Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Garcia Gonzalez, Florida Gulf Coast University; Janusz Zalewski, Florida Gulf Coast University; Gerardo Javier Pinzon P.E., Texas A&M International University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 An Educational Tool to Support Introductory Robotics Courses With the rising popularity of robotics in our modern world there is an increase in the numberof engineering programs that do not have the resources to purchase expensive dedicated robotsbut find a need to offer a basic course in robotics. