Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Burian, University of Utah; Edward Barbanell, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

mediated discussions of historical and emerging water engineeringissues and projects in the western United States. Within the context of the case studies, studentswere exposed to philosophical and legal concepts, hydrologic principles, water resourcesengineering design and management techniques, water management modeling and analysis tools,social and behavioral science theories, water law, and more. One unique aspect of the course wasthe use of position papers with random assignment of position that forced students to analyze andargue points from perspectives outside of their discipline and sometimes against their personalbeliefs. The outcomes of the course were assessed through a written survey, informal studentdiscussions, and end-of-course

Conference Session

Fulfilling the CE BOK2 - Case Studies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra Larson, Northern Arizona University; Joshua Hewes, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

political components of humancommunities, and the dynamics of human behavior in varied contexts.Additional University Requirements: Some university requirements are embedded within themajor, such as junior writing and senior capstone, and others, such as the diversity requirement,are fulfilled by the civil program with courses from the liberal studies course list that also satisfydiversity. These requirements as they apply to the engineering programs are as follows: • In Major (6-7 credits) − 3-4 credits of Junior Level Writing Expectation − 3 credits of Capstone Course/Experience in the Major • Diversity Requirement (6 Credits) − 3 credits of U.S. Ethnic Diversity − 3 credits of Global AwarenessThe global awareness

Conference Session

Innovation and Fun in the Civil Engineering Classroom

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Audra N. Morse P.E., Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

[46]described how a civil engineering capstone design course was evaluated for alignment with KEEN(Kern Entrepreneurship Education Network) outcomes, using KEEN rubrics. The author exploredthe first course in a two-course sequence, focusing on a feasibility study project and a globalperspectives essay. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was integrated into a capstone designcourse for mechanical and aerospace engineers to facilitate a creative process as a team of foursenior students designed an autonomous robot boat [47]. The process is similar to a traditionalweighted criteria decision matrix approach but with refinement that can help guide the divergent– convergent thinking processes that are characteristics of creative design

Conference Session

Global Perspective and Experiential Learning in Civil Engineering

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea L. Welker, Villanova University; Seri Park, Villanova University; Susan B. Mackey-Kallis, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the overwhelming need forfaculty assistance and resources as uncovered by the survey.Internationalization database: The broader curriculum would be further enriched, particularly asrelated to thesis and capstone projects, by student access to faculty expertise with respect tointernational research or educational experiences through a common informational database.Faculty colleagues could also use this database as a way to identify potential collaborators indevelopment of internationally-focused student capstone experience projects or course topics.Mentorship and global-learning outcomes: The Villanova Institute for Teaching and Learning(VITAL) should create a repository of educational modules /syllabi from faculty who received aVITAL grant to

Conference Session

Training Faculty to Teach CE

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Decker Hains, U.S. Military Academy; Mark Evans, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Ressler, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

projects and laboratory exercises within a course and especiallyduring a capstone design experience. The development of the ability to function as a memberof a team may not be limited to the classroom or even to engineering. Additionally, studentsshould seek opportunities and faculty members should encourage students to work as membersof team in a myriad of other activities, such as student government, civic and serviceorganizations, employment opportunities, etc.CommunicationEffective communication is a critical skill for civil engineers and the BOK-2 states that upon Page 12.1371.11graduation from a baccalaureate program, an individual must be

Conference Session

Communication Across the Divisions I: Communication in Engineering Disciplines

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Conrad, Portland State University; William A. Kitch, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Timothy James Pfeiffer P.E., Foundation Engineering, Inc.; Tori Rhoulac Smith, Howard University; John V. Tocco J.D., Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Paper ID #12608Students Writing for Professional Practice: A Model for Collaboration amongFaculty, Practitioners and Writing SpecialistsProf. Susan Conrad, Portland State University Susan Conrad, Ph.D., is a Professor of Applied Linguistics and head of the Civil Engineering Writing Project. She has written numerous articles and books about English grammar, discourse, and corpus linguistics.Dr. William A Kitch P.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Dr. Kitch is a Professor of Civil Engineering at Cal Poly Pomona. Before starting his academic career he spent 24 years as a practicing engineer in both the

