation

Conference Session

Teacher and Counselor Professional Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth Spencer, Georgia Institute of Technology; Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

conflicted. They often initiate their first Pre-Teaching advising session by explaining that they have always considered teaching but pushed itaside because they felt they should go into a career that offers higher salaries or is moreprestigious. Because these students performed well academically in high school, especially inmath and science, they generally chose to go to Georgia Tech and become engineers sinceengineering uses math and science, is prestigious, and pays well. Teacher salaries are a majorconcern. Certified teachers who have master‟s degrees can begin teaching in the metro-Atlantaarea at salaries close to $50,000 per year, but most engineering students feel this amount is toolow. Students also worry about whether they will find

Conference Session

Retaining Women Engineering Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Judith Cordes, Michigan State University; Thomas Wolff, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

engineering and higher education have been looking at this issue and trying to find waysto increase the number of women completing engineering degrees at the bachelors, masters anddoctoral levels.Even with the many efforts going on across the nation, the number of women pursuingengineering degrees is not increasing; and in some areas of engineering, the numbers are actuallydeclining. For many years at Michigan State University (MSU), we saw a steady climb in thenumber of women engineering students, especially in disciplines like Chemical and Mechanical.Through the 1990s, we averaged 22% women engineering students, well above the 16% nationalaverage. However, in 2000 we saw the numbers begin to drop, as they did nationally.Figure 1 compares first-year

Conference Session

Sustainability, Service Learning, and Entreprenuership

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Northrup, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

place.” This interaction openedthe door to an hour of so of lively group discussion on why it is important to understand, but notnecessarily master, the knowledge of the other disciplines. The business students, discussedproject financing, planning, and management and why these aspects are important. The liberalarts students discussed and reiterated Father Greg‟s statements about listening to the needs of the Page 15.896.8people and considering the human, societal, and environmental impact of projects. And theengineers discussed the importance of designing efficient sustainable solutions.Polito and Husfeld state that in their

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

Andrew Sterian; Bruce Dunne; Andrew Blauch

68HC11) instead of assembly language. The intention was to Proceedings of the 2005 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2005, American Society for Engineering Educationbuild upon the programming foundation provided by CS162 to spend less class and laboratorytime on programming instruction and more time on practical applications of digital systems.This change identified a new problem: the CS162 course was not preparing students for writingstructured programs in C. It was expected that by using C++, students would have mastered basicconcepts in structured programming such as loops, function calls, parameter passing, etc. Inpractice, since CS162 was made available as a

Conference Session

Incorporating Advanced Technologies into Curriculums

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Wells, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

design effective and efficient part manufacturing methods and complete production systems for commercial and industrial products. The common theme for students is mastering process, production system and enterprise design procedures that are applicable to any product in any industry. Graduates have been successful in manufacturing enterprises that produce virtually every type of product -- literally, from spacecraft to foodstuffs. In addition to traditional courses, Dr. Wells leads innovation teams in two engineering venues: product realization and transforming laboratory research into commercial products. Dr. Wells’ active research lies in orthopedic implants, micro-assembly, micro-machining

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Maixner, United States Air Force Academy; William Parker, Air Force Research Laboratories

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

be solved as a classic “textbook” problem was nowrendered feasible with a series of valid assumptions.). Finally, the students felt that the projectwas very worthwhile in acting as its own “capstone,” since it integrated all three modes of heattransfer in a single assignment. Informal, anecdotal feedback from the students indicated that,once mastered, the inal design project proved to be a valuable tool which allowed them to drawconclusions about how changing various parameters would affect system operation.While results prior to 2007 were not readily available, average scores for the afternoon heattransfer portion of the mechanical engineering version of the Fundamentals of Engineering examshowed that USAFA mechanical engineering majors

