Conference Session

Educational Software

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony Rynne, University of Limerick; William Gaughran, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

coaching. He serves on a number of national curriculum course committees and has been instrumental in launching a several technology education high school programs. He holds a PhD in Design and Ergonomics from Brunel University, and has a Masters by research in spatial visualisation development strategies. Page 12.366.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Cognitive modelling strategies for optimum design intent in Parametric Modelling (PM)AbstractIt is generally agreed that despite today's computers and CAD software having becomeextremely powerful, they are of

Conference Session

TC2K Methods and Models

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Watkins, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Nan Byars, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Deborah Sharer, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

AC 2007-2151: ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR A MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMGregory Watkins, University of North Carolina-Charlotte Gregory Watkins received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from North Carolina State University, a Master of Engineering Management from Old Dominion University, and a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from UNC Charlotte. He has taught in the Engineering Technology department at UNC Charlotte for the past 4.5 years. He taught in the Engineering Technologies Division at Central Piedmont Community College for 8 years and has 9 years of industrial work experience.Nan Byars, University of North Carolina-Charlotte Nan Byars received a BS in Mechanical Engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Global Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Hoernecke, Iowa State University; Thad Gillispie, Iowa State University; Benjamin Anderson, Iowa State University; Thomas Daniels, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

learning and the only way to master the skills involved in cyberwarfare is to have hands-on experience. If an organization wishes to stay equal to, or one step ahead of an adversary, proficiency in the art of defensive and offensive cyberwarfare is required.”13Davey and Armstrong go on to compare computer security to any other disaster prevention orrecovery field. They claim that IW attacks should be treated as emergency situation. Because ofthis, they stress that the defense team must be well trained in scenarios involving both attack anddefense tactics.Another institution that teaches both sides of the IA war is the United States Military Academy atWest Point. There, two separate course paths are offered—one for computer

Conference Session

Writing and Communication I: Innovative Models for Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marie Paretti, Virginia Tech; Lisa McNair, Virginia Tech; Diana George, Virginia Tech; kelly belanger, Virginia Tech; Lisa Norris, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

classroom is student learning anddevelopment. The desired outcome of an engineering design project in the workplace, in contrast,is a product or process the supports the company’s overall profitability and mission. Thus Page 12.1135.3teachers read student writing not because they need to act on the information a given reportincludes, but because they need to determine whether or not the student has mastered the contentand skills the course attempts to teach. In the workplace, managers, clients, and coworkers readreports or listen to presentations to extract information they need in order to perform their jobs.Data from a workplace test becomes the

Conference Session

Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 1

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Savage, California Polytechnic State University; Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Jonathan Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Materials

clarity, we view problem-based learning as pertaining to the development ofknowledge based on the fundamental principles of science and mathematics and project-basedlearning to include mastering the engineering skills required to implement a design solution.A key result of all of the PBL activities is to enable students to develop self-directed learningcapabilities. After all, the purpose of education is not to transmit “what to know” but to challengestudents to develop the skills of inquiry or “how to learn.” According to Malcolm Knowles12SDL is a process “in which individuals take the initiative, with or without the help of others, indiagnosing their learning needs, formulating learning goals, identifying human and material

Conference Session

New trends in ECE education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Agnieszka Miguel, Seattle University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

;however, with some effort from the instructor, the course can be structured to provide therequired background. Alternatively, the instructor may choose to evaluate the generalknowledge that the students have mastered by the time they are ready to take the imageprocessing class and structure the course around that knowledge. This enables theundergraduate students to sample the world of engineering applications early on andhopefully excites them to pursue this topic in the future. The author has always been anadvocate for bringing more real world applications into the early years of electricalengineering education to motivate students and increase the retention. Making imageprocessing accessible and appealing to a wide range of students fits well

Conference Session

Integrating Research Into Undergraduate ECE Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jan Allebach, Purdue University; Edward Coyle, Purdue University; Joy Krueger, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

) advise the team’s PhD students on their research related to the project’s goals; and (iii) work with the team’s graduate students to supervise undergraduate team members as they develop applications and experiments that utilize or test the team’s research results.‚ The PhD students (1 to 3): (i) pursue fundamental research related to the faculty member’s field of research; and (ii) mentor the Masters students and undergraduates that are assisting with this research.‚ Master’s students (1 to 4): (i) assist the faculty members and the PhD students with their research; and (ii) serve as mentors to the undergraduate students as they explore and develop new applications based on the technology focus of the team.‚ Undergraduates (8 to 15): Earn

Conference Session

What's New in Dynamics?

