Conference Session

Novel Classrooms

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie L. P. Jessop, University of Iowa; Anna L. Flaming, University of Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Teaching Excellence, and is a fellow of the American Chemical Society. She is active in the American Chemical Society as a Science Coach and Past Chair and Councilor for the Division of Polymeric Materials: Science & Engineering; in RadTech as a standing member of the Technical Con- ference Review Committee; and for Project Lead the Way as an Affiliate Professor. She was selected to participate in the National Academy of Engineering’s Frontiers of Engineering Education (FOEE) and the American Society for Engineering Education’s Virtual Community of Practice (VCP). She enjoys teach- ing chemical engineering and, as an alumna of FOEE and VCP, champions active learning principles and provides support for

Conference Session

ChemE Curriculum: Freshman and Sophomore

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tracy Q. Gardner, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

o Homework problem o Project assignment o Quiz question o Exam question o __________________ (anything else in the course)However, keep in mind that ultimately you need to assess the course-level learning outcomesthemselves! Pitfall #3 – Breaking course-level learning outcomes down into unit-level learning outcomes and further into daily learning outcomes can lead you away from actually assessing the higher-order thinking skills written into the course-level LO’s! Similarly, assigning only problems tied directly to the most recent “lesson” or writing quizzes that closely resemble the most recent homework likely won’t assess higher-level LO’s

Conference Session

ChE: Assessment

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Terry, Brigham Young University; W. Vincent Wilding, Brigham Young University; Randy Lewis, Brigham Young University; Danny Olsen, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. The instructor end-of-course evaluation isadministered at the end of each chemical engineering course by the instructor. The evaluationassesses student proficiency (on a 0-5 scale) in course competencies and links the proficiencyrating to direct evidence from exams, homework, projects, or other measures of performance.For example, a given rating may come directly from the average score on a combination ofproblems from midterm exams, quizzes, and the final exam that deal specifically with that Page 12.1481.4competency. This specific information is included in the evaluation form. Since instructorsfocus on specific competencies when preparing

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Upperclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Bullard, North Carolina State University; David Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

/professional school entrance exam infoEthics• A Framework for thinking ethically• Engineering ethics presentationWriting and Speaking Material≠ On-line resources at the library for CHE 395 projects≠ Writing technical reports≠ Writing resources≠ When to cite≠ Effective presentations≠ Seven deadly sins of presentersInterviewing Information≠ Sample interview questions - industry≠ Sample interview questions - grad and professional school≠ Interview tips≠ Cheat sheet for interview preparation≠ Resume tips≠ Resume action verb examples≠ Cover letter tips≠ Recruiters' top 10 resume pet peeves≠ Tips on career fairs≠ The alumni speak Page 15.987.5≠ Illegal

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Underclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Young, Ohio University-Athens

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

registered for engineering majors at one university are surveyed at the start oftheir second term of study to determine students’ perception of the value of various academicsupport activities to their academic development. The goal is to identify intervention strategieswhich have perceived positive impacts on freshmen engineering student success, and to explorethe extent to which these perceptions are based on personal vs. vicarious experience. Thissurvey is part of a longer-term project in which the objective effectiveness of these interventions(as measured by retention and by GPA) will be evaluated. Presentation at the 2010 meeting willbe of the first year’s results only, focusing on three interventions: Engineering FreshmanLearning Communities

Conference Session

Virtual Instruction of Chemical Engineering Courses

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rupak Dua, Hampton University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Chemical Engineering within the School of Engi- neering & Technology, Dr. Dua worked as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Hampden-Sydney College, where he taught and supervised undergraduates on clinically translated re- search projects. He has been an active leader in promoting STEM fields and has chaired several scientific and ethics sessions at national conferences. His current research focuses on improving or finding solutions for the musculoskeletal system disorders that still exist clinically through biomimetics, chemical, and tis- sue engineering approaches. Dr. Dua’s research has been funded by several organizations, including the National Science Foundation (NSF

