Asee peer logo
Displaying results 331 - 360 of 494 in total
Conference Session
Effective Learning Innovations in Civil Engineering Courses
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Guoqing Zhou, Old Dominion University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
the remotely students to immediatelyinteract with instructors, the major shortcoming from the instructor’s perspective is the lack ofvisible body language and eye contact from students. This means that instructors used totraditional in-class teaching cannot use these immediate non-verbal cues to make adjustmentswhile teaching. Thus, the student evaluations often reflect the position that conventionalinstruction is perceived to be better organized and more clearly presented than the distanceeducation. Thus we always maintain eye contact with the camera, are willing to repeat questions,and possess a sense of humor. 3. Web-based Lab: The students conducted their laboratory via Citrix software in theGIS laboratory class before 2004
Conference Session
Aspirational Visions of Civil Engineering in 2025 & Policy 465
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kenneth Fridley, University of Alabama; Richard Anderson, Somat Engineering, Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
understand the principles of leadership.Engineers will need to exhibit high ethical standards and a strong sense of professionalism, andthey need to be lifelong learners. The NAE also recognizes that engineers will need somethingthat cannot be described in a single word or phase but involves dynamism, agility, resilience, andflexibility.As for the second NAE report which focuses on preparing the future engineer for entry into theprofession, the first recommendation states that “The baccalaureate degree should be recognizedas the “pre-engineering” degree or “bachelor of arts” in engineering degree, depending on thecourse content and reflecting the career aspirations of the student.”The common theme and mutual support communicated through ASCE Policy
Conference Session
Trends and Applications in Curricula and the Capstone Experience
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Daniel M. Dulaski PE, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
the final product.One other question that is informative is their view of the project requirements. Of theresponses, 34.8% of the responses were “nearly” identical, and 52.2% of the practitionersthought that the capstone project requirements were “similar”. Combining the “nearly identical”and “similar” responses results in 87% of the practitioners viewing the project as emulating their“real-world” experience.This response provides valuable insight to the program. Only 13% didn’t view their experienceas “real-world”. Since one of the objectives is to provide an experience that is as “real-world” aspossible, it is beneficial to know that the class reflects one of the objectives. Due to the structureof the course, a significant amount of time is
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Monique H. Head, Morgan State University; Oludare Adegbola Owolabi PE, Morgan State University; Petronella A James-Okeke, Morgan State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
)homework and online (electronic) homework. As such, two homework assignments wereassessed in this study with one assignment covering problems related to structural analysis oftrusses and the other one covering problems related to the construction of shear and momentdiagrams. Student performance on these homework problems will be assessed and compared toevaluate students' overall success for each class as reflected by the measuring instruments of thefinal exam and final grade students' earned for the course. Note that separate comparisons will bemade given the differences in the format (i.e. face-to-face [f2f] vs. online) and grade weights forthe course as noted in Table 1. Figure 1 shows an example of the selected truss problem from
Conference Session
Innovations in Teaching Transportation and Geotechnical Engineering
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James L. Hanson, California Polytechnic State University; David J. Elton, Auburn University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
, allowing sufficient time (at least 2 weeks) for collaborations to occur, andincorporating icebreaker activities to bring familiarity to groups that are unable to meet inperson.AcknowledgmentsThe assistance of Mr. Gary Welling, Mr. Gregory Olsen, Mr. Daniel Pitts, Mr. SamuelWheeler, Mr. Kirk Vandersall, and Dr. Nazli Yesiller is acknowledged. This material isbased on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DUE-0817570. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation.References1. Holland, M. P. (1998). “Collaborative technologies in inter-university instruction,” Journal of theA merican
Conference Session
Learning by Doing
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea Welker, Villanova University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
the case studies more Retain the field trip to Valley Forge ParkSome of the topics did not fit well into the selected over-arching examples, consequently, theexamples will be broadened to better accommodate the course material as reflected in Table 5.LaboratoriesThe student responses once again were generally in agreement with the author’s observations onthe effectiveness of the laboratories and the evaluated student work did show some improvement.The laboratories on sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks, rock identification, andseismograms were useful. The additional laboratories on mineralogy (Hardness; Streak, Color,and Luster; Cleavage, Fracture, and Parting; and Crystal Form and Tenacity) required too muchclass time and did not