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Cornwell, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

all branches of mathematics, the great French mathematician Laplace(known for the Laplace transform) told his students, "Liesez Euler, Liesez Euler, c'est notremaître à tous" ("Read Euler, read Euler, he is our master in everything."12 Euler also had 13children (although only five of them lived to adulthood) and he claimed that some of his greatestdiscoveries were made while holding a baby in his arms with his other children playing aroundhis feet. Based on everything the author read in studying Euler, in addition to being brilliant andextremely hard working, Euler was a gracious and unselfish person, a loving father, a teacher,and a man of deep faith and conviction.Jean Le Rond d’Alembert (1717-1783)D’Alembert was a French mathematician

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joachim Walther, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

numerousbehavioral elements which have to be mastered by the learner16, 17.The omission of internal states in the behaviorist conception was the main source ofcriticism18 from cognitivist scientists. In response this antagonistic movement developedinternal computer-like models of cognition19 as information processing. Within thisframework of cognitive architectures, learning is understood as the acquisition of fine-tunedroutines20. This concept of expertise solely focuses on cognitive processes and its applicationis mainly limited to the investigation of more complex mental tasks. Occurrences in Bloom’saffective domain, however, remain largely unconsidered.Between those diametrically opposed theories practical disciplines, such as human resourcemanagement

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Jacobson, Iowa State University

offered in thesummer of 2004 and was modified based on feedback and was offered again in 2005.The Computer Security Summer Camp is synergistic with existing instructional activities at IowaState University and fits well into our long history of community outreach. Iowa StateUniversity has been teaching computer security courses since 1995. Iowa State University has arobust program in computer security and offers two graduate degrees in information assurance.A masters of Science in Information Assurance and a 4 course graduate certificate in InformationAssurance. While we do not offer a BS degree in computer security students interested incomputer security can take our graduate courses. In our core graduate class about 30 percent ofthe students

Conference Session

New trends in ECE education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Jacobson, Iowa State University; Nate Evans, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

experts. The first competition was held in thespring of 2005 and in the fall of 2005 the second competition was held. The spring of 2006 aregional competition will be held and student teams from other universities will be invited toparticipate. The competition consists of 12 teams of 3-4 students each. This paper discusses theplanning and operation of the competition and the network environment used to ensure theattackers and students were isolated from the real internet. Feedback from the attackers and thestudents are presented along with lessons learned.IntroductionIowa State University has a robust program in computer security and offers a masters degree ininformation assurance. The university offered its first security course in 1995 and

Conference Session

Innovative Classroom Techniques

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Lee, University of South Florida; Mernet Larson, University of South Florida; Jack Heller, University of South Florida; Douglas Lunsford, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

learning, particularly at an early age19 (Montessori,2002). Such an approach is consistent with Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences thatargues that there are many forms of intelligences that can be mastered by an individual. Itshould be noted that a passive visual-based presentation does not address “multipleintelligences” to the extent that hands-on multisensory active approaches accomplish 20.RecommendationsThe educational experience should incorporate student “reality” experiences as much as possible.Students should see, hear, touch, etc. the actual objects that are the focus of their chosendiscipline. Minimization or complete absence of hands on activities or direct multisensoryexperiences can be very problematic. Reality exposures will