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Pedagogy

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Eric Burkholder, Stanford University; Francis Ledesma; Julie C. Fornaciari, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

replaceexams with projects, so that the major assessments in the course better aligned with authentic problem-solving practices.Figure 5: How similar students found section problems compared with exam problems.Conclusions:Overall, we see that students liked the section problems better than typical homework problems and foundthem more helpful for their overall learning than regular homework problems. However, students foundthat the section problems did not align with how they were assessed in the course. Overall we see somegains in problem-solving throughout the course, but we cannot attribute this gain to the section problemswithout a control group. However, it seems plausible that students did get more exposure to ideas aboutprocess safety in this

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janie Brennan, Washington University in St. Louis

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

any visual cue for when it has beensaturated with adsorbate. Finally, some demonstrations required pumps or other forms of moreexpensive/complicated lab equipment (for example, [9] - [11]), which would not be ideal for asimple demonstration during a lecture course.For this project, a fixed-bed adsorption demonstration was developed that is not only relativelylarge in size, is also very cheap, safe, and colorful. Furthermore, the demonstration could beeasily expanded to be a short lab activity that could be completed by student teams to examinethe effects of several key variables, such as bed height, contaminant concentration, etc.Construction details for the demonstration are provided in Appendix B. To summarize, thecolumn is constructed of a

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in CHE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phillip Wankat, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

.” “Area 3-Engineering Learning Systems: Research on the instructional culture, institutional infrastructure, and epistemology of engineering educators.” “Area 4-Engineering Diversity and Inclusiveness: Research on how diverse human talents contribute solutions to the social and global challenges and relevance of our profession.” “Area 5-Engineering Assessment: Research on, and the development of, assessment methods, instruments, and metrics to inform engineering education practice and learning.”These five areas are quite broad in scope and many research projects that are of interest to manyengineering fields are included. Although the five areas do not and were not expected to

Conference Session

ChE: Curriculum Reform & Assessment

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Turton, West Virginia University; Joseph Shaeiwitz, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

offered as electives. It is also suggested that problems frommodern applications of chemical engineering principles be incorporated in traditionally namedclasses. It is observed that several sets of companion materials have been published over theyears for this purpose, but they have not all been widely used.7-9 So, it is not clear howsuccessful this suggestion would be. For a small department, a new class entitled “modernchemical engineering” might be a method for incorporating an introduction to areas likenanotechnology, interfacial phenomena, microelectronics processing, etc., into a single elective.This could also be a required class to ensure that the traditionally trained chemical engineer hasexposure to the modern aspects. Design projects

Conference Session

ChemE Curriculum: Junior, Senior, and Graduate

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University; David L. Silverstein P.E., University of Kentucky; Kevin D. Dahm, Rowan University; Laura P. Ford, University of Tulsa; Jennifer Cole, Northwestern University; Lucas James Landherr, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

will be considering chemical engineering thermodynamics andthereafter loop through the proceeding topics.While each instructor may have a clear concept in mind when they say “instructional laboratory”or “lab,” the activities and educational outcomes associated with these experiences vary sowidely that it’s easy to be misunderstood. The term “lab” may be applied to learning experiencesthat are replications of precise instructions, discovery-based experiences, simulations, orprogramming; they may occur from benchtop to pilot scale; they may imply a different activityevery week or a single semester-long project. United States Department of Education guidelinessuggest that the credit hours for lab is typically one half of the credit hours accorded

Conference Session

ChemE Curriculum: Freshman and Sophomore

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Rae Tanner, Ohio State University; Rachel Louis Kajfez, Ohio State University; Krista M Kecskemety, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

choose chemical engineering as their major? We investigatedthis research question by examining information about students’ beliefs about what chemicalengineers do in the workplace and they certainty that this major was the correct choice for them.MethodsThis project used a mixed methods approach through surveys that contained both quantitativeand qualitative questions. The set of three surveys were administered. The data was gatheredover the course of one academic year from first-year engineering students at a large land-grantuniversity.ParticipantsThe survey participants were first-year students enrolled in engineering majors at a large land-grant university in the Midwest. The students in the engineering program at this school areadmitted to

