Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Saddam Alkhamaiesh; Peter Cavanugh

2025 ASEE Northeast Section Conference, March 22, 2025, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT, USA. Equipping the U.S. Workforce for Electric Vehicle Integration: A Thematic Analysis of EV Technician Training Under the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (2022-2026) Saddam Alkhamaiesh Peter Cavanaugh Technology Management Technology Management University of Bridgeport University of Bridgeport Bridgeport, Connecticut Bridgeport, Connecticut

Conference Session

Track 4: Technical Session 5: Insights and Updates on Identity Constructs Among Hispanic Engineering Students and Professionals: A Longitudinal Study

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Dayna Lee Martínez, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, Inc.; Andrea D. Beattie, Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, Inc.; Kimberly D Douglas P.E., Society of Hispanic Professional Engineers, Inc.

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

students. Particular expertise in creating mutually beneficial partnerships and pro ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 Insights and Updates on Identity Constructs Among Hispanic Engineering Students and Professionals: A Longitudinal StudyBackground and MotivationThe significance of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields indriving innovation and economic growth in the United States cannot be overstated. STEMoccupations have seen a remarkable growth of 79% since 1990, with projections indicating anadditional 10.8% increase by 2031 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2022). This expansionunderscores the critical role that STEM plays in sustaining the nation's global

Conference Session

Track 5: Technical Session 6: Advancing Accessibility: Leveraging Technology to Empower Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in STEM Higher Education

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Sunday David Ubur, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sarah Over, Virginia Tech; Denis Gracanin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; C. Cozette Comer, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

accomplishments, I’m a Mandela Washington Fellow, a prestigious US Department of State Exchange program for young African leaders. I’m also a Chevening alumnus, having been awarded a competitive Chevening scholarship in 2018 which enabled me to pursue a Master’s degree in the United Kingdom. At Virginia Tech, due to impressive academic performance, I was invited into the Phi Kappa Phi honor society in 2022. I also serve as a Center for the Enhancement of Engineering Diversity (CEED) ambassador at Virginia Tech.Dr. Sarah Over, Virginia Tech Dr. Sarah Over is the Engineering Collections and Research Analyst at Virginia Tech, serving as their Engineering Librarian and representative for their new Patent and Trademark Resource

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Ernesto A B F Lima, University of Texas at Austin

his teaching excellence with the Accessibility Champion Award (Fall 2022 and 2023) by the Disability and Access Office and the Disability Cultural Center. Additionally, he was honored as the Professor of the Year (2023-2024) by the Biomedical Engineering Society, UT Austin Chapter. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2025 1 Session XXXX Integrating Biological Context into Computing Education: Enhancing Interdisciplinary Learning in Biomedical Engineering Ernesto A. B. F. Lima Oden

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Elizabeth O'Connell; Sarath Chandra Kumar Jagupilla; Muhammad Hajj

communication withAlthough these scholarships may be provided either directly to students via Canvas. In Fall 2022, this number increased bythe student or to the university on the student's behalf, this 80% to nine. Similarly, in Spring 2022, nineteen externalstudy will primarily focus on those awarded to the university scholarships were available to department students onon behalf of the student. Canvas. This increased by 26.3% to twenty-four in Spring 2023. Starting in Fall 2023, additional communication strategies began to be implemented

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Roy Uzoma Lan; Chinedu Okonkwo, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Ibukun Gabriel Awolusi, The University of Texas at San Antonio; Jiannan Cai

environment, it is essentialthat the construction industry transitions to green building practices to achieve global sustainabilitytargets (Sandanayake et al., 2022). Since the introduction of the UN Sustainable DevelopmentGoals (SDGs) in 2015, governments across the globe have been making enormous efforts topromote sustainable practices (Fei et al., 2021). The global construction industry faces increasingpressures to adopt more sustainable practices, driven by concerns over climate change, resourcedepletion, and the rising costs associated with traditional building materials (Okogwu et al., 2023).As society confronts the environmental impacts of construction, there is growing recognition thatinstitutions of higher education play a pivotal role in

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Anna K. T. Howard, North Carolina State University at Raleigh; Nicholas Garcia, North Carolina State University at Raleigh