Conference Session

The Influence of Cooperative Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Yin, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

manipulation of information isgoal-directed. The ease of this process is dependent on the engineer’s level of expertise incontent knowledge (declarative knowledge) and procedural knowledge (i.e., she knows when touse a particular algorithm, formula or process) (d and e). Evaluation of the process andjudgments of alternative outcomes (i) may be influenced by the engineer’s personal skills andbias on whether the project is a success or not (i.e., maybe the bridge met the functionalspecifications but failed from an aesthetic perspective).Self-Perception of Problem-Solving Skills Bandura's self-efficacy theory postulates that an individual’s confidence rises when hehas mastered a skill through experiencexx. Self-efficacy studies in STEM fields

Conference Session

BME Laboratory and Project Experiences

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah Pierce, Cumberland University; Amanda Lowery, Vanderbilt University; Charleson Bell, Vanderbilt University; Todd Giorgio, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

instructor and TA were present and available for studentguidance. During the predetermined additional time points either the instructor or the TA wasavailable. Because of the “out of class” time points and lab duties, the instructor had to beflexible to accommodate student schedules. Several experimental design aspects had to beconsidered to keep the exercises running smoothly. The FA cellular uptake and the NP toxicityare both cell type dependent, making the predetermination of the time point critical. Also, manyof the instruments were located in a shared facility and not dedicated for use by this class.Instrument time had to be scheduled in advance. With careful planning the course wentsmoothly.Future DirectionsStudents mastered many lab

Conference Session

Critical Issues in IT and IET: Focus Group

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gabriel Harley, IUPUI; Daniel Baldwin, IUPUI; Wanda Worley, IUPUI; Tresler Thurston, IUPUI; Stephen Hundley, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, J. & Chinn, S.J. “Using Web 2.0 to support the active learning experience.” Journal of Information Systems Education 20.2 (Summer 2008): 165-174.8. Heiberger, G. & Harper, R. “Have you Facebooked Astin lately? Using technology to increase student involvement.” New Directions in Student Services 124 (Winter 2008): 19-35.9. Ohland, M.W., Sheppard S.D., Lichtenstein, G., Eris, O., Chachra, D., & Layton, R.A. “Persistence, Engagement, and Migration in Engineering Programs.” Journal of Engineering Education 97.3 (2008): 259- 278.10. Zeegen, L. Secrets of Digital Illustration: A Master Class in Commercial Image-Making. East Sussex, England: RotoVision, 2005: 24.11. Shaffer, D. W., Squire, K. D

Conference Session

Automation Subjects in Manufacturing Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lie Tang, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Robert Landers, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

eight students in a shortcourse on actuators at ESIGELEC in Rouen, France. The students are in the fifth year of anundergraduate/masters Mechatronics program in electrical engineering. The students weredivided into four groups and each group conducted a project on modeling and analyzing a linearaxis. A project is described using results from one of the groups. The project consisted of sixtasks.Task 1: Symbolically determine a set of first order differential equations describing the linearaxis dynamics.The leadscrew gear gain is Ti ωl ω$ l Page 15.1027.5 Kl

Conference Session

Collaborative Projects in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlie Setterfield, Sinclair Community College; Eric Dunn, Sinclair Community College; Russell Marcks, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

a sole proprietor, Setterfield provided residential design services, specializing in timber framing and environmental responsibility. As a Plans Examiner, Setterfield balanced building code requirements with real-life owner and contractor concerns.Eric Dunn, Sinclair Community College Eric Dunn is an associate professor in the Civil Engineering and Architectural Technologies department at Sinclair Community College. He has a masters degree in project management from Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. He specializes in teaching construction management, cost estimating, means of construction and various CAD software packages. Dunn’s professional experiences include on site

Conference Session

Improving Student Entrepreneurial Skills

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Ferguson, Ohio Northern University; Michele Govekar, Ohio Northern University; Amanda Stype, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

of management education. She currently teaches undergraduate courses in strategy, corporate citizenship, small business and project management. She is the co-program chair of the North American Management Society 2009 conference and past Division Chair of the Management History Division of the Academy of Management for 2005-06.Amanda Stype, Ohio Northern University Amanda Stype is a 2009 graduate of the James F. Dicke College of Business Administration at Ohio Northern University with an Honors degree in International Business & Economics and also in applied mathematics. She currently is a graduate student at Bowling Green State University in their Master of Economics