Conference Session

Accreditation and Assessment Concerns in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Hanus, United States Military Academy; Scott Hamilton, United States Military Academy; Jeffrey Russell

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

, R.W. and S.D. Hart (2001). USMA CE Model for Client-Based Multidiscipline Capstones. In ASEE National Conference and Exposition. Albuquerque, NM.30. Rabb, R.J. and R.W. Welch (2002). Projects Day: Completion of the Engineering Capstone Design. In ASEE National Conference and Exposition. Montreal, Canada.31. Welch, R.W. and M.D. Evans (2004). Undergraduate Independent Study Research Projects. In ASEE Page 13.1209.12 National Conference and Exposition. Salt Lake City, UT.

Conference Session

Developing Infrastructure Professionals

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Schmucker P.E., University of Utah; Joshua Lenart, University of Utah; Steven J. Burian P.E., University of Utah; Amir Mohaghegh Motlagh, University of Utah

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

-scale interventions and chose to approach changes cautiously byconducting a small pilot study involving the courses in the professional “core.”Three course were selected (CVEEN 1000, 3100, and 4910) as appropriate candidates. Thesecourses represent students from across the program and constitute the core of the department’sprofessional skills-related offerings. Practical issues caused the co-authors to implement theinfrastructure theme in only two courses: CVEEN 1000 and 3100. The capstone course (CVEEN4910) was already overloaded with a focus on development and execution of design projects; aswell, many aspects of an infrastructure perspective were already embedded in the course from theoutset of this study.4 Rubric DevelopmentThe initial

Conference Session

Thinking Outside the BOKs: ABET, Ethics, Civil Engineering as Liberal Education, and 3-Year Degrees

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J. Swenty P.E., University of Evansville; Matthew K Swenty P.E., Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Required CE Courses 9 Project Management 10 Engineering Economics 11 Risk and Uncertainty Probability and Statistics 12 Breadth in Civil Engineering Areas Technical Four CE Areas Required 13 Design Capstone Design Course 14 Technical Depth Technical Electives 15 Sustainability Required CE Courses 16 Communication Capstone Design Course 17 Teamwork and Leadership Capstone Design Course 18 Lifelong Learning CE

Conference Session

Integrating Sustainability and Resilience Concepts into Courses

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Corinna Marie Fleischmann P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Hudson V. Jackson, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Brian Maggi P.E., United States Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

of multiple projects inthe local community as previously discussed. Preliminary mid-term assessment indicated thatstudents felt overwhelmed about the project and concerned that the workload is too much. Theinterdisciplinary make-up of the team has led to complications in scheduling site visits and teammeetings. To alleviate this and based on student feedback, the schedule was revised to includeone project work day each week as well as additional interim assignments to ensure that studentsare making the required progress. Specifically, the students, who were working on capstoneprojects in their various majors, felt that this was a second capstone. While that was absolutelynot the intention of the course instructors, this was a comment that

Conference Session

Innovative Instructional Strategies for Integrating Sustainability

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane L. Bondehagen, Florida Gulf Coast University; Simeon J. Komisar, Florida Gulf Coast University; Robert O'Neill, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and future generations. Currently a project-basedapproach to promoting student knowledge and skill in sustainability design is limited to upperlevel environmental engineering courses. The long-term goal is to introduce sustainability-related activities and projects throughout the curricula and to assess levels of expertise insustainability as students progress towards graduation. This longitudinal study will attempt to elucidate differences between Civil andEnvironmental teaching strategies implemented to integrate sustainability concepts in coursedelivery. Continual assessment will help identify more effective teaching methods and yearlysenior level capstone design course assessments will evaluate student skill in

Conference Session

Sustainability in Civil Engineering

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan McWhirter, Virginia Tech; Tripp Shealy, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

ofthe case projects. Relevant concepts from behavioral decision science were identified whileinterviewing the engineering design teams. The developed modules were tested with over 280undergraduate engineering students. Methods to evaluate learning include pre and post-modulesurveys and free-response questions. After the module, students were more likely to mention andarticulate the role that humans’ mental barriers, like choice overload, bounded rationality, andsatisficing play in decision making for sustainability. They also recognized how tools likeEnvision can help reduce these cognitive biases. In addition to integrating diverse topics anddisciplines into a unified and relevant teaching module, the intention is that other faculty can