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

at ASEE in June, suggested that this approach with weeklyquizzes might also show higher grades, as did the ONU research.2 Last fall the practice quizzeswere required, but this semester they are completely optional. The quizzes do form a backstopfor the grades on the weekly quizzes: a student who scores 100% on the three practice quizzesfor the week is guaranteed at least a 50 on the weekly quiz.MethodsThis paper presents exam scores for the fall semesters 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024. Thevarying requirements for Statics are shown in Table 1. The elements: ●​ On-paper homework (OPHW): daily problems were written by the author new each semester. Solutions provided to undergraduate graders who graded each homework. Due the

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University

embedded system course curriculum. A traditional embedded system curriculum coverslearning about microcontroller architecture and hardware and software aspects of microcontrollersand applications. In order to prepare students for more complex tasks required in embedded systemsand teach advanced topics of embedded systems, an Embedded Intelligent System Design course wascreated and initially offered in Fall 2019. Moreover, this course was also offered in Fall 2022 andSpring 2024. This paper introduces the topics of the course and practice session and term projectcontent in this embedded intelligent system design course. Course topics included Search algorithmsNumPy, Pandas, Sci-kit Learn, TensorFlow, Embedded Linux, and OpenCV. The primary

Collection

2025 ASEE PSW Conference

Authors

Sabrina Elise Contreras, University of California, Irvine; Natascha Trellinger Buswell, University of California, Irvine

significant gender disparities in innovation (Koning et al., 2021; Stoet &Geary, 2018). These gaps are compounded by structural inequities in education and professionalenvironments, as well as gender-biased norms within intellectual property systems, whichprioritize traditionally masculine modes of invention (Lai, 2020; Revankar, 2022). Engineeringeducation plays a crucial role in shaping the innovation pipeline. Existing literature reveals howunderstanding how patents work should be an integral part of engineering education (Garris &Garris, 2017; Kaplan & Kaplan, 2003). Moreover, women’s inventions, which frequently addressunmet societal needs such as women's health and caregiving technologies, are systematicallyundervalued, resulting in

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Noha Alharbi; Peter Cavanaugh

cannot accommodate all job TM is one of the most critical pillars in building seekers, necessitating private sector involvement, particularlycompetitive advantages for organizations. The creative ideas for women [64]. Saudi Arabia actively seeks to empowerpresented by women entrepreneurs play a significant role in women while addressing cultural barriers [65]. Women'sinvesting in successful projects due to the competitive participation in the Saudi labor market rose from 20.5% inadvantage gained through creativity [50]. Women 2019 to 33.6% in 2022, achieving the highest global growthentrepreneurs are more likely to adopt digital tools to make rate [66]. Saudi Vision 2030 aims to

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Aiswarya Acharath Mohanakrishnan, The University of Texas at Arlington; Melanie L. Sattler P.E., The University of Texas at Arlington; Victoria Chen, The University of Texas at Arlington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

4 20 67% 6.55 3.47 7.22 • Hybrid work model expected to grow from 42% in 2021 to 81% in 2024 (AT&T study, 2022) Table 1:Confusion matrix of selected algorithms 5 20 54% 9.11 3.79 7.85 • Conventional working practices and commuting behavior evolved. Algorithms TP FP FN TN 6 35 59% 14.50 6.92 13.41 • Telecommuting alters the homebased

Conference Session

WORKSHOP III: Activity Centric Learning and Teaching with MATLAB - Module 1

Collection

FYEE 2025 Conference

Authors

Lynn A. Albers, Hofstra University

Tagged Topics

FYEE 2025

engineeringinstructors are the target audiences for this workshop. The author will continue to investigate thepossibility of offering professional development hours to K-12 teacher participants.References[1] Albers, L. (2024, July), WIP: Activity Centric Online Teaching and Learning with MATLABPaper presented at 15th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience Conference (FYEE), Boston,Massachusetts. 10.18260/1-2--48635[2] Albers, L. A., & Puerzer, R. J. (2019, June), Board 108: Development of an Activity CentricEngineering Course to Teach Excel, MATLAB, and Engineering Math for High School Students(Work In Progress) Paper presented at 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition , Tampa,Florida. 10.18260/1-2--32180[3] Albers, L. (2022, August), Bungee Action

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Aroudra Syamantak Thakur, The University of Texas at Arlington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

. published in English. (F) The study provides information on supporting or instructing therapy progress. LOGOMON generates individualized training schedules to aid by offering better content and advice, helping to create more effective learning SWLD. Studies like Orefice (2022) and Draffan et al. (2007) were excluded due to sound acquisition, consolidation, and automation. The AI Model did not aim to environments for SWLD. AI's integration into education has the potential to INTRODUCTION language and publication date issues. while Zingoni et al