Conference Session
Innovative Pedagogy and Assessment in Civil Engineering Education
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Norb Delatte P.E., Cleveland State University; Joshua Gisemba Bagaka's, Cleveland State University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
engineers are painfully aware of the consequences for public health,safety, and welfare when the infrastructure does not get the attention it requires.”6 Civilengineers should be (p. 9) “managers of risk and uncertainty caused by natural events, accidents,and other threats.” 6There is considerable emphasis on the attributes for the Civil Engineer of 2025. By way ofexplanation (p. 10) “Attributes may be defined as desirable knowledge, skills, and attitudes…Attitudes reflect an individual’s values and determine how he or she perceives, interprets, andapproaches the world. Attitudes conducive to effective professional practice includecommitment, curiosity, honesty, integrity, objectivity, optimism, sensitivity, thoroughness, andtolerance.” 6 Ethical
Conference Session
Enhancing CE Learning Through Use of Technology
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nadarajah Ravichandran, Clemson University; Brian Machmer, Clemson University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
concern of stress concentrations affecting thequality of the clay layer on top of the sand layer.Consolidation of the clay-sand mixture was conducted in a two-step process on a universaltesting machine (UTM). Each step was performed by applying the load and the rate shown inTable 2. Once the loading for consolidation of the clay-sand mixture was completed, the steelreinforcement was removed and the plexiglass container was attached to the shake table. Page 15.402.6Page 15.402.7Page 15.402.8Page 15.402.9walls, and reflects waves back into the soil sample. To mitigate this breakdown, a liquefactionbox with flexible beams similar to those in the
Conference Session
Implementing the CE BOK into Courses and Curricula
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wilfrid Nixon, University of Iowa
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
minutes, which is critical in a class such as staticsin which time is very precious.Table 1 shows the bridges that were and are currently being used in the bridge of the daypresentations for statics. Many of them are historical bridges rather than modern (e.g. Page 15.1326.3constructed over the past 100 years) but this reflects the author’s own interests rather thanany special desire to meet outcome 11 of BOK2 (which had not been written when thesepresentations were first introduced in 2007).Table 1: Bridges used in Statics Class for Bridge of the Day PresentationsIronbridge, Shropshire, England Tarr Steps, Somerset, EnglandPont Neuf
Conference Session
Program Criteria, Assessment, and Sustainability in Civil Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allen C. Estes, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
. Specificreferences to procurement of work, bidding and the specific requirement for probability andstatistics were removed. The requirement for an area of science in addition to physics andchemistry was added. The CE criteria required a level of understanding in the areas ofmanagement, business, public policy and leadership…topics that had never appeared before butwere deemed important in the CE Body of Knowledge. The level of understanding wasquantified using Bloom’s taxonomy and verbs such as “explain” were used to define thecognitive level to be attained. The criteria reflect ASCE Policy 4655 which argues for a broadundergraduate education and more technical specialization at the master’s degree level
Conference Session
Integration of the Humanities and Social Sciences into Civil Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeffrey C. Evans, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
curricular change with respect to humanities and social sciences.RecommendationsIt is likely that a few programs have indeed altered their approach to their students’ education inhumanities and social sciences. These changes in approach may not be reflected in curricularchanges in humanities and social sciences but rather in the courses within the discipline. It issuggested that novel approaches can be revealed through an explicit call for papers on this topicfor the next ASEE meeting. A session examining if, or how, programs are leading students tomake the important connections between the technical dimension of engineering and the humanand social dimension of engineering is recommended. As a supplement to the findings of thisstudy it would be
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Poster Session
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fatih Oncul, Southern Polytechnic State University; Wasim Barham P.E., Southern Polytechnic State University; Metin Oguzmert P.E., Southern Polytechnic College of Engr and Engr Tech
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
, Steel, Inc., Atlanta Demolition, PaulLee and by the volunteer efforts of many students, faculty, and community partners. Thanks toall the faculty members who have encouraged students for participating in this project. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Southern Polytechnic State University orother project sponsors. Page 25.52.12Bibliography 1. Nations, U. (2010). Haiti Earthquake: Situation Updates. Retrieved 12 30, 2011, from UN News Centre: http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/haiti/haiti_quake_update.shtml 2
Conference Session
The Civil Engineering Technologist and the Civil Engineer – What’s the Difference?