Conference Session

Using Student Competitions to Enhance Learning

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Carroll, University of Louisiana, Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

aswell as problem/project-based learning activities, and while most laboratories may classify as anactive learning activity, large laboratory groups and too much structure coupled with excessivegiven information can essentially eliminate the problem/project-based learning atmosphere. In the traditional curriculum, the first exposure to a true open-ended project for moststudents is the capstone, senior design project, which to a student can be immenselyoverwhelming. At UL Lafayette an exit interview is given to each graduating senior. Includedin the exit interview are opportunities for students to comment on program weaknesses and makegeneral comments for improvements. Multiple times, students have made comments such as“limited open-ended

Conference Session

Fulfilling the CE BOK2 - Case Studies

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brett Gunnink, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. This course is an inquiry in the social sciences (IS) course. Students are also required to a take a diversity (D) course which may be in a social science field. Social Science topics are found in a few other courses, i.e., I&ME 325, Page 15.651.6 Engineering Economic Analysis, CE 308, Construction Practice, and CE 401, Professional Practice and Ethics. Students apply knowledge of social sciences in their capstone design 5classes (CE 457 and 458) as they complete design projects considering economic, safety, andsustainability

Conference Session

Effective Learning Innovations in Civil Engineering Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, Purdue University; Sybil Sharvelle, Purdue University; M Katherine Banks, Purdue University; Sean Brophy, Purdue University; William Oakes, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Graduate Competencies through an Authentic Design Experience in a Wastewater Treatment CourseAbstractDeveloping professional competencies require learning experiences that simulate authenticpractice. A wastewater treatment course at a large, research university converted a portion of itstraditional lecture and homework model of instruction to a challenge-based model of instructionculminating in a redesign project. The course used a series of challenge-based modules as aprecursor to learners’ synthesis of a design report and presentation to a corporate client. Anearby pharmaceutical company acted as a “perspective client” and issued a formal request forproposal (RFP) to the students, who were organized into “consulting companies.” In

Conference Session

Activities and Assessment for “Awkward ABET Outcomes”

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William J. Davis P.E., The Citadel; Kevin C Bower P.E., The Citadel; Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Douglas H. Fehrmann, The Krause Center for Leadership and Ethics, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

3 CIVL 317 5 - public policy concepts 2 CIVL 302 4 - highway construction contracts 3 CIVL 317 3 - project management 2 Notes: 1. Levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy 1.) Knowledge; 2.) Comprehension; 3.) Application; 4.) Analysis; 5.) Synthesis; 6.) Evaluation 2. Senior Capstone course are currently being adjusted and are not included in this matrix

Conference Session

Attracting and Retaining Students in Civil Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shashi S. Nambisan, Iowa State University; Rema Nilakanta, Iowa State University; Shauna Hallmark, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2011-1849: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF GO!: AN INNOVA-TIVE ONLINE PUBLICATION TO ATTRACT TEENS TO TRANSPORTA-TIONShashi S. Nambisan, Iowa State University Shashi Nambisan, PhD, PE, is Director of the Institute for Transportation and a Professor of Civil Engi- neering the at Iowa State University. He enjoys working with students and he has taught undergraduate and graduate courses in the area of Transportation systems as well as undergraduate capstone design courses. Dr. Nambisan has led efforts on over 150 research projects. He has taught over a dozen under- graduate and graduate courses in various areas related to transportation systems as well as undergraduate capstone design courses. He also has been very

Conference Session

Making Professionals: Methods to Build Success Skills

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jakob C. Bruhl, United States Military Academy; James Ledlie Klosky P.E., United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

clear in The Engineer of 2020 and it is also a central part ofthe Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge, 3rd Edition. Many programs provide an opportunityfor students to demonstrate creativity and innovation in their capstone projects but few providefoundational instruction or opportunities to hone creativity skills throughout the curriculum.Inspired by the need to develop creative and innovative engineers and encouraged by theliterature about how the necessary skills and attitudes can be developed through education, thispaper describes how creativity has been deliberately and explicitly integrated in a requiredsenior-level civil engineering course. Although early in implementation and assessment, the datasuggests that integrating creativity into