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Jonathan Weaver-Rosen, Texas A&M University; Carlos R. Corleto P.E., Texas A&M University; Shadi Balawi, Texas A&M University; Mohammad Waqar Mohiuddin, Texas A&M University; Joanna Tsenn, Texas A&M University

&M University BS, MS, PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Texas A&M University. Experience includes 20 years in industry as a lab director, technical manager and engineering advisor, 8 years of academic experience at the assistant and tenured associate professor level, 4.5 years as a professor of practice, Undergraduate Program Director of the J. M. Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering since June 2022, and active industry consultant. Author and contributing author of 10 patents and multiple publications/presentations at technical and engineering education conferences. Areas of expertise and research interest include, Deformation & Failure Mechanisms, Materials Science, Fracture Mechanics

Conference Session

Track 7: Technical Session 2: Taking it One Step at a Time: The Growth of a Program to Support the Doctorates of Tomorrow

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Travis Chan; Tremayne O'Brian Waller, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Cynthia Hampton Ph.D., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

2 1 2 1 1 3 2 3 2022 18 2nd 3 4 1st 4 1 3rd 2 9 nd st rd 2023 33 2 1 1 1 1 10 3 1 2Across all cohorts, academic questions appearing as a minimum value multiple times acrosscohorts are as follows: Q3 (2020, 2022) Be accepted into one of your top 3 choices of graduateschool. Acceptance into top graduate programs is a continuing academic achievement dependenton academic self-efficacy. What contributes to the lack of self-efficacy in this regard isunknown, but S2D programming contributes

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Nandika D'Souza, University of Texas at Dallas; Hector R. Siller, University of North Texas; Hyun Kyoung Kyoung Ro, University of North Texas; Debbie Huffman, North Central Texas College; Mary J Combs, Quality Measures

Tagged Topics

Diversity

. Concurrently, she examines approaches to enhance workforce development for future and current learners for innovative technologies. She has co-authored 6 book chapters, 100 peer reviewed journal and 103 conference publications. She was recognized as a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in 2023 and Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) in 2013. She received the 2015 Distinguished Engineering Educator Award by the Society of Women Engineers (SWE), 2022 WEPAN Exemplary Service Award, 2022 SAMPE DEI Impact Award. She is a life member of SHPE, SWE, NSBE and Girl Scouts and a member of American Chemical Society.Hector R. Siller, University of North TexasDr. Hyun Kyoung Kyoung Ro, University of North

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Mostafa Batouli, The Citadel; William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Tess Doeffinger, The Citadel; Anthony Songer, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

Professional Papers

to think intensively and critically and to live ethically and morally. Dr. Batouli received Harry Saxe Teaching award in 2022 based on students’ votes and students evaluation of instruction. His previous research has resulted in more than 30 referred journal and conference publications as well as five research reports. His past research received major awards and honors including a third-place best poster award from the construction research congress and a Dissertation Year Fellowship from Florida International University in 2016.Dr. William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel William J. Davis is Dept. Head & D. Graham Copeland Professor of Civil Engineering and Director of Construction Engineering at The Citadel in

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Ragavanantham Shanmugam, Fairmont State University; Madhan Gopal Perumal, The University of Texas at Dallas; Uma Maheswari Krishnamoorthy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

productive, as it fostersadaptability while ensuring structure. However, for undergraduate students transitioning from astructured K-12 system to an open academic setting, a structured pathway to student successbecomes essential. Without clear guidance, excessive freedom may lead to distractions,impacting learning and retention. By integrating flexible learning pathways, education canmaintain academic rigor while allowing adaptive approaches that support student success acrossvaried learning needs [4].Figure 1: Challenges in Conventional Education (Courtesy: National Center for Education Statistics -2022)The pie chart titled "Challenges in Conventional Education in the USA" illustrates four keyissues that impact traditional educational models: 1

Conference Session

Professional Papers

Collection

2025 ASEE Southeast Conference

Authors

Mostafa Batouli, The Citadel; Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Nahid Vesali P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Professional Papers