Conference Session

Intersdisciplinary Courses and Environmental Undergraduate Research

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helene Hilger, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Francis De Los Reyes, North Carolina State University; Warren DiBiase, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Len Holmes, University of North Carolina - Pembroke; Stephanie Luster-Teasley, North Carolina A&T State University; Siva Mandjiny, University of North Carolina - Pembroke; Todd Steck, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Keith Schimmel, North Carolina A&T State University; Chuang Wang, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Professor of Educational Research at the University of North Carolina - Charlotte. Dr. Wang teaches educational research and statistics courses. Dr. Wang received a master of applied statistics degree and a PhD degree in educational research from The Ohio State University. Page 12.1083.2© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 MULTI-CAMPUS DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PROBLEM-BASED-LEARNING COURSES IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY WITH INTERDISCIPLINARY LEARNINGIntroductionThe project described here began with a civil engineering and biology laboratory

Conference Session

Capstone Design and Entrepreneurship

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ochs, Lehigh University; Gerard Lennon, Lehigh University; Todd Watkins, Lehigh University; Graham Mitchell, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

start up grants to develop their ideas into commercial ventures. Thesewinners will work within the various undergraduate programs to develop their workingprototypes and business plans as an integral part of their capstone courses or as part oftechnical electives in directed study or senior thesis.Entrepreneurship teaching – graduate: Historically, entrepreneurship education atLehigh has focused on the graduate MBA program in the College of Business andEconomics. This program has recently implemented an entrepreneurial track led by anexperienced and successful entrepreneur. The graduate MBA has been augmented by acombined MBA and Engineering Masters program, where students earn dual degrees inbusiness and engineering. Also at the graduate level

Conference Session

Knowing Our Students III

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Guili Zhang, University of Florida; YoungKyoung Min, University of Florida; Matthew Ohland, Clemson University; Timothy Anderson, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

2006-1336: THE ROLE OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN ENGINEERINGATTRITIONGuili Zhang, University of Florida Guili Zhang is research assistant professor in College of Engineering, University of Florida. She received a Ph.D. in Research and Evaluation Methodology at the University of Florida. She also received a B.A. in British and American Language and Literature at Shandong University, China, and a Master of Education degree at Georgia Southern University. Previously, she served as a staff development specialist and researcher at Jinan District Education Commission, China, and took part in the writing and revision of the National Unified Text Books and Teacher’s Reference Books. She

Conference Session

Effective & Efficient Teaching Skills

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Hamilton, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

A. Nevin. 1994, Brookes Press: Baltimore.4. Felder, R.M., A Longitudinal Study of Engineering Student Performance and Retention. IV. Instructional Methods and Student Responses to Them. Journal of Engineering Education, 1995. 84(4): p. 361-367.5. Matthews, R.S., et al., Building Bridges Between Cooperative And Collaborative Learning. Cooperative Learning and College Teaching Newsletter, 1996. 6(1): p. 2-5.6. Wankat, P.C. and F.S. Oreovicz, Teaching Engineering. 1993, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 370.7. Ngeow, K., Enhancing Student Thinking through Collaborative Learning. ERIC Digest, 1998.8. Lowman, J., Mastering the Techniques of Teaching. 2nd ed. 1995, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 344.9

Conference Session

Technical Issues in Architectural Engineering I

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeanne Homer, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

CIVE 5183 MASTERS PROGRAM Page 11.1252.6 This is not an offi cial Degree Requirement Sheet. See separate flow sheet obtainable from

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade in Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University; Charles Birdsong, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

and removed asneeded. It can be used as a mass storage site for data that must be shared across a large andchanging team. If students store all data on the Blackboard site as the master source ofinformation then the site begins to grow and becomes a rich resource of information. Thiseliminates the possibility of data being lost when a student leaves the project and fails to pass offnotebooks or binders. Blackboard is also normally maintained in a secure environment withregular backups so that there is little chance of data being lost even in the event of a catastrophesuch as a lab fire. With remote internet access data can be posted to Blackboard from any lab,university, co-op company, or student’s home. This easy access promotes the habit of

Conference Session

Opportunities for Entrepreneurship Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heidi Neck, Babson College; John Bourne, Olin College; Stephen Schiffman, Olin College