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas A. Lenox, Dist.M.ASCE, American Society of Civil Engineers; James J O'Brien Jr., American Society of Civil Engineers
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
provide routes to PE licensure that bypass the EAC/ABET education requirement. Some states explicitly permit individuals holding a bachelor of engineering technology degree to become licensed as PEs. This reflects a lack of understanding of the distinction between engineering and engineering technology. 3. Engineering and engineering technology are recognized as distinct points on the technical occupational spectrum. For example, ABET's accreditation criteria defines engineering as "the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to use economically the materials and forces of
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Ali Khasawneh P.E., Jordan University of Science and Technology; Mohammad Obadat P.E., The University of Tennessee at Martin
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
as an effective educational tool as was illustrated by positivefeedback from participants in his study. A study by Blake and Cornett3 on Teaching an Object-Oriented Software in Undergraduate Engineering Education resulted in nourishing students’learning experience as this tool helped them in their job interviews and to understand the bigpicture of their internships as well. Borchelt studied the use of computer tools in the teaching andlearning of undergraduate calculus4. Based on his study computer tools proved to be valuable inallowing students to explore more, reflect on results and focus on understanding. The computertools also allowed for critical thinking and creativity in problem solving permitting students tomove toward more
Conference Session
Key Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE - Part 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Norb Delatte P.E., Oklahoma State University; Stephen J. Ressler P.E., United States Military Academy; Audra N. Morse P.E., Michigan Technological University; Camilla M. Saviz P.E., University of the Pacific; Brock E. Barry P.E., U.S. Military Academy
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
fields that ABET accredits [26].Within this federated organization, updates to the EAC General Criteria require a consensus ofthe engineering member societies for any changes to the non-harmonized criteria (Criteria 3, 5,and 6) and a consensus of all member societies for any changes to the harmonized criteria(Criteria 1, 2, 4, and 8). The non-harmonized criteria are likely to require more frequent updates,because they more closely reflect changing industry needs. Yet any such changes require theengineering member societies to achieve a consensus on a single set of student outcomes(Criterion 3), a single set of curriculum requirements (Criterion 5), and a single set of facultyqualifications (Criterion 6) that meet the needs of all programs and
Conference Session
Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Timothy W Mays P.E., The Citadel; Monika Bubacz, The Citadel; Kevin Skenes, The Citadel; Kaitlin Marley, University of California - San Diego; James Michael Grayson, The Citadel
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
(depending on site and weather) with competitive team activities. The mentorsalso use meals and morning / afternoon snack breaks for team building, reflection time, anddiscussion. A closing dinner provides participants with an opportunity to interact with othersoutside of their own teams and to celebrate their achievements after four days of hard work.Mini-ExCEEd Teaching Workshops: A Mini-ExCEEd Teaching workshop is a two-dayworkshop that focuses on presenting two demonstration classes by master teachers and 9-10seminars (normally Seminars 1-9, 11, Table 1, occasionally Seminar VII is minimized to onlythe assessment form presented before demonstration class 2). As can be seen in the typicalExCEEd Teaching Workshop schedule (Figure 3), the
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Teaching Part Three
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Collins, J.P. Morgan Chase; Gerard Lennon, Lehigh University; John Ochs, Lehigh University; Richard Weisman, Lehigh University; Vincent Munley, Lehigh University; Joseph Sterrett, Lehigh University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
. The faculty instructorsencourage groups to reflect on situations afterward and to appreciate the positiveeducational aspect on the overall project when Option 1 was used and deadlines aremissed. III. Typical Team ActivitiesTo provide insight on how the student teams operate with limited guidance two pastprojects are discussed, the 2005 golf design project and the 2007 master plan project.Additional details of the golf facility design can be found in Reference 1.A. Team StructureFrom the first day the project is presented, students are advised to attack the project bydividing into sub-groups that will focus on different aspects of the project. While theformation is left to the students, typically there are 6 to 8
Conference Session
Educational Issues in Civil Engineering
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anant Kukreti, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