Engineering/Surveying from University of Tehran. Dr. Batouli is a Professional Engineer (PE) registered in SC. He also received Project Management Professional (PMP) international certificate in 2020. Dr. Batouli teaches diverse range of courses in civil engineering, construction engineering, and construction/project management. As a teacher, he aims to inspire his students to think intensively and critically and to live ethically and morally. Dr. Batouli received Harry Saxe Teaching award in 2022. His previous research has resulted in more than 35 referred journal and conference publications as well as five research reports. His past research received major awards and honors including a third-place best poster award from the

Conference Session

Track 2: Technical Session 2: "Si no servimos, no servimos": A Pilot Study on the Influence of Perceived Advisor Support on Graduate Student Thesis Self-Efficacy

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Abimelec Mercado Rivera, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Brooke Charae Coley, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

acknowledge that the term represents an inadequateattempt at generalizing the many peoples, cultures, and countries that make up the community,we chose to use the term Latin* to refer to our participants due to its gender-inclusivity. Thus,when we use the term Latin*, we refer to students who may trace or identify their ethnicity asHispanic, Latina/o/é/x, Chicana/o/x, or by their nationality (Ramos et al., 2023; Salinas, 2020;Villanueva Alarcón et al., 2022).The importance of the advisor-advisee relationshipWhile advising practices differ greatly among institutions and disciplines, there is consensusamong researchers and policymakers regarding their importance for graduate students’ degreecompletion, particularly in relation to the advising model

Conference Session

Track 1: Technical Session 5: Fostering Critical Awareness: Incorporating a Critical Consciousness Framework into Engineering Professional Development

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Jameka Wiggins, The Ohio State University; Monica Farmer Cox, The Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions

groupconsciousness [because it strengthens] their ability to membership and social identity as they are factorsidentify injustices, including how technology might that influence collective action (Watts et al., 2011).contribute to injustices” (Kantharajah, 2022, p. 10).Reform in engineering education lies in critical Techniques or carefully developed and testedthinking, engaging in community contexts with a focus approaches are needed for transformingon problem-posing education, and dialogical praxis consciousness (Montero, 2009).to reflect and act (Trbušić, 2014; Kantharajah, 2022). 7 Limited knowledge of

Collection

2025 ASEE PSW Conference

Authors

Sunai Kim, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Giuseppe Lomiento, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Jeyoung Woo, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

Tagged Topics

Diversity

15%of California’s Civil Engineers. Identifying sources of students’ struggles and proposing effectiveinterventions to support students’ success is crucial. As these two gatekeeper courses serve asprerequisites to many engineering courses, low performance in these courses contributes to a largedropout rate, delayed graduation, and continued poor performance in subsequent courses. Tounderstand students’ struggles, historical data between Fall 2018 to Spring 2022 was examined,including: (a) failure rates for the gatekeeper courses, (b) achievement gaps (the differencebetween under-represented minority students (URM) and non-URM students), and (c) thecorrelation between students’ grades in the gatekeeper courses compared to their upper

Conference Session

GIFTS I

Collection

FYEE 2025 Conference

Authors

Lynn A. Albers, Hofstra University

Tagged Topics

FYEE 2025

), p. 32180, ASEE Conferences, June 2019.[2] L. Albers, “Bungee Action Figure Activity used to Gently Introduce Students to Excel and the MATLAB IDE (Resource Exchange),” in 2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, (Minneapolis, MN), p. 41273, ASEE Conferences, Aug. 2022.[3] L. Albers, “WIP: Activity Centric Online Teaching and Learning with MATLAB,” in 15th Annual First-Year Engineering Experience Conference (FYEE) Proceedings, (Boston, Mas- sachusetts), p. 48635, ASEE Conferences, July 2024.[4] S. Henderson, S. Haghani, E. T. Ososanya, D. Shetty, C. Riso, and R. A. Villegas, “Design and fabrication of a 50mm gun launched hybrid projectile,” in 2019 Fall Mid Atlantic States Conference, (New York, New York

Collection

2025 ASEE North Central Section (NCS) Annual Conference

Authors

Fatma Outay, College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University; Haroon Malik, Marshall University

. (n.d.). How to build a chatbot with Botpress. https://www.codecademy.com/articles/how-to-build- a-chatbot-with-botpress 10[7] Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency. (n.d.). Avoiding Social Engineering and Phishing Attacks. Retrieved from https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/news/avoiding-social-engineering-and-phishing-attacks[8] European Data Protection Supervisor. (2022). EU-wide cybersecurity requirements to protect privacy and personal data. Retrieved from https://www.edps.europa.eu/press-publications/press-news/press- releases/2022/eu-wide-cybersecurity-requirements-protect-privacy-and-personal-data_en[9] Gartner. (2023). Cybersecurity