Conference Session

Your Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrations of Hands-On and Virtual In-Class Teaching Aids

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James M. Thompson, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Paper ID #25353Bringing Graphs Alive in Structural DynamicsJames M. Thompson, Carnegie Mellon University Jim Thompson is an Assistant Teaching Professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Depart- ment at Carnegie Mellon University. He teaches primarily undergraduate courses, from the first year In- troduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering course to the senior capstone Civil and Environmental Engineering Design course. Jim’s experience and expertise is in structural engineering, and primarily focused on buildings. He has worked as a structural engineer in Baltimore and Pittsburgh, and worked on projects

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Engineering Students to SustainabilityAbstractAs articulated in the Body of Knowledge for Civil Engineering, all civil engineering studentsshould be introduced to the concept of sustainability. The objective of this project was tointegrate sustainability concepts into the 1-credit Introduction to Civil Engineering course thatfirst year students are required to take at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Student attitudesabout sustainability were evaluated using a written survey and in class questions to whichstudents responded using a Course Response System (clickers). Evidence of student learning onsustainability was acquired via student performance on a homework assignment worth 12% oftheir overall course grade

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth R. Leitch P.E., West Texas A&M University; Byungik Chang P.E., University of New Haven; Erick Benjamin Butler, West Texas A&M University; J. Arn Womble P.E., West Texas A&M University; Nathan Howell, West Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

theseevents occurred over a five-year period (2010 – 2015). The authors will describe the curriculum,development of courses and laboratories, the senior design capstone, and preparation of the self-study report necessary for accreditation. All curricula and assessment tools are linked to amodified Bloom’s Taxonomy and ABET Outcome 3 Criteria a through k. A description of theuniversity, its service area, and student population is also provided. In 2015 West Texas A&MUniversity achieved a major milestone through designation as a Hispanic Serving Institution(HSI, 25% or more of student population) [1] and is seeking to improve participation of womenand underserved populations in STEM fields, such as civil engineering. Lessons learned andfuture

Conference Session

Innovative Assessment Techniques in Civil Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina; Joshua Pelkey, AirWatch; Caroline R. Noyes, Georgia Institute of Technology; Michael Owen Rodgers, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

has been involved in research projects to develop, refine, and apply innovative assessment tools for characterizing student knowledge of sustainability. Her ultimate goal is to use this assessment data to guide the design and evaluation of educational interventions to improve undergraduate sustainability education. In the area of bioprocessing, Dr. Watson has experience using bacteria and algae to convert waste materials into high-value products, such as biofuels.Mr. Joshua Pelkey, AirWatch Joshua Pelkey is currently a product manager at AirWatch in Atlanta, GA. He completed his MS in Elec- trical and Computer Engineering at GT and his BS in Computer Engineering from Clemson University. He has conducted

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Education and Workforce Development Challenges

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sinead MacNamara, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

mixed up for each new project. As the numbers were uneventhere was the occasional architect-architect pairing (interestingly, we found this often resulted inthe least interesting design work). Further when we gave the students one opportunity to picktheir own partner (inside or outside their discipline), three quarters of the class chose to form aninterdisciplinary team.The course is an elective in both schools, but we hope that once the curriculum has been testedand refined that we will ultimately apply what we have learned to capstone design in engineeringand design studio in architecture. By quirk of scheduling and other core requirements all of theengineering students in the course so far have been third year students. These students are