Conference Session

Pedagogical Innovations in Laboratory Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Margot Hutchins, Michigan Technological Universtiy; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

, Austin, TX, 2009.3. ABET, “Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs: Effective for Evaluations During the 2006-2007 Accreditation Cycle,” ABET, Engineering Accreditation Commission, 2006.4. Howard, B. “Enough of this Science and Mathematics, Let’s Do Some Engineering,” Proc. of the Frontiers in Education Conference, 1999, Session 13d2, pp. 8-10.5. McIlwee, J. S. and J. G. Robinson, Women in Engineering: Gender, Power, and Workplace Culture, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1992.6. Helton, W. S., “Validation of a short stress state questionnaire,” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Vol. 48, 2004, pp. 1238-1242.7. Levy, J. U. and N. Levy, Master the Mechanical Aptitude and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Outside the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bowler, Michigan Technological University; Susie Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University; Tom Drummer, Michigan Technological University; Joseph Holles, Michigan Technological University; Ted Lockhart, Michigan Technological University; Joanna Schreiber, Michigan Technological University; Debra Charlesworth, Michigan Technological University; Jingfang Ren, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Page 15.204.8and technology. In either case, we are concerned with researchers searching for knowledge. Yetengineering and technology and the research that accompanies it serves in the final analysis topromote human’s ability to technically master their environment ideally for the common good.Traditionally, the research of scientists and mathematicians are seen to serve in the final analysisthe acquisition of knowledge for its own sake. Will this difference manifest itself as a differencein role orientation? For instance, will it be the case that engineers tend to score higher onresponsibility and lower on duty than scientists and vice-versa? Of course, only empirical workwill demonstrate whether this is accurate or not. Our final tool will

Conference Session

History, Program Design, and even a Journal Club

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Cramer, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Wendy Crone, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Moira Lafayette, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jeffrey Russell, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Paul Peercy, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Darryl G. Thelen, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Daniel Klingenberg, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Amy Wendt, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Learning of Mechanics of Materials (Goal:To coordinate the teaching of Mechanics of Materials between the Departments of EngineeringPhysics and Mechanical Engineering and improve student learning of the concepts covered inthis key core course.)Engineering and Biology: Technological Symbiosis Goes Online (Goal: To establish asustainable system for converting existing course content in Engineering and Biology:Technological Symbiosis as well as modules developed in future years to be readily repackagedfor effective distance learning, and perform a thorough educational assessment to evaluate howwell the educational goals of the course are met among different student populations.1 S. Azarin, N. Ferrier, S. M. Kennedy, D. Klingenberg, K. Masters, K. D

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Economy

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ted Eschenbach, TGE Consulting

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

University in 1975, and his masters in civil engineering from UAA in 1999. Page 15.1375.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Why Engineering Economy Professors Should Teach Introductory Corporate FinanceAbstractBoth engineering economy and finance focus their introductory courses on the time value ofmoney. Yet, in spite of this shared foundation, those courses are very different. This paperdiscusses what these differences are, why they occur, and what the disciplines can offer eachother. The goal is to help textbook authors and classroom teachers in each field to do a better jobof

Conference Session

Research on the First Year I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Cassady, University of Arkansas; Gigi Secuban, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

work experiences include serving as the Director of Student Affairs and Diversity in the College of Education and Health Professions and Assistant Director of Admissions. She earned a bachelor’s degree in psychology and a master of science in health science, both from the University of Arkansas. She is currently pursuing her doctorate in Higher Education Leadership. Her future plans include continuing to serve students in a senior leadership role at a four-year public land-grant university. Page 15.178.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Analysis of Freshman-to

Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Approaches

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Jessica Matson; David Elizandro

students to master the rote calculations can provide additional time for focusing ondesign and decision-making. As in other engineering courses, technologies such as spreadsheetsand computers have provided productivity improvements in the past. Surveys7 have shown avariety of traditional instructional methods are in current use. The focus of this paper, however,is on an instructional approach that builds on the student’s experience and knowledge, addinglinks to speed and improve learning.The remaining sections describe an alternative approach to teaching Engineering Economy basedon the concept of moments from Statics and Mechanics of Materials. Preliminary resultsindicate that this may provide for a more efficient utilization of credit

Conference Session

Teaching about New Materials

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Rita Caso; Ibrahim Karaman; Jeff Froyd; Terry Creasy; Winfried Teizer

amicroscope allows for this. After students have mastered this technique they will go through theentire process of electron beam lithography. Starting with designing their own devices, they willthen write and develop them on a silicon wafer. After several iterations, they will continue with asuccessful device and evaporate a thin metallic film into it (using a so called lift-off technique).They will then evaluate the resulting pattern in detail under a Scanning Electron Microscope andtake a picture of their device.At the completion of this module students will assemble the results into a framed plaque, which Page 9.1332.8includes: Proceedings

Conference Session

Lean Manufacturing Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Seaker; Jignesh Rathod; Farouk Attia

Proceedings of the 2004 American society for Engineering Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2004, American Society for Engineering EducationJIGNESH RATHOD, M.S.Jignesh Rathod is a Lecturer at the University of Houston, College of Technology. He received his M.S. inManufacturing Systems in December 2003, from the University of Houston. He holds an MBA and a B.S. Degree inProduction Engineering from India. Before returning to graduate school for the Masters Degree, Jignesh spent over5 years as a Project Engineer in a Pipe Fittings Manufacturing Company in Baroda, India. Page 9.53.12

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering II

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Timothy Walker; Annu Prabhakar; George Suckarieh

]. MSDN (Microsoft’s Developer Network). “Creating and Maintaining Databases: Full TextIndexing”Biographical InformationGEORGE SUCKARIEHGeorge Suckarieh is a Full Professor of Construction Management at University of Cincinnati College ofApplied Science and Coordinator of the Honors Program in that College. Dr. Suckarieh has a PhD in CivilEngineering and an MBA from Ohio State University. He is a Professional Engineer in the State of Ohio, amember of the American Society of Civil Engineers and American Institute of Constructors.ANNU PRABHAKARAnnu Prabhakar is an Assistant Professor of Information Technology at the University of Cincinnati. Shehas a Masters Degree in Computer Science from Mississippi State University. She worked in

Conference Session

Outreach: Future Women in Engineering II

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Robert Ward

. ©2004. Online. Internet. 3 March 2004. Available http://www.wie.uiuc.edu/games/. 9. Science Technology & Engineering Preview Summer Camp for Girls. Online. Internet. 9 March 2004. Available http://www.uwstout.edu/ctem/steps/. 10. Girls Researching Our World Summer Workshops. ©2003. Online. Internet. 9 March 2004. Available http://www.ksu.edu/grow/.LAURIE LAIRD Page 9.281.9Laurie Laird is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Co-op Director at Ohio NorthernUniversity in Ada, Ohio. She received her Masters in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Cincinnati in

Conference Session

Technology, Communications & Ethics

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Donald Carpenter; Honor Passow; Trevor Harding; Cynthia Finelli

integrated and refined their lists of categories into one master list. In the finalstep, the examiners grouped the categories into a list of overall themes through discussion,negotiation and consensus. It is our belief that through this process, the variables involved in the Page 9.1270.4respondents' decision-making process are revealed in the emergent themes. Proceedings of the 2004 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright À 2004, American Society for Engineering EducationQuantitative Comparison of Behavior across ContextsBecause we are interested in investigating the