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

. W., Frillman, S. A., Zhang, G., Brawner, C., Miller, T. K., “The Effect of an EntrepreneurshipProgram on GPA and Retention,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol., 93, No. 4, pp 293-301, 2004.11 Sullivan, J. F., Carlson, L. E., and Carlson, D. W., “Developing Aspiring Engineers into Budding Entrepreneurs:An Invention and Innovation Course,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 571-576, 2001.12 Kanter, R. M., “Swimming in New Streams: Mastering Innovation Dilemmas,” California Management Review,Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 45-69, 1989.13 Prahalad, C. F., and Hamel, G. Competing for the Future, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Scambilis, Sinclair Community College; Jennifer Wise, Sinclair Community College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

2006-1661: TAC-ABET ACCREDITATION – A NEW PROCESS, A NEWBEGINNINGNicholas Scambilis, Sinclair Community College Dr. Scambilis, a Professor at Sinclair Community College, is the Chair of the Environmental Engineering Technology, Safety Engineering Technology and Fire Science Technology programs. He has a PhD in Environmental Engineering from the University of Missouri. He retired as a Colonel from the U.S. Air Force where he served as a Civil Engineer. He has been at Sinclair for nine years.Jennifer Wise, Sinclair Community College Jennifer Saygers-Wise earned her Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Arizona and her Masters in Engineering from the University of

Conference Session

Virtual and Distance Experiments

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Imad Jabbour, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Linda Haydamous, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Wissam Kazan, Stanford University; Amine Hayek, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

-redirection tool that can be downloaded fromhttp://www.foundstone.com/resources/proddesc/fpipe.htm†† The lab experiments that we put online correspond to those available in the book currently used by the labstudents: “Mastering Networks: An Internet Lab Manual” (Addison-Wesley, 2003), by J. Liebeherr and M. E. Zarki‡‡ The ABET and the Alfred Sloan Foundation organized a colloquy in San Diego, CA on January 6-8, 2002 andagreed on thirteen essential objectives of instructional engineering laboratories Page 11.1078.13

Conference Session

Innovative Laboratories in BME

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Markus Billeter, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for Biomedical; Grace M. Nijm, Northwestern University; Bugrahan Yalvac, Northwestern University; Alan Sahakian, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

2006-1950: A LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION OF SPATIAL ENCODING INMRIMarkus Billeter, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Institute for BiomedicalEngineering MARKUS BILLETER is a MS student in Electrical Engineering and Information Technology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. He is currently working on his Master Thesis at Northwestern University which is the last step to receive his MS degree.Grace M. Nijm, Northwestern University GRACE M. NIJM earned her B.S. in Computer Engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology in 2004 and her B.S. in Computer Science from Benedictine University in the same year. In 2005, she was awarded the NSF Graduate Research

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Gaughran, University of Limerick; Thomas Waldmann, University of Limerick; Niall Seery, University of Limerick

content for the user with inadequate performance scores. Thisimmediate reinforcement either R+ or R- (R- not to be mistaken for negativereinforcement) enables students to be the master of their own learning experience. Theassessment process facilitates students with the innate preference for ‘Active learning’;however in theory a trial and error type approach could be used. Two factors limit thisapproach as students do not know how many questions are in the database (numerousCombinations) and secondly the site also records the number of attempts and scoresobtained for each section. The record of attempts was incorporated into the functionalityof the site so as to screen the data at the analysis stage.The active learner was also facilitated

Conference Session

MIND Education Trends

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Dana Newell, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

opportunities in engineering, especially for women and minority students.Dana Newell, Arizona State University DANA C. NEWELL is currently the Director of the Center for Engineering Diversity and Retention at Arizona State University. She also serves as the Associate Director for Student Outreach and Retention Programs for the Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering at ASU. Ms. Newell received her Bachelors degree in 1993 from the University of Arizona in Applied Mathematics. She received her Masters degree in 1996 in Higher Education Administration, Student Services. In her four-year tenure at ASU, she has won many awards including Outstanding Supervisor of the Year and Outstanding Program for the

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Everett, University of Texas-El Paso; Arunkumar Pennathur, University of Texas-El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, R.A., et al., Using a Delphi Study to Identify the Most DifficultConcepts for Students to Master in Thermal and Transport Science, in 2003ASEE Annual Conference. 2003, ASEE.10. Prince, M. and M. Vigeant, Using inquiry-based activities to promoteunderstanding of critical engineering concepts, in 2006 ASEE AnnualConference. 2006, ASEE: Chicago.11. Miller, R., et al., Misconceptions about rate processes: preliminary evidencefor the importance of emergent conceptual schemas in thermal and transportsciences, in 2006 ASEE Annual Conference. 2006, ASEE: Chicago.12. Streveler, R., et al., Identifying and investigating difficult concepts inengineering mechanics and electric circuits, in 2006 ASEE Annual Conference.2006, ASEE: Chicago.13. Zilles, C., J

Conference Session

Mentoring Graduate Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Rogers, Georgia Institute of Technology; Recep Goktas, Georgia Institute of Technology; Ulas Tezel, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Academy of Engineering reportEngineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century 1 states that the typical engineeringbaccalaureate degree program cannot accommodate the academic development needed now forprofessional engineers and recommends that the master’s degree be considered the first Page 12.722.2professional engineering degree. Research is the centerpiece of graduate-level engineeringeducation for it is the means by which students can apply basic engineering knowledge tosynthesize new ideas and make discoveries. The importance of research to engineering graduatestudy is validated by the ABET “General Criteria for Masters Level

Conference Session

Graphics and Visualization

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

La Verne Abe Harris, Arizona State University; Frederick Meyers, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876. High-qualitydrafting instruments no longer had to be imported, and the “art” of drafting rapidly disappeared.Before 1876 if additional copies of a drawing were needed, the drafter produced each drawingindividually. After 1876 only one “master copy” was needed and as many blueprints as neededcould be made in hours.vi Page 12.792.3Graphics ProfessionalizedA group of engineering teachers meeting at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicagofounded the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education in 1893. Today they are knownas the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE). The American

Conference Session

Climate Issues for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

affective reaction. These factorsare described in detail below based on two references9, 10.Enactive mastery experience refers to one’s prior experience in mastering a task. Suchexperiences are the most critical factors impacting self-efficacy. Successful experiencesstrengthen self-efficacy while failures weaken it. Performance failures can be most influentialwhen they happen before the establishment of a firm sense of self-efficacy. Perceived self-efficacy can also be affected by the biases in self-judgment about the quality of one’sperformances.Vicarious experiences also influence self-efficacy. Such experiences are mediated throughmodeling activities such as observing someone perform a task. Performance judgments based onvicarious experiences

Conference Session

Curriculum Reform with Cooperative Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheryl Cates, University of Cincinnati; Kettil Cedercreutz, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

AC 2007-203: THE USE OF COOPERATIVE EDUCATION IN CURRICULARREFORM: THE ABET FEEDBACK CYCLE REALIZEDCheryl Cates, University of Cincinnati As an Associate Professor Cheryl Cates has worked with cooperative education students for 16 years. Cates holds a Master of Business Administration degree and a Bachelor of Arts Degree and has co-authored Learning Outcomes, the Educational Value of Cooperative Education, as well as chapters for the Handbook for Research in Cooperative Education and Internships and the International Handbook for Cooperative Education. In 2004 Cates became principle investigator on a grant from the United Stated Department of Education’s Fund for the Improvement of

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tomas Enrique Estrada, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

. Theimportance of a healthy pre-lecture stage becomes clear when we first recognize that lecturing is,at its core, a form of public performance. We speak in front of an audience, attempt to connectwith them, and hope that our message has a lasting impact. In other performance venues, such astheater or athletics, the performer often follows specific techniques and routines to effectively be“in the zone” for a performance. 6,7 As instructors, we can exploit this same concept. In thispaper we outline several practical techniques that are conducive to mastering the pre-lecturestage, that is, entering the Performance Zone.Among the pre-lecture techniques we discuss are the following: pre-lecture stress management(particularly stress due to other aspects of