Conference Session

ChemE Curriculum: Junior, Senior, and Graduate

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University; Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Amy Frances Golightly, Bucknell University; Carrine Megan Gadoury, Bucknell University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

been involved in collaborative research projects focused on conceptual learning in chemistry, chemical engineering, seismology, and astronomy.Dr. Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University Margot Vigeant is a professor of chemical engineering at Bucknell University. She earned her B.S. in chemical engineering from Cornell University, and her M.S. and Ph.D., also in chemical engineering, from the University of Virginia. Her primary research focus is on engineering pedagogy at the undergraduate level. She is particularly interested in the teaching and learning of concepts related to thermodynamics. She is also interested in active, collaborative, and problem-based learning, and in the ways hands-on activities such as

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Courses in Emergent Areas

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Taryn Melkus Bayles, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

, MATLAB programming, etc.)  Computer project and oral presentation  Working additional material and energy balance problems (in class) to supplement the course material in a much smaller setting.The responsibilities of the peer mentor included:  Support the goals, expectations, and mission statement of the Office of Undergraduate Education  Help students become familiar with university resources; advise and refer students to appropriate university resources, as the need arises  Work with university staff and faculty to create a supportive, inclusive environment for new transfer students  Maintain two consistent hours of time per week when available to students in the Transfer Seminar course

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amber DeAnn Graviet, Washington State University ; Jacqueline Gartner Ph.D., Washington State University; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University; Paul B Golter, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

set the stage for him to receive the Marian Smith Award given annually to the most innovative teacher at Washington State University.Dr. Paul B Golter, Washington State University Paul B. Golter obtained an MS and PhD Washington State University and made the switch from Instruc- tional Laboratory Supervisor to Post-Doctoral Research Associate on an engineering education project. His research area has been engineering education, specifically around the development and assessment of technologies to bring fluid mechanics and heat transfer laboratory experiences into the classroom. Page 26.1288.1

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christi L Patton Luks, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Laura P Ford, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, mass transfer, and chemical engineer- ing senior labs. She is a co-advisor for TU’s student chapter of Engineers Without Borders USA and has recently advised students on TU’s Hydrate Flow Assurance joint industry project. Her email address is laura-ford@utulsa.edu. Page 26.211.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Analysis of a Small Gamification Addition to LabsAbstractOne small gamification aspect was incorporated into senior chemical engineering labs.“Bragging Points” were awarded for certain things that the students should be doing

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul B. Golter, Washington State University; Olusola Adesope, Washington State University; Bernard J. Van Wie, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Paper ID #15090Using Time More Efficiently: Converting an Interview Protocol to a SurveyDr. Paul B. Golter, Washington State University Paul B. Golter obtained an M.S. and Ph.D. from Washington State University and made the switch from Instructional Laboratory Supervisor to Post-Doctoral Research Associate on an engineering education project. His research area has been engineering education, specifically around the development and as- sessment of technologies to bring fluid mechanics and heat transfer laboratory experiences into the class- room.Dr. Olusola Adesope, Washington State University Dr. Olusola O. Adesope is

Conference Session

Works-in-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brittany Lynn Butler; Daniel D. Anastasio, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Daniel D. Burkey, University of Connecticut; Matthew Cooper, North Carolina State University; Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Feister, P.M. Buzzanell, W.C. Oakes, A.D. Mead, “TheDevelopment of an Instrument for Assessing Individual Ethical Decision-making in Project-baseDesign Teams: Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods,” ASEE Annual Conference &Exposition, Indianapolis, IN, 2014, pp. 1-127) J. Rest, L. Edwards, S. Thoma, “Designing and Validation a Measure of Moral Judgement:Stage Preference and Stage Consistency Approaches,” Journal of Educational Psychology, vol.89, no. 1, pp. 5-28, 1997.8) L. Kohlberg, R.H. Hersh, “Moral Development: A Review of the Theory,” Theory intoPractice, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 53-59, Apr., 1977.9) J.R. Rest, D. Narvaez, S.T. Thoma, “DIT2: Devising and Testing a Revised Instrument ofMoral Judgement,” Journal of Educational