Conference Session

Track 2: Technical Session 4: A Descriptive Study on Biased and Non-Inclusive Language Use in the Engineering Education Research Community

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Xingchen Xu, Arizona State University; Anjing Dai, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus; Li Tan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

,compared to 283 instances in 2022. The three most persistent categories of biased language overthe three years were Gender, Racial and Ethnic Identity, and Socioeconomic Status. Specifically,the top five most frequently used biased terms were "Females/Males," "Caucasian,""Achievement Gap," "The Poor," and "The Elderly." Introduction The engineering society in the United States has historically encountered substantialobstacles, most notably the inadequate representation of specific demographics, includingwomen and racially minoritized students and scholars (Alfred et al., 2019; Bottia et al., 2015,2021; Cheryan et al., 2017; Meyer et al., 2015). This issue extends beyond social justice andequity

Conference Session

Track 6: Technical Session 6: An Exploratory Analysis of Cultural Capital Among Black Engineering Students at Minority Serving Institutions

Collection

2025 Collaborative Network for Engineering & Computing Diversity (CoNECD)

Authors

Jerrod A Henderson, University of Houston - COE; Cheery Chukwukelu, University of Houston; David Horton Jr., University of Houston

Tagged Topics

2025 CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

undergraduate engineeringexperience. I am an undergraduate student. Consequently, I am a beginner in qualitativeresearch. I also lean into my experiences as an undergraduate when building rapport withundergraduate research participants. Further, I also believe in equity and inclusion ofmarginalized groups in engineering and engineering education. I practice this in the typesof methods that I use in research and the theoretical frameworks that I use whenattempting to understand the experiences of historically marginalized individuals.● As the graphic shows, Black students earned 4.7% of Bachelor’s degrees in engineering in 2022.● Black engineering students in undergraduate programs earn about 4.7% of engineering bachelor’s degrees annually – least

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University

ASEE Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX Copyright © 2025, American Society for Engineering Education 7The ESET 369 courses are managed to be taught in two lecture sections. One lecture section consistsof four lab sections. Given the semesters shown in the graph and table, the author taught these lecturesessions. From the analysis of the data, a steady increase in enrollment was shown. For instance, thetotal enrollment in Spring 2022 is 115, and the total enrollment in Fall 2024 is 149 in the ESET 369courses.Due to the increase in enrollment, the author needed to find an innovative solution for

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Joseph P. Duszak; John F. Drazan; Cynthia A. Bautista

] G. Oliveira Silva et al., “Effect of simulation on stress, anxiety, and self-confidence in nursing students: Due to the perceived and measured benefits of VR HMDs Systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-currently being used in nursing education, it is important that regression,” Int. J. Nurs. Stud., vol. 133, p. 104282, Sep.adequate support and resources be provided to further 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104282.facilitate the development of these technologies. Engineers are [10] D. de Giovanni, T. Roberts, and G. Norman, “Relativeuniquely positioned to partner with nursing professionals to

Collection

2025 Northeast Section Conference

Authors

Sailesh Adhikari; Navarun Gupta; Xingguo Xiong; Ahmed El-Sayed

consists of labeled worldwide.satellite images for wildfire detection REFERENCES  The model achieved a training loss of 0.38 and a validation loss of 0.37 by the 10th epoch. [1] National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), "Wildfire Statistics," 2024.  The validation accuracy improved from 90.44% in [2] Jones, M. W., et al., "Global and Regional Trends in Wildfire Activity," the first epoch to 94.49% in the final epoch. Nature Climate Change, 2022. [3] Bowman, D

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Rojan Shrestha, The University of Texas at Arlington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

, scale (Standard Deviation [SD] = 0.47). perception and overall sentiment (r = 0.632) suggests that students who This study analyzed survey data from second- and third-year students and Economic Informatics programs. The survey was conducted during The distribution of sentiment scores showed clear stratification across recognize AI's practical applications are more likely to embrace itsin technical programs using data analysis techniques to uncover insights the 2022-2023 academic year through an online questionnaire platform. the student population. Very positive sentiment (scores exceeding