-Portfolio. Is held during the second week. A central tool in achieving transparency and a critiqued final research paper is the e-portfolio. Each student is asked to track his/her progress by including evidence of research progress, reflections (lessons learnt) on seminar/workshop presentations, their own presentations, and periodic written critical evaluations from the faculty mentors(s), which are discussed in this workshop. The workshop guides the students in creation of their e-portfolio and provides support throughout the REU project period on request basis.Research Enrichment Training Seminars. This seminar series introduces the role ofinterdisciplinary research in modern society, the scientific research process
Conference Session
Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: The Role of Engineering Education towards Attaining UN Sustainable Development Goals
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tripp Shealy, Virginia Tech; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Haley Margaret Gardner
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering, Community Engagement Division, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering
careers to solvesocietal challenges that mitigate and prepare for climate change and its global implications forsustainability. Attached below is the survey instrument developed and currently undergoing validatingand reliability testing.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.1635534. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material arethose of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.ReferencesABET. (2013). Criteria for accrediting engineering programs, 2014 - 2015. Retrieved from http://www.abet.org/eac-criteria-2014-2015/Allenby, B., Murphy, C., Allen, D., & Davidson, C. (2009
Conference Session
Key Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE - Part 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Bradley Aldrich PE, American Society of Civil Engineers; Kenneth H. Rosenfield, American Society of Civil Engineers; Marlee A. Walton, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Jennifer Hofmann, American Society of Civil Engineers
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Conference Session
Making Professionals: Methods to Build Success Skills
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jakob C. Bruhl, United States Military Academy; James Ledlie Klosky P.E., United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
opportunity for student-driven feedback. The specific questionsare included in Appendix A. The response rate was 57% (19/33 students). Results confirmed thatthe instructions and purpose for the exercises were clear: all students either agreed or stronglyagreed with those statements. Students spent less than 45 minutes on each activity, with themajority (17/19 respondents) spending less than 20 minutes. Open feedback was quite positive.Representative comments include: • “I think the "Creativity!" exercises are a great way to challenge students. They not only get us to think about things in a non-linear fashion but they also allow us to reflect on other parts of life where we go with "the norm" and fail to exercise creativity
Conference Session
Are You Experienced? Approaches and Tools for Experiential Learning
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Alec Colin Derks, Saint Louis University; J Chris Carroll P.E., Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.; James H. Hanson P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Matthew D. Lovell P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kyle Kershaw P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Conference Session
Proven Strategies in Classroom Engagement Part II: Activities for Creative Pedagogy
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan Michelle Reynolds P.E., Colorado School of Mines; Raul N. Tackie, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
are of greatimportance, while others may only need to be briefly mentioned in the lecture. To reflect thisrelative importance in the skeleton notes the instructor should rank each topic in the list; in effectcreating a hierarchy of importance. The next step is to reorder the list of topics as they wouldappear chronologically in a lecture; the topics should build on one-another in a logical fashion tocreate a progression of thought that serves to inform the student and demonstrate how theconcepts relate to one another. This reordering can take many forms, and should be written in away that encourages the instructor to think about how the topics are related. Some instructorsmay find that a bulleted list serves this purpose best, while others
Conference Session
Developing Infrastructure Professionals
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Douglas Schmucker P.E., University of Utah; Joshua Lenart, University of Utah; Steven J. Burian P.E., University of Utah; Amir Mohaghegh Motlagh, University of Utah
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
rather than a high performance by the students. Instead, the criteria for performanceat the Analysis level might more accurately be defined as demonstrating an understanding of thecompeting measures of success for the various project criteria and how to obtain, process, andanalyze the appropriate data associated with success in each category. If so, the performance ofthe students would occur, at best, around the Application level. It is more likely that other levelswould then be re-scaled to reflect average performance occurring around a mean of 2.5 (betweenComprehension and Application). Note the large coefficient of variation of 0.4. Such a largevalue suggests significant scatter about the mean. (Given the changing perspective of the
