Conference Session

Computer-Based Learning Models

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendi M. Kappers, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Stephanie Cutler, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

collaborative administration and industry mentorship planning used to increase enrollments of woman and minorities with declared majors in the areas of Computer Science (CS), Engineering (E), Mathematics (M), and Science (S). Currently, Dr. Kappers is the fulltime Di- rector of the Rothwell Center for Teaching and Learning Excellence Worldwide Campus (CTLE – W) for Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. In addition, she holds Adjunct Assistant Professor status in the College of Arts and Sciences, Worldwide Campus, teaching RSCH 202 – Introduction to Research Methods, and in the College of Engineering, Daytona Beach Campus, teaching CS120 – Introduction to Computing in Aviation. Both positions allow her to stay focused upon

Conference Session

Computers in Education General Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Jacqueline M Jackson, Jackson State University ; Cassandra L Hawkins Wilson, Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

blends the expertise and strengths of faculty fromthe Technology Department. Building on traditional broad-based programs in the department, theEMT program has been designed to prepare the next generation of emergency managementprofessionals with the knowledge and skills they need to improve outcomes in disasters of alltypes. Students will gain an essential understanding of the mission and principles of emergencymanagement with an emphasis on management, use of technology, and cross-agencycollaboration.A bachelor degree with a major in Emergency Management Technology requires the successfulcompletion of 124 credits of coursework. The EMT curriculum focuses on topics such asemergency planning, incident command, disaster response and recovery

Conference Session

Computers in Education (CoED) Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred W DePiero, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

features and instructional pedagogy. This paperdescribes the design, which was based on a review of best teaching practices. TLCincludes embedded pre- and posttests, active learning exercises and homework problems.These features are integrated within TLC and are accessed sequentially via a definedlesson plan. The design also provides individualized content. Lesson modulerecommendations that based on pretests, examine both knowledge and confidence inmaterial. Users may then adjust the suggested coverage before starting a lesson. Our goalfor customizing instruction is to identify both gaps in knowledge and students’misconceptions (i.e. knowledge that students believe they have mastered, but that isactually faulty). Via this paper we would like to

Conference Session

Computers in Education 6: Best of CoED

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nabeel Alzahrani, University of California, Riverside; Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

desired a way to see the progression of a student's coding. The auto-grader’s web interfacedoes provide links to all submitted code, but that was insufficient -- manually examining each code rundidn't provide a quick or easy way to gain insight on what the student changed in the code.This paper describes a tool we developed to automatically highlight differences between each run, and toprovide statistical data for those runs, forming the main part of our contribution. The current toolimplementation is language independent. We plan to make the tool freely available on the web (both theroster/statistics and the progression highlighting), to serve CS educators who may wish to gain insightson their students and/or to conduct research on programming

Conference Session

Work-in-Progress Posters: Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Darren K. Maczka, Virginia Tech; Jacob R. Grohs, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

-60 minutes of continuous use. For this reason, we planned to limit the timeparticipants were wearing the cap to 45 minutes. Flexible wires connect the cap to the fNIRSmachine which limits large movements, but does not restrict typical movements associated withprogramming, i.e. hand movement, leaning back while remaining to sit, etc.As part of the setup process, a researcher started screen-capture recording hardware. Because wedid not want to require that participants install special software we needed an external means torecord screen capture data. For the first two participants we used a camcorder pointed at theparticipant’s computer screen. The resulting video was only moderately useful as the camcorderdid not consistently focus on the

Conference Session

Computers in Education Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James E. Lewis, University of Louisville; Jeffrey Lloyd Hieb, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

matter expert such as a TA or instructorprovides guidance and clarification as the students work on the assignment. There are severalproblems with this approach, finding enough TAs and/or instructors, and enough class hours.Also, with students having a variety of skill levels, class time might be wasted since some,perhaps many of the students would complete the task quickly. Complementary, those studentsneeding the most help might run out of class time to complete the task, and then have tocomplete the task without assistance (which might very well contribute to an increase incheating). Our plan for achieving this outcome would be to have students complete simulationbased training programs such as MyITLab or other similar products. Students are

