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Employing Augmented Reality Throughout a Civil Engineering Curriculum to Promote 3D Visualization Skills

Conference Session: Tech Tools and Tips
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Kevin A. Waters P.E., Villanova University; Jonathan Hubler, Villanova University; Kristin M. Sample-Lord P.E., Villanova University; Virginia Smith, Villanova University; Andrea L. Welker, Villanova University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

series of interactions with the technology to introduce and thenreinforce 3D visualization skills. A case study is presented herein of how student learningexperiences with the AR sandbox have been woven throughout the undergraduate civilengineering curriculum at Villanova University. A series of progressive AR sandbox learningactivities have been implemented in freshmen and junior-level civil engineering courses, andadditional modules are planned for other courses in the sophomore and senior years. Planningand implementation of these modules has been a collaborative effort between faculty acrossmultiple disciplines within the department (geotechnical, water resources, and structuralengineering). The purpose of the AR sandbox interventions is to

Relevance Score: 0.023514614

Make Assessment Straightforward: A Case Study on the Successful Implementation of ABET Student Outcomes 1-7

Conference Session: Educational and Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession and ASCE
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Anthony Battistini, Angelo State University; William A. Kitch, Angelo State University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

Assessment Straightforward: A Case Study on the Successful Implementation of ABET Student Outcomes 1-7AbstractIn recent years, many engineering programs have begun planning for the change from the previousABET Student Outcomes (a)-(k) to the current ABET Student Outcomes 1-7. In addition, due tothe current COVID-19 pandemic, many of these programs will participate in a virtual ABETreview and site visit. Depending on the success of these virtual visits, the author theorizes thatfuture ABET accreditation reviews may continue to be remote, given the accessibility of videoconferencing tools and the various savings manifested in costs, time, and environmental impactsfrom reviewers not needing to travel to the institutions.Despite

Relevance Score: 0.018877245

Evolution of a Traditional Classroom Teaching Workshop to Support Remote Delivery

Conference Session: Reassessing Your Teaching Through Turmoil
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Charles Riley P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology; Sharon L. Beaudry, Oregon Institute of Technology; Jesse M. Kinder, Oregon Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

teaching workshop to support online and remote instruction.However, in the spring of 2020, as many of us were thrown into a new teaching environmentbecause of COVID restrictions, this became a priority for the university. Most of us had littleexperience or preparation for online or remote teaching. However, the principles of goodteaching have stood the test of time: organize the content, plan the presentation and activities,communicate clearly, create intellectual excitement, and engage students. These principles haveendured for centuries, and they will endure into the “new normal”—whatever that turns out tobe.We embraced this idea at our university, developing a weeklong workshop to prepare faculty forremote and online teaching based on an

Relevance Score: 0.018687518

Development of an Institutional Teaching Model

Conference Session: Program Support Initiatives
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Charles Riley P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology; Jesse M. Kinder, Oregon Institute of Technology; Ben S. Bunting Jr, Oregon Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

. Likewise, efforts mostly but not entirely led by the abovementionedfaculty commission, such as the annual offering of a teaching workshop and teaching conference,as well as new faculty training, a variety of seminars and teaching chats, and voluntary peerobservation all work to reinforce a university culture that is focused on quality teaching andpedagogical development.According to our university’s mission, we provide “a hands-on, project-based learningenvironment” and we aspire to be on the leading edge of “innovative teaching.”Indeed, this phrase appears in a recently released strategic plan, which further emphasizesexcellence and the guiding value of “embracing and celebrating the highest quality standards inteaching.”Though our university is

Relevance Score: 0.01730128

Software Strategies for Team Functionality Support in Capstone Courses

Conference Session: Supporting the Capstone Experience
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Ryan Solnosky P.E., Pennsylvania State University; M. Kevin Parfitt, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

software are of note. These software classifications permit students to: 1) Better communicate and collaborate design ideas to a variety of team members and stakeholders beyond presentations. 2) Better organize and manage the critical tasks the team must navigate during the project. 3) Better function as a team/discipline on complex interrelated tasks. 4) Better connect students and other stakeholders together to aid in mentoring and problem solving. This paper starts by documenting computer software packages that can enhance the teamside of a capstone. Next discussions progress into how teams can best plan their use oftechnology. Lastly, survey trends on student perceptions are presented that are correlated toobserved

Relevance Score: 0.016348174

Preparing the Future Civil Engineer: Review and Update of the ABET Civil Engineering Program Criteria

Conference Session: Educational and Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession and ASCE
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Stephen J. Ressler P.E., United States Military Academy; Leslie Nolen CAE, American Society of Civil Engineers; Wayne R. Bergstrom, Bechtel Infrastructure
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

; • an overview of the process by which this task committee has reviewed the current CEPC and formulated the update; • the current draft CEPC update (as of February 2021); • a detailed explanation and justification of the proposed CEPC changes; • the task committee’s plan to solicit, obtain, and assimilate feedback on the draft CEPC update from a broad array of stakeholders; and • a summary of the remaining tasks required to complete the criteria development and approval process, along with the associated timeline.The authors of this paper are currently serving as the Chair, Secretary, and ASCE Staff contactfor the ASCE Civil Engineering Program Criteria Task Committee.BackgroundSince 2002, the American Society of Civil

Relevance Score: 0.013871885

Using the SWIVL for Effective HyFlex Instruction: Best Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities

Conference Session: Program Support Initiatives
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Ronald W. Welch, The Citadel; Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel; Alyson Grace Eggleston, The Citadel
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

for all faculty Best Practices in Teaching Online-QOT Required training for all faculty #2 teaching online Curriculum Mapping, Alignment, and Required training for all faculty Parity-QOT #3 teaching online Best Practices in Assessments (Grading)- Required training for all faculty QOT #4 Zoom Hosted Training Optional training for all faculty Respondus Monitor LockDown Browser Required if you plan to use online Training proctored exams or quizzes Evaluating Online Teaching Department HeadsIn July 2020, as

Relevance Score: 0.013078539

Applying Army Doctrine to Engineering: Is That Complex?

Conference Session: Industry and Practice Topics
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Brad Wambeke P.E., United States Military Academy; Aaron T. Hill Jr., United States Military Academy
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts 5. an ability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership, create a collaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan tasks, and meet objectives 6. an ability to develop and conduct appropriate experimentation, analyze and interpret data, and use engineering judgment to draw conclusions 7. an ability to acquire and apply new knowledge as needed, using appropriate learning strategies.The term “complex” appears in both the department mission statement as well as in the firststudent outcome. For the purpose of this paper, the ABET [3] definition of

Relevance Score: 0.012330565

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Civil and Environmental Engineering Education: Social Justice in a Changing Climate

Conference Session: Development Around Diversity
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Daniel Erian Armanios; Sarah Jane Christian P.E., Carnegie Mellon University; Andrea Francioni Rooney, Carnegie Mellon University; Millard L. McElwee, Exponent; Joe Dallas Moore, Carnegie Mellon University; Destenie Nock, Carnegie Mellon University; Constantine Samaras, Carnegie Mellon University; Gerald J. Wang, Carnegie Mellon University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

participants’ high school curricula. The majorityof the students have never seen a female or BIPOC engineer, so a portion of the course involvesguest lecturers who dispel the belief that there is no diversity in STEM. Students have theopportunity to see the significant impact of CEEs through field trips to public works, like damsmanaged by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers who plan, design, build, and operate locks anddams.Current undergraduate students have shared that we need to highlight more exciting andtechnologically-savvy opportunities within the field and share the opportunities to make a socialimpact if we want to attract more students from underrepresented communities to the field ofCEE rather than other engineering fields. To do this, the

Relevance Score: 0.012330565

Constructing Insights on Learning Analytic Student Activity Data from an Online Undergraduate Construction Management Course

Conference Session: Capitalizing on COVID: Using This Disruptor to Change the Educational Model
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Paige West, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Frederick Paige, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Natasha B. Watts, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Walter C. Lee, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

interactions – insightsthat help plan teaching activities and identify at-risk students [6]. Learning analytics also offer amore personalized learning experience for students than the current online environments wherecontent interactions and student struggles go unnoticed [8]. As evidenced by the COVID-19pandemic, online learning is a necessity for higher education. Our study highlights the utility oflearning analytics and how instructors can leverage them to develop successful online learningenvironments. This paper explains some of the capabilities of learning analytics from an online course inthe Canvas LMS. The paper will focus on student activity in an online construction managementcourse and their interactions with the lecture pages and

Relevance Score: 0.012233853

Engineers as Effective Team Players: Evaluating Teamwork Skills in a Flipped Project Management for Civil Engineers Course

Conference Session: Supporting the Capstone Experience
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Nathan Miner, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Aliye Karabulut Ilgu, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Jennifer S. Shane, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Katherine Madson, Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

also concluded that flipped learning notonly improved student learning of the content, but also professional skills such as interpersonalskills [16], life-long learning [17], learner autonomy [18], [19], and critical thinking [20].However, few studies have examined teamwork within these flipped classroom environments.ABET recognizes the importance of working effectively in a team-based environment byincluding teamwork skills as an outcome for accreditation. Recently revised student outcomefive specifically states that students graduating from an ABET-accredited institution should have“an ability to function effectively on a team whose members together provide leadership, create acollaborative and inclusive environment, establish goals, plan

Relevance Score: 0.012062742

Teaching Structures in an (Almost) Empty Room: An Assessment of Strategies for Student Engagement in Mixed-mode and Remote Classes

Conference Session: Reassessing Your Teaching Through Turmoil
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Ryan Solnosky P.E., Pennsylvania State University; Nathan C. Brown, Pennsylvania State University; Rebecca Napolitano, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

’ mentalhealth as they tried to focus amid distracting environments. With a lack of preparedness for the pivot and the complex effects it had on course delivery,critical student comments on negative experiences were expected. Furthermore, certain studentpreferences may have arisen as they adjusted to unfamiliar and/or ill-planned learningenvironments [5]. Documented impacts on students observed both by the authors and in publishedpapers to date have included [6-9]: • Academic stress factors such as reduced face-to-face social interactions • Limited networking presence with college personnel (faculty, staff) as well as peers • Longer response time for communication via e-mail or other online platforms • Extra assignments to make

Relevance Score: 0.011559904

Mapping the Future: Geomatics as an Essential Element of the Next Generation of Civil Engineering Curriculum

Conference Session: Industry and Practice Topics
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Max Teddy, Clemson University; Wayne Sarasua, Clemson University; Matthew Ryan Stanley, Clemson University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

Paper ID #34436Mapping the Future: Geomatics as an Essential Element of the NextGeneration of Civil Engineering CurriculumMr. Max Teddy, Clemson University Max Teddy completed both his undergraduate and graduate degrees with Clemson University’s Glenn Department of Civil Engineering. His studies were centered around transportation design, planning, and operations. He now works as a Civil Analyst for Kimley-Horn in West Palm Beach, Florida as part of the Roadway Design team.Dr. Wayne Sarasua, Clemson University Professor of Civil Engineering and co-Principal Investigator of Clemson’s NSF RED grant. Educational research

Relevance Score: 0.011326347

Diversity and Inclusion Lessons that Support the Traditional Civil Engineering Curriculum

Conference Session: Development Around Diversity
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Pamela K. Judge, Roger Williams University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

generally useful strategies for an engineering educator toimplement when planning their diversity and inclusion lesson for their respective course. Thesestrategies help ensure that that each student feels their opinion is heard and respected. 1. Provide literature regarding the case as a reading assignment several days ahead of any in-class activity. This allows students an opportunity to read the case over at their own pace, take notes, and collect their own personal thoughts. It also allows more time during the formal lecture session for discussion or collaboration with their peers. 2. Many engineering students may not belong to a racial minority; they may feel they do not possess any relevant knowledge to contribute. It

Relevance Score: 0.011326347

An Evolving Face-to-Face Freshman Experience Course During a Pandemic

Conference Session: Supporting Successful Progression From First-year Studies
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Allen C. Estes, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ; John W. Lawson, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

the lecture portions of the activity.The original plan for the students participating virtually was to have a synchronous Zoom sessionfor each activity section. Because this added substantial effort for the instructors with onlymarginal benefit for the students, the instructors conducted a synchronous Zoom session duringthe final activity period and those students with a schedule conflict could participateasynchronously by watching the Zoom session recording. The lecture portion of the activity wassimultaneously delivered live to the students in class and virtually over Zoom to the students athome. The PowerPoint slides were screenshared with the students at home and the Zoom sessionwas projected on the classroom screen for those attending

Relevance Score: 0.010898783

3D Printed Composite Body Illustrating Composite Body Centroid and Center of Gravity

Conference Session: Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrating Interactive Teaching Activities
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Timothy Aaron Wood, The Citadel
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

]. Available: https://peer.asee.org/a- visual-intuitive-and-engaging-approach-to-explaining-the-center-of-gravity-concept-in- statics.[6] S. C. M. Namara, “The Design Competition as a Tool for Teaching Statics,” Jun. 2012, p. 25.1283.1-25.1283.13, Accessed: Apr. 08, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://peer.asee.org/the-design-competition-as-a-tool-for-teaching-statics.[7] A. K. T. Howard, “Work in Progress: 3-D Models with Lesson Plans,” presented at the 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Jun. 2019, Accessed: Apr. 07, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://peer.asee.org/work-in-progress-3-d-models-with-lesson-plans.

Relevance Score: 0.010898783

Impact of Remote Instructional Format on Student Perception of a Supportive Learning Environment for Expertise Development

Conference Session: Reassessing Your Teaching Through Turmoil
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Vikash V. Gayah, Pennsylvania State University; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

expertise? and, 2) how did thistransition affect student performance in the course?Data collection and methodsStudy Context: The study took place at the Pennsylvania State University. The proposedresearch question was studied in senior-level undergraduate elective course (CE 423: TrafficOperations) taken by students that wish to learn more about the engineering skills and techniquesrequired to practice traffic engineering. Content includes implementation and design of trafficcontrol devices, design of signal phase and timing plans, and analysis of signalized intersectionoperations. The course is offered in one section every fall (approx. 30 students) and was split intotwo components: lectures and a lab. The lecture sessions covered material from

Relevance Score: 0.010678582

Interactive Online Figures for the Core Concepts in Structural Steel Design

Conference Session: Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrating Interactive Teaching Activities
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Joel Lanning P.E., University of California, Irvine; Julia Badrya, University of California, Irvine
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

summarized in Table 1 and are organized according to phases ofthe ongoing project to develop the applets. Essentially, phase 1 has been completed and areavailable for use by instructors. Phase 2 will be completed during 2021 and available near the endof the calendar year.As structural steel design often comes in the beginning of students’ experience in structural design.Typically, there is a bit of a learning curve surrounding how design problems are approached. So,some initial applets are aimed at orienting the students’ view around building plans and flow offorces. Then, the typical flow of topics is tension members, connections, compression members,beams, and combined axial and bending. In addition, the later applets will cover some

Relevance Score: 0.010678582

Building a Sense of Community for Freshman Civil Engineering Students

Conference Session: Supporting Successful Progression From First-year Studies
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Erica J. Marti, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Eakalak Khan, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Amit Gajurel, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Neil Christian Ledesma Tugadi
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

limits the qualified engineers entering the workforce and affectsthe budget planning of the universities [1]. So, universities have adopted various measures toincrease the student retention rates in the undergraduate engineering programs. One of the mostsustainable educational reforms to tackle this challenge is the implementation of learningcommunities. Functionally, learning communities are the structures where students with commonlearning agendas, goals and aspirations connect to share their ideas and learn from each other.Active learning, cooperation and social activities outside of a classroom setting are some of thesignificant features of learning communities.Various studies demonstrate the importance of learning communities in improving

Relevance Score: 0.010339493

Implementing a Virtual Surveying Lab

Conference Session: Capitalizing on COVID: Using This Disruptor to Change the Educational Model
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: John Tingerthal P.E., Northern Arizona University; Kaikea Kaoni, Northern Arizona University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

feedbackFigure 3: Sample practice problemsInteractive VideoThe interactive videos begin with an overview of the survey using diagrams superimposed ondrone footage of the survey site. Students are given a birds-eye tour of the planned survey to helpthem visualize the site (see Figure 4). The interactive videos then put the viewer in the 2nd personpoint of view of a survey crew note taker (as shown in Figure 5 for a differential leveling lab).The video provides an inset overhead view of the survey, similar to what would be seen in agolfing video game, with animated graphics (red line) showing the instrument sightline. Thestudent watches the instrument person setup the equipment, take the shot and then report thereading back to the camera. The students

Relevance Score: 0.009343759

Understanding the Academic Shock of Covid-19: How are Students’ Perceptions of Online Learning Evolving Over Time?

Conference Session: Holy Cow! We’re Going Online When?
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Masoud Ghodrat Abadi, California State University, Sacramento
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

: Traffic Engineering, Engineering Statistics, and Transportation Planning. Dr. Abadi serves as a member of several national and regional committees including TRB Standing Committee on Workforce Development and Organizational Excellence (AJE15), and ITE Transportation Education Council. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Understanding the Academic Shock of COVID-19: How are Students' Perceptions of the Online Learning Evolving over Time?1. IntroductionCOVID-19 outbreak was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic inMarch 2020 [1]. Being an infectious disease, COVID-19 is easily transmitted through person-to-person

Relevance Score: 0.009343759

Beyond Continuity of Instruction—Innovating a Geomatics Course Using Problem-based Learning and Open-source Software

Conference Session: Tech Tools and Tips
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Kweku Tekyi Brown P.E., The Citadel; Mary Katherine Watson, The Citadel; Elise Barrella P.E., Wake Forest University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

engineering students. Dr. Watson is also interested in understanding and assessing students’ cognitive processes, especially development of cognitive flexibility and interactions with cognitive load. Dr. Watson is the proud recipient of seven teaching awards and six best paper awards. She was previously named the Young Civil Engineer of the Year by the South Carolina Section of ASCE and currently serves as a Senior Associate Editor for the Journal of Civil Engineering Education.Dr. Elise Barrella P.E., Wake Forest University Dr. Elise Barrella is the founder and CEO of DfX Consulting LLC which offers engineering education and design research, planning and consulting services. She is a registered Professional Engineer and was a

Relevance Score: 0.008719026

The Merits of a Civil Engineering Certification to Validate Fulfillment of the CE-BOK

Conference Session: Educational and Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession and ASCE
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Bradley F. Aldrich, American Society of Civil Engineers; Jennifer Hofmann, American Society of Civil Engineers; Norma J. Mattei P.E., University of New Orleans; Michael B. O'Connor, New York University
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

Engineering Certification Board (SECB) – a partnership of the ASCE Structural Engineering Institute (SEI), the National Council of Structural Engineering Associations (NCSEA), and the Structural Engineering Licensure Coalition (SELC) offers board certification in structural engineering.  The American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists (AAEES) offers certifications in environmental engineering.  The Institute of Traffic Engineers (ITE) offers certifications in transportation planning and design.  A handful of states offer a structural engineer (SE) license – some states require a PE license first, but some states do not.  California also offers a geotechnical engineer (GE) license

Relevance Score: 0.008616244

Leader Development Model (LDM) Through Self- and Peer-assessment Across the Curriculum

Conference Session: Program Support Initiatives
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Alyson Grace Eggleston, The Citadel; Robert J. Rabb P.E., The Citadel
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

and expressed their willingness to make modifications when discussingthe feedback with their instructors. These context rich conversations are important to buildrapport and trust.Students were asked to provide comments to their peers and this written feedback reflected thenumerical score they received if they were doing well or could be doing something better. Someconstructive comments were: • Update the team on overall progress by keeping track of each individual’s tasks. • Have a set plan for each workday with goals and a direction for us to work towards.Some comments to reinforce positive leadership behavior included: • Improved communication between the group and listening to advice. • Very good leader - served the team

Relevance Score: 0.008008936

Co-creating a Teaching Module on the Impacts of COVID-19 on Various Transportation Systems and Stakeholders

Conference Session: Reassessing Your Teaching Through Turmoil
Collection: 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors: Claudia Mara Dias Wilson, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology; Janille A. Smith-Colin, Southern Methodist University; Baris Salman, Syracuse University; Rodolfo Valdes-Vasquez, Colorado State University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

, infrastructure ortransportation planning, mass transit, the interconnection of infrastructure systems, systemstakeholders, social, economic, and environmental impacts, risks, risk management, sustainabledesign, and resilience.COVID-19 is an abbreviation for "Coronovirus Disease 2019", which is caused by the "severeacute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)" [1]. The virus was first detected inWuhan, China, in late 2019, and it spread rapidly throughout the world in early 2020. Human-to-human transmission primarily occurs through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose of aninfected person [2]. In the United States, during the initial stages of the pandemic, state-levelDeclarations of Emergency were issued, which allowed governors of the