Conference Session

The Nature of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James L. Barnes, James Madison University; Susan Kubic Barnes, James Madison University; Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

also a co-principal of Barnes Tech- nologies International LLC. Prior to joining the faculty at James Madison University, Dr. Barnes was the Director of NASA RISE, a NASA research institute at Eastern Michigan University. Dr. Barnes has also directed a technology research center at The University of Texas at Austin and has served as President and CEO of two technology research companies. Dr. Barnes earned his baccalaureate and doctorate degrees at Virginia Tech and his masters at Virginia State University. Dr. Barnes has conducted many research projects, published numerous articles, and has authored several books in his research areas of Innovation, Problem Solving and Sustainability. His current research examines

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James M. Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Brian P. Self, California Polytechnic State University; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

to getboth Case A and Case B correct since the net force on the systems was the same, but did notallow them to correctly predict Case C. After confronting their misconception they were able todetermine that it is the net force divided by the total mass that determines the acceleration andwere able to master case D. Student #1 focused on the fact that the hanging masses caused a netforce difference that controlled the acceleration (essentially ignoring the inertia of the systems).This led them to incorrectly predict that the systems in Case A would have identical acceleration.After seeing that their prediction was wrong, the student decided that inertia is the only effectthat controlled acceleration. This led to a correct prediction for Case

Conference Session

Sustainability and Hands-on Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paula Ann Monaco, Texas Tech University ; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Paper ID #9574Distinctive and Unique Outreach Programs: Promoting Academic Excellenceand DiversityMs. Paula Ann Monaco, Texas Tech University Paula is a first year Civil Engineering Ph.D. student and graduate of the Master of Environmental Engi- neering program at Texas Tech University. Her research interests include water and wastewater treatment, focusing on non-selective advanced oxidation processes for small scale water treatment facilities. Paula participates in outreach programs to help recruit female and URMs to STEM related careers.Dr. Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University Dr. Audra Morse, P.E., is the Associate

Conference Session

Engineering Libraries Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffery L. Loo, University of California, Berkeley; Lisa T. Ngo, University of California, Berkeley; Cody K. Hennesy, University of California, Berkeley; Brian D. Quigley, University of California, Berkeley; Jean McKenzie, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

rich and robustinstructional videos to explain information concepts and demonstrate research techniques,accommodates different learning styles, and engages students through interactive and feedback-rich instructional resources.This paper showcases the value that we derived from the use of popular digital and web-basedformats and publishing sites and through experimentation with emerging instructional techniques.It documents our team and technology-driven approach to developing the instructional modules,outlines our lessons learned, and discusses issues we encountered in supporting fully onlinedegree programs.IntroductionTargeted to working professionals, the Master of Advanced Study in Integrated Circuits (MAS-IC) at the University of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amit Shashikant Jariwala, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sarvagya Vaish, Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology ; David W. Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Paper ID #10356Enabling Institute-wide Multidisciplinary Engineering Capstone Design Ex-periencesDr. Amit Shashikant Jariwala, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Jariwala is the Director of Design & Innovation for the School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech. He graduated with a Bachelors Degree in Production Engineering from the University of Mum- bai, India with honors in 2005 and received Masters of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering in 2007 from IIT Bombay, India. He was awarded a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Georgia Tech in 2013, with minors in Entrepreneurship. Dr. Jariwala has more than

Conference Session

Spatial Ability & Visualization Training II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yingjie Victor Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Zhenyu Cheryl Qian, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Paper ID #9738Enhance Creative Thinking by Collaborating with DesignersDr. Yingjie Victor Chen, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. Yingjie Chen is an assistant professor in the department of computer graphics technology of Pur- due university. He received his Ph.D. degree in the areas of human-computer interaction, information visualization, and visual analytics from the School of Interactive Arts and Technology at Simon Fraser University (SFU) in Canada. He earned Bachelor degree of Engineering from the Tsinghua University (China), and a Master of Science degree in Information Technology from SFU. His research covers