Conference Session

Works-in-Progress Postcard Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimia Moozeh, UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO; Deborah Tihanyi, University of Toronto; Jennifer Lyn Farmer, University of Toronto; Greg Evans, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

], [16], [21], [29].Too often, students are not given adequate explanations as to why an experiment is performed,why they should care about the experiment and its relevance to the real-world practice [33]. Thisis unfortunate, as the lack of utility value can detract from students’ motivation to engage in atask [34].A research project is currently being conducted to enhance the learning experience of students inchemical engineering laboratories at the University of Toronto by developing web-basedmultimedia pre-lab exercises to complement the laboratory manual. The goals of thesemultimedia pre-labs are to help the students construct knowledge by building connectionsbetween theory and experiment, and to understand the relevance and utility value of

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering in the Sophomore Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew W Liberatore, The University of Toledo; Megan Davidson, The University of Toledo; Kayla Chapman

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

/114520.[25] B. J. S. Barron et al., "Doing with understanding: Lessons from research on problem- and project-based learning," (in English), Journal of the Learning Sciences, vol. 7, no. 3-4, pp. 271-311, 1998, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.1998.9672056.[26] N. K. Lape, "Tiered Scaffolding of Problem-Based Learning Techniques in a Thermodynamics Course," in ASEE Annual Conference, 2011: American Society for Engineering Education.[27] E. D. Sloan and C. Norrgran, "A neuroscience perspective on learning," Chemical Engineering Education, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 29-37, 2016, doi: https://journals.flvc.org/cee/article/view/87714.

Conference Session

New Ideas for the ChemE Core

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell University; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2012-4671: MAKING THEIR BRAINS HURT: QUICK AND EFFEC-TIVE ACTIVITIES FOR THERMODYNAMICSDr. Margot A. Vigeant, Bucknell UniversityDr. Michael J. Prince, Bucknell UniversityDr. Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University Katharyn Nottis is an Educational Psychologist whose research has focused on meaningful learning in science and engineering education, approached from the perspective of human constructivism. She has authored several publications and given numerous presentations on the generation of analogies, miscon- ceptions, and facilitating learning in science and engineering. She has been involved in collaborative research projects focused on conceptual learning in chemistry, seismology, and chemical engineering

Conference Session

Contemporary Issues in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Zollars, Washington State University; Christopher Hundhausen, Washington State University; Pawan agrawal, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

AC 2010-1551: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF VISUALLY-ORIENTEDLEARNING SOFTWARE ONRichard Zollars, Washington State UniversityChristopher Hundhausen, Washington State UniversityPawan agrawal, Washington State University Pawan Agrawal is a PhD student in Computer Science at Washington State University. He has been involved on this visualization project for two years. Page 15.564.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Exploring the Impact of Visually-Oriented Software on Student Understanding in Chemical Engineering Education Most engineering curricula have a “gateway” class; a class early in the

Conference Session

Impact of the Gulf Coast Oil Spill on Chemical Engineering Education & Misc.

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamara Floyd Smith, Tuskegee University; Nadar Vahdat, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the explosion. • An engineer with BP, team leader overseeing the project, ignored warnings about weaknesses in cement outside the well which could have prevented the gas from escaping. Page 22.764.105. Consequences • Environmental Damage - Oil Spills Damage Beaches, Marshlands and Fragile Marine Ecosystems • Oil Spills Kill Birds • Oil Spills Kill Marine Mammals • Oil Spills Kill Fish • Oil Spills Destroy Wildlife Habitat and Breeding Grounds • Health consequences6. Role of Government • The Interior Department exempted BP's drilling operation from a detailed environmental impact analysis last

Conference Session

Adaptive and Supportive Learning Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie E. Sharp, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