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Derek Guthrie Williamson, University of Alabama; Kenneth J. Fridley, University of Alabama; W. Edward Back, University of Alabama
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
)made a number of changes in the departmental PEOs, outcomes and curricula to accommodate :(a) the release of ASCE BOK II, (b)a change of credit hours 132 to 125 in response to theUniversity of Alabama lowering the “full-time load” for students to 16 hours/semester, (c)increasing numbers of students, (d) to communicate program specific criteria more explicitly,and (e) to reflect lessons learned during the departmental assessment of outcomes using studentportfolios. Table 4 shows the single set of departmental outcomes for both the CE and ConEprogram introduced in 2010. Note that when the program specific criteria need to be reflected ina degree, the words “civil engineering” or “construction engineering” are used. A carefulcomparison of Table 4
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Harry G. Cooke, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST); M.D. Abdullah Al Faruque, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
Conference Session
Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shawn P. Gross, Villanova University; Eric Musselman P.E., Villanova University
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
steel bbeamfor a buillding structu ure using a sy ystematic appproach that ensures life safety and sserviceabilityy,but also to t understand exactly wh hat they are doing, what behavior deesign equatioons reflect, aandhow chan nging certainn parameterss will affect the t design soolution. At this level, sttructural dessignis all abo out systematiic application n of principlles and equaations, but thhe applicationn must be doonein an eduucated manneer.The decision to shift from a moree classical co ourse structuure to an invverted classrooom format inthe Strucctural Design n course disccussed in thiss paper was motivated bby a number of
Conference Session
Accreditation and the BOK
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
and2016-2017 was that only 4% of the 2011 students rated experiments among the five leastimportant outcomes [12]. Three other outcomes were also very different in the extent to whichstudents rated them among the five least important outcomes: mechanics (35% in 2011), lifelonglearning (26% in 2011), and contemporary and historical issues (17% in 2011).RQ3. Outcome AdditionsSenior student feedback on ten potential additional BOK outcomes from the in-class exercise issummarized in Table 3. Key references that support the importance of these KSA outcomes arenoted. Only the potential outcomes assigned to the students during the in-class exercise areshown, and the list should not be considered exhaustive. The comments reflect the group of twoto three
Conference Session
Key Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession - and ASCE - Part 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Decker B Hains P.E., Western Michigan University; Stephen J. Ressler P.E., Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, U.S. Military Academy; Thomas A. Lenox , Dist.M.ASCE, F.ASEE, American Society of Civil Engineers
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
implementing the certification of specialty areas within the civil engineeringprofession.DisclaimerAlthough two of the authors of this paper are corresponding members of the ASCE Committeeon Preparing the Future Civil Engineer (CPFCE), we have developed this paper independently,for the purpose of contributing to the future deliberations of the CPFCE and its TCC. Thus, thispaper reflects only the authors’ personal perspectives and should not be regarded as an officialproduct of either the CPFCE or its TCC.Brief History of Credentialing in the Medical ProfessionIn considering the use of board certification as a tool for advancing the civil engineeringprofession, we begin with a brief examination of why and how credentialing was developed andimplemented
Conference Session
Before the Capstone: Project-based Experiences Early in the Curriculum
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Nicholas Andres Brake, Lamar University; Thinesh Selvaratnam
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
-2020 - -Surveys were deployed in Fall 2019 to students at every academic level in the civil engineeringundergraduate program (Seniors: 2016-2017 cohort, Juniors: 2017-2018 cohort, Sophomores:2018-2019 cohort, and Freshman: 2019-2020 cohort) to better understand their attitudes andperceptions (STEM confidence, Major Desirability and Reward, and Student Community) to seeif the retention data reflects their perceptions in these dimensions.Table 7 shows the synthesis summary of the students’ favorite and least favorite parts of thecourse. In aggregate, the peer mentored project-based engineering design activity was rated asthe students’ favorite part of the course (53%). The CAD Fusion 360, EXCEL, and MATLABmodules were rated