Conference Session

The CE Profession: Perspectives from the U.S. & Canada

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanya Kunberger, Florida Gulf Coast University; Steven J. Burian, University of Utah; Whitney A. Lutey, Montana State University; Audra N. Morse, Texas Tech University; Robert O'Neill, Florida Gulf Coast University; Kristen L. Sanford P.E., Lafayette College; Andrea L. Welker, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

senior faculty in the Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at West Point.Dr. Kristen L. Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette CollegeAndrea L Welker, Villanova University Dr. Andrea L. Welker, PE is an associate professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering depart- ment at Villanova University. Dr. Welker, a geotechnical engineer, teaches the following classes: Geology for Engineers, Soil Mechanics, Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Geotechnical Capstone Design, Foundation Design, Geosynthetics, Geoenvironmental Engineering, and Professional Practice. Most of Dr. Welker’s research focuses on the geotechnical aspects of stormwater control measures. In addition to her teach- ing and research duties, Dr. Welker is the

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael J. Davidson, Wentworth Institute of Technology; James Lambrechts P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Leonard Anderson, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Nakisa Alborz, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

a specialty in building design and construction with over 10 years of industry experience on private and public projects and 2 years of teaching experience at the university level. Page 26.1019.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Intra (Sub)-Disciplinary Integration in Civil Engineering Education: An Approach to Integrate the Various Civil Engineering Sub-Disciplines with the Use of a Design Studio LabAbstractTypically, Civil Engineering education

Conference Session

Issues in the Professional Practice of Faculty Members in Civil Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Rose, University of Pittsburgh -Johnstown; Norman Voigt, Penn State, New Kensington

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

engineering technology. He teaches six credits per term, and because of his industrial experience, is actively involved in advising senior capstone design projects. A good working relationship between a full-time tenured faculty member and the engineers at the state transportation agency has resulted in retired engineers from the agency serving as adjunct faculty for specialized technical courses such as Transportation, Highway Surveying and Design, and Pavement Design and Management, while the full time faculty member was on a family medical leave absence.3. Provide office and administrative support for adjunct faculty For adjunct faculty to be successful, they need the support of the department.15 This

Conference Session

Course Structuring for Effective Student Engagement

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan L. Solonsky P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

with other disciplines and in generating structural drawings  Detailing software to design connections  IT technologies to communicating and collaborating with other design professionals. Education  Video-Conferencing with industry professionals in capstone settings  Immersive displays/ environments to show projects at true scale  Education game software that take students non-linearly through a scenario that educates  Flipped classroom videos and site that support them  Discussion Boards where students comment to one-another to with

Conference Session

The New ABET CE Criteria - Program Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Swenty, University of Evansville; Mark Valenzuela, University of Evansville; James Allen, University of Evansville; Immanuel Selvaraj, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

engineering seniors are required to write a paper for the annual ASCE Daniel Mead paper competition.• Capstone design teams prepare posters for their project presentations.• The civil engineering curriculum was modified in 2008 and a science elective was added.• Co-op and intern opportunities in the area of transportation engineering have increased significantly. Page 15.203.11• Codes and standards are an integral part of the senior capstone design project.Fiscal and policy changes have been made as a direct result of data obtained from the alumnisurvey. The civil engineering program obtained a dedicated funding

Conference Session

Industry and Practice Topics

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brad Wambeke P.E., United States Military Academy; Aaron T. Hill Jr., United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

areas of research are engineering education, the behavior of steel structures, and blast. Aaron mentors students by serving as an advisor for capstone projects and through service as an Officer Representative for Women’s Volleyball and Men’s Basketball. His passion for teaching and developing tomorrow’s leaders resulted in his selection for the 2009 American Society of Civil Engineers New Faculty Excellence in Teaching Award and the 2013 Outstanding Young Alumni Award for the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Virginia Tech. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Applying Army Doctrine to Engineering…is that complex

Conference Session

Balancing Act: Ideas in Pre- & Post- Surveys and Assessment of Professional Skills

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

impacts (selected from among 18 potentialtopics listed on the survey): professional practice issues, ethical failures, engineering code ofethics, societal impacts of engineering and technology, ethics in design projects, ethical theories,risk and liability, sustainability, safety, and engineering decisions in the face of uncertainty.Among the professional issues courses described on the survey, 23 were undergraduate coursesrequired within civil engineering (and 8 also in environmental engineering). Four were coursesalready identified at institutions that graduate the largest number of civil engineeringundergraduate students (described previously). Online information that was found on theadditional professional issues courses was added to Table 2A