Belhaven University and her M.A.T., M.A., and Ph.D. from Vanderbilt University. Page 25.251.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Behavioral Interview Training in Engineering ClassesIntroductionMany engineering educators believe strongly in including both written and oral communicationassignments in their classes because of their desire to prepare engineers to be excellentcommunicators. Oral communication instruction in engineering courses usually preparesstudents for presenting various reports about experiments or projects. Some professors includeassignments that mimic what

Conference Session

Adaptive and Supportive Learning Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shiran Zhavian; James P. Abulencia, Manhattan College

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

Rochester Institute of Technology [5]. It ispurported to be the only technical college for Deaf and Hard of Hearing students, and hasperformed research on best practices in this topic [6]. However, despite being part of atraditional institution, the institute remains separate from traditional students pursuingengineering degrees. Page 25.1037.3Methods The sophomore-level materials balance course was taught during the Fall of 2011with an initial class size of 42. The students met three times a week, at 55 minutes perperiod. For assessment, there were daily quizzes, two exams, and a comprehensive finalexam. There was no team project assigned this year. One of

Conference Session

Grasping the "Concept"

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University; Margot A Vigeant, Bucknell University; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University; Ana Gabriela Aguilera Silva, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Paper ID #6993The Effect of Inquiry-Based Activities and Prior Knowledge on Undergradu-ates’ Understanding of ReversibilityDr. Katharyn E. K. Nottis, Bucknell University Dr. Nottis is an Educational Psychologist and Professor of Education at Bucknell University. Her research has primarily concentrated on meaningful learning in science and engineering education from the perspec- tive of Human Constructivism. She has authored publications and done presentations on the generation of analogies, misconceptions, and learning science and engineering concepts. She is committed to collab- orative research projects, finding them a

Conference Session

Virtual Instruction of Chemical Engineering Courses

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the use of higher-level cognitive skills in engineering problem solving. His research interests particularly focus on what prevents students from being able to integrate and extend the knowledge developed in specific courses in the core curriculum to the more complex, authentic problems and projects they face as professionals. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Student Responses to Remote Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for the Future of Online LearningIntroduction:The COVID-19 pandemic brought a widespread shift in instructional practice as facultyscrambled to shift to remote instruction. One positive

Conference Session

Teaching Professional Skills in Chemical Engineering

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ashlee N. Ford Versypt, University at Buffalo; Samantha Lyn Carpenter, Oklahoma State University; Troy Lamarr Adkins II, Oklahoma State University; Ted Anderson Sperry, Oklahoma State University; Yu Feng, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Paper ID #32666Kidney and Lung Demonstrations to Introduce Engineering Concepts toMiddle School Students and Their GrandparentsDr. Ashlee N. Ford Versypt, University at Buffalo Dr. Ashlee N. Ford Versypt is an associate professor in the Department of Chemical and Biological En- gineering and an affiliated faculty member in the Department of Engineering Education at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. This project was conducted while she was an assistant and associate professor in the School of Chemical Engineering at Oklahoma State University. She earned her Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in chemical

Conference Session

Professional Skills Development

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abigail Jane Kulhanek; Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

projects, catastrophic events can occur. Many people can lose their livesand companies can lose significant amounts of money. These events reinforce the importance ofcommunication within engineering.Along with technical skills, students in the engineering discipline are expected to have proficientcommunication skills when entering industry.4 According to a survey of industry representatives,working engineers say they spend over half of their day communicating either throughcollaborating with other employees or discussing opportunities with customers.5 Writing,speaking, and drawing are not simply used for passing information along within engineering;these communication techniques are also used to generate and analyze knowledge.6 For example,a team

Conference Session

Virtual and Online Learning Tools in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alec Steven Bowen, Oregon State University; Daniel Robert Reid, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

focus on what prevents students from being able to integrate and extend the knowledge developed in specific courses in the core curriculum to the more complex, authentic problems and projects they face as professionals. Dr. Koretsky is one of the founding members of the Center for Lifelong STEM Education Research at OSU. Page 24.426.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 Development of Interactive Virtual Laboratories to Help Students Learn Difficult Concepts in ThermodynamicsAbstractIn this project, we explore the use of threshold concept theory as a