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Plebani, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

provide a framework and base computer code forstudents to achieve an ease of modeling and solution for dynamic programming similar towhat has been achieved for linear programming. In so far as the teaching dynamicprogramming, this will allow educators in operations research to focus their teaching onissues relevant to dynamic programming as opposed to computer programming issues; andallow students in operations research to focus their learning on the power of dynamicprogramming, as opposed to the nuances of computer implementations.Since the formulation of Dynamic programming (DP) by Bellman,1 it has been successfullyapplied to a variety of problems, including capacity planning, equipment replacement,production planning, production control

Conference Session

Embedded Computing

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Holden, California Maritime Academy

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

senior design projects of the class of 2009 and 2010 havedesigned and are planning designs of systems that use microcontrollers to accomplish electronictasks.HardwareAs a starting point, an inexpensive microcontroller system was developed with the followingspecifications: • Cost less than $75 per lab station, and less than $25 per student unit. • Be used to teach programming in a traditional programming class • Be used for laboratories in an electronic circuits course • Be used as a measurement device (DAQ) with Labview as well as a stand alone data logger in a measurement systems course. • Be the cornerstone of mechatronics laboratory robotics work.The microcontroller system used is based on the Atmel AVR 8-bit line1

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Technical Session 7: Advanced CS courses

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Zachary Michael Steudel, Baylor University; Cynthia C. Fry, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #30573CODE HARDENING: DEVELOPMENT OF A REVERSE SOFTWARE EN-GINEERING PROJECTMr. Zachary Michael Steudel, Baylor University Zachary Steudel is a Junior Computer Science student at Baylor University working as a Teaching Assis- tant under Ms. Cynthia C. Fry. As part of the Teaching Assistant role, Zachary designed and created the group project for the Computer Systems course. Zachary Steudel worked as a Software Developer Intern at Amazon in the Summer of 2019 and plans to join Microsoft as a Software Engineering Intern in the Summer of 2020.Ms. Cynthia C. Fry, Baylor University CYNTHIA C. FRY is currently a Senior

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghavender Goud Yadagiri, NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering; Sai Prasanth Krishnamoorthy, NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering; Vikram Kapila, NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

makesthe code generated by the visual programming environment easy and intuitive to understand.Figure 2 shows a sample robot motion plan to control the two wheeled robot. Figure 3 shows theblock program for the motion plan of Figure 2 and the equivalent code generated by the visualprogramming environment. The “Go forward” block makes the robot advance forward by oneblock, wherein each side of a block on the robot arena is one foot. Similarly the “Go backward”block makes the robot go back by one block. Using the differential drive, the “Turn right” blockmakes the robot rotate right by 90 degrees and the “Turn left” block makes the robot rotate leftby 90 degrees. Figure 2: Mobile Robot Motion Plan

Conference Session

Course Development / Curriculum Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Patrick E. Connolly, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

stakeholder groups became convinced that this problem/opportunityneeded to be addressed, we proceeded to the initial planning stages.Step 2: VisionA persona is a popular concept and technique in user-centered design. A persona isdefined as a composite archetype of the user group. It is generated after in-depth researchand understanding of the user group and as such, it is a technique for presenting researchdata in a way that is easy to understand and creates empathy with users10. A name andphotograph, as well as details about the persona’s daily life, are used in a personadescription to provide vivid detail and facilitate empathy. The literature emphasizes howimportant it is for the persona to be based on actual research data rather than

Conference Session

Computed Simulation and Animation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tarek El Doker, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; David Lanning, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Justin Gigliotti, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

realtime. Several students were interested in extending the exercises to problems in which they hadparticular difficulties understanding the relationship between loads and supports, such assolutions to indeterminate structures and the application of superposition for complex loadings.The feedback was informal and qualitative, but critical to developing a plan for the subsequentsemester (spring of 2007), in which additional features would be incorporated into the classroomtool. The instructor believed that students quickly developed an appreciation of concepts thatwere discussed minimally during lecture (unsymmetric bending) and an improved understandingof overall patterns of stress distributions. Students generally found that utilizing

Conference Session

Computers in the Laboratory

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erik A. Mayer, Pittsburg State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

need was assessed by two events. At a meeting of the EET industrialadvisory committee, the need for employees proficient in FPGAs was expressed. In addition, thesoftware company Altium Limited expressed an interest in working with the EET program todevelop FPGA curriculum material for a university program.In the fall semester of 2011, the FPGA curriculum was used in an advanced digital logic course.Previously, programmable array logic (PAL) devices and generic array logic (GAL) deviceswere used. This course serves as a required course in the newly created embedded systemsemphasis area in the four-year undergraduate Electronics Engineering Technology (EET)program at Pittsburg State University in Pittsburg, Kansas. It is planned to include the

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lin Li, Prairie View A&M University; Jaime Israel Juarez, Prairie View A&M University; Yonggao Yang, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

examples to our database. Page 25.1494.8Phase 2: Implement the proposed learning module management system, design the web interface,develop the functions for different users, and test the system in targeted courses. To fully utilizethe modules and engage students in class activities, we also plan to revamp the teaching plan.More interactive exercises and quizzes will be defined in formats that can stimulate students’interests and assist collaboration (e.g. Jeopardy Game). Furthermore, we are incorporatingadvanced testing functions to the system. We anticipate that in the long run, the system can serveas a truly comprehensive online training/testing

Conference Session

Best of Computers in Education Division

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcial Lapp, University of Michigan; Jeff Ringenberg, University of Michigan; Kyle J. Summers, University of Michigan; Ari S. Chivukula, MPS; Jeff Fleszar, University of Michigan, Ross School of Business

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

categories of devices: 1. Mobile Phones – Students can respond to questions posed by the instructors using text messages, also known as the short messaging service or SMS. To respond, students simply text their answer to a 5-digit short code (i.e. a shortened telephone number) with their desired response. It should be noted that most students have text messaging plans and do not incur extra charges. Actual data regarding the number of students with text messaging plans was collected in an introductory course and detailed further in §5. 2. iPhone/iPod/iPad and Android Smartphones – Many student possess high-powered mobile devices ranging from smartphones to iPods. The MPS provides an installable application

Conference Session

Computer Science Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norena Martin-Dorta, University of La Laguna; Isabel Sánchez Berriel, University of La Laguna; David López Rodríguez; Héctor Amado; Jose Luis Saorin, Universidad de La Laguna; Manuel Contero, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación en Bioingeniería y Tecnología Orientada al Ser Humano (I3BH)

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

of exercises have been developed so far, which basically consist of building 3Dmodels with cubes:• Type 1: Coping 3D Model. This consists of copying the proposed 3D model (as seen on Figure 3).• Type 2: Three views. This consists of building a 3D model using three orthogonal views, front, top and right. To develop this project we used the first angle projection, the ISO standard primarily used in Europe with three standard views: front view, top view and right view (see Figure 4).Figure 3. Type 1: (a) Screen 1: suggested task (b) Screen 2: 3D plan where the student solves the taskFigure 4. Type 1: (a) Screen 1: suggested task (b) Screen 2: 3D plan where the student solves

Conference Session

Computer Science Applications

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Li, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

methodology. The coretopics are assessed through theoretical questions including true/false questions, shortanswers, and algorithm simulations. Table 2 shows the comparison of student scores oncore topics in Fall 2008 and Fall 2010 course offerings, respectively. From the table, theimprovement on student scores is tremendous. The D&F rate has dropped from 50% to21%. Even though with the limited number of samples we cannot simply conclude thatthe practice-oriented approach is the mere contributor to this improvement, without anydoubt, the hands-on experiments do help students digest the core theoretical data miningconcepts. In future, we plan to develop a detailed assessment rubric to evaluate theeffectiveness of course delivery systematically

Conference Session

Computer Education Innovations I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alisa Gilmore, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Herbert Detloff, University of Nebraska, Lincoln at Omaha

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

robotics platform while enrolled in an Introduction to Robotics course.The Introduction to Robotics course, a senior level elective, included 9 students, 7 of whom werealso enrolled in a preparation course for the Senior Capstone Design Project, entitled SeniorThesis Proposal. The Senior Thesis Proposal course guided students through the planning stagesof the capstone design project, including topic selection and project plan creation. Assessmenttools were designed to assess whether the project-based experiences with the mobile roboticsplatform positively impacted the senior students who were enrolled in Senior Thesis Proposaland Introduction to Robotics compared to the group of senior students enrolled only in SeniorThesis Proposal and not

Conference Session

Applications of Online Computing

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Fowler, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

participation on diverse teams as “real world” and therefore Page 24.1154.2beneficial13, their behaviors and experiences on diverse teams can be more problematic1,7. Forexample, students of different genders tend to take different roles on teams, with females morelikely to complete project planning and communication work and males more likely to dotechnical planning and hands-on building1,12. It is unclear in the research whether studentschoose to take on gender-specific tasks or are pushed by teammates into those roles.Team discussions tend to privilege some students at the expense of others. Women and under-represented minorities are more likely

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neelam Soundarajan, Ohio State University; Swaroop Joshi, Ohio State University; Rajiv Ramnath, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

topic inquestion both in order to help them develop a deeper understanding of the topic and in order tohighlight problem areas that need further elaboration by the instructor. We discuss the theoreticalbasis behind the work, provide some details of the prototype implementation of an on-line tool thatenables such structured discussions, and describe our plans for using it in an undergraduate courseon software engineering and for assessing the approach.1. IntroductionThe most widely accepted definition of the flipped classroom is one where “events that have tra-ditionally taken place inside the classroom now take place outside the classroom and vice versa”,see, e.g., Lage et al. 1 . Thus the knowledge transfer that the traditional lecture tries

Conference Session

CoED: Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Galluzzi, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Carlotta A Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Yosi Shibberu, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

chose to follow the more modern student learning framework for developingand teaching our IoT course.A Pilot Course on the Internet of Things Our first planning meeting for our pilot course occurred only three weeks before the courseregistration period and eight weeks before the actual course was to be taught. Most of oursubsequent discussions occurred by email. We agreed on the following guidelines for the pilotIoT course:● It should be multidisciplinary with multiple majors enrolled.● Enrollment should be limited to eight students and by invitation only. We wanted to make sure students were “early adopters” already committed to learning about IoT.● The student work in the course would revolve around completing a single project.● We would

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University; Alicia L. Lyman-Holt, Oregon State University; Sean P. Brophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

objectives sought by K-16educators. It includes a collection of learning experiences to engage students in earth science,physical science, and engineering design through the context of earthquake engineering.Learning resources include presentations (lectures and conference), research posters, researchpublications, videos, simulations, software for download, classroom lesson plans, and recordedwebinars. In addition, several online classes are available for students at the undergraduate orgraduate level[7].Engagement Through a Course Management SystemTo offer online courses and certification without needing to implement an entire secure contentmanagement system (CMS) from scratch, NEEShub developers integrated the free open sourceMoodle CMS software

Conference Session

Computers in Education Division - General Technical Session 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danielle Marie Dowling, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Morgan M Hynes, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

students’ reasoningvisible to their teacher as well as their fellow classmates. The tool allows teachers to create alesson plan on InterLACE’s Web site consisting of questions and challenges, which they canthen present to their students on a centrally located screen in the classroom as well as through thedesktop, laptop, or tablet devices the students use to answer those questions and challenges. Thetool then aggregates the students’ posts, which the teacher and students can view andsubsequently discuss. The first version of the tool was barebones and allowed text-only posts thatcould be rearranged onscreen so that the teacher and the students could group responses bypatterns such as similarity (for examples of this, see “Kraig’s Use of the

Conference Session

The Best of Computers in Education

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, Virginia Tech; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

object-orientedprogramming practices. The students enrolled in these courses are primarily computerengineering and computer science majors.The second set of participants are the project clients. Over the four years covered by this study,four different sets of clients were used. In 2014, the clients were engineering education studentsdeveloping materials in support of educational outreach activities. The software applicationswere designed to augment lesson plans developed as part of a series of teacher workshops thatthe students helped to deliver in the Dominican Republic. Due to the departure of the instructorleading the then-annual trips, in 2015 the focus shifted to having ASEE student chapter membersserve as clients in support of their

Conference Session

Software Engineering Concepts

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University; Priya Manohar, Robert Morris University; Peter Y Wu, Robert Morris University; Bruce R Maxim, University of Michigan, Dearborn

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Paper ID #17780Strategies for Delivering Active Learning Tools in Software Verification &Validation EducationDr. Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University Acharya joined Robert Morris University in Spring 2005 after serving 15 years in the Software Indus- try. His teaching involvement and research interest are in the area of Software Engineering education, Software Verification & Validation, Data Mining, Neural Networks, and Enterprise Resource Planning. He also has interest in Learning Objectives based Education Material Design and Development. Acharya is a co-author of ”Discrete Mathematics Applications for

Conference Session

Computers in Education 5 - Online and Distributed Learning 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sunay Palsole, Texas A&M University; Jaskirat Singh Batra, Texas A&M University; Xi Zhao, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

information exchange. These informal exchanges are important to engender in technology-enhanced learning to ensure that the students have opportunities for developing informal engagement and space.Purpose of StudyGiven the rapid transition to remote and online learning formats, we developed a study toinvestigate the tools (technologies and platforms), and methods used by faculty to engage withstudents in asynchronous and synchronous learning. In addition, we planned to gain anunderstanding of how students adopt technological tools to keep some continuity in theirinformal and social learning networks, so we also surveyed the students to identify thetechnology, platforms, and methods they use to communicate with each other outside of classhours

Conference Session

Computers in Education 1 - Programming 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Frank Vahid, zyBooks; University of California, Riverside; Roman Lysecky, University of Arizona; zyBooks; Bailey Alan Miller, University of California, Riverside; Lyssa Vanderbeek, zyBooks

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

scattered throughout. We thusabandoned efforts to show when students worked, at least for now.Total time spent is also something teachers would like to see. We tried putting time spent at the end ofeach day, plus a total at the end of the coding trail. We found though that teachers were most interestedin the total time; the detailed breakdown was interesting but not so important as to clutter the codingtrail. Thus, we plan to put the time info at the end of the coding trail, like below where the student spenta total of 42 minutes: 7/13 M----0 S---2|4--10 42minLikewise, teachers indicated wanting to know code size each day. Like time-of-day and time spent, suchinfo can quickly clutter the coding trail. Thus, we plan to just put the code

Conference Session

Computers in Education 2 - Programming 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nabeel Alzahrani, University of California, Riverside; Frank Vahid, University of California, Riverside

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

43 Lack of plan 11 Miscellaneous 4 Typos Total no. of errors 166Table 1: 11 error categories for the 166 errors in the 47 publications from 1985 to 2018 with an example of the most common error in each category.Obviously, we cannot provide explanations and examples for all 166 logic errors. Instead, wehighlighted in bold errors reported in multiple publications, and highlighted with an asterisk errors that[7, 8] found to be the most time-consuming, yielding 43 highlighted errors. References are included forall 211 errors, however, so that a reader can find details in previous publications of any error of interest.Common errorsTable 1

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Tront, Virginia Tech; Kimberly Filer, Virginia Tech; Glenda Scales, Virginia Tech; Jane Prey, Microsoft Research

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

indicated that there had been no publishedcase studies or industry accepted guidelines describing network configurations that caneffectively connect 300 users inside of a single high density space. While frequency managementof adjacent wireless access points has been studied in the research literature, there was still agood amount of work to be done to apply the theory to our complex situation. Economic Page 14.695.7considerations were also one of the driving factors in determining how the network would beupgraded to handle the necessary bandwidth.Over the course of a year, upgrade plans were made and implemented. While most commercialaccess points

Conference Session

Robots in Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ahlgren, Trinity College; Igor Verner, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Trinity College Fire-Fighting Home Robot Contest(http://www.trincoll.edu/events/robot/) and in the AUVSI Intelligent Ground VehicleCompetition (http://igvc.org). The pilot study focused on mastery projects includingdevelopment of workshops aimed at instructing peers in the mastery project subject areas. Asecondary goal was to consider the RST as a learning environment using, as a basis, socialcriteria presented by Bandura6.In the fall, a pre-semester survey asked students to reflect on their backgrounds, interests, andconfidence levels in robotics and to state their plans for future studies and careers (Appendix I).The survey aimed to direct students to develop skills and self-beliefs that they would need torealize their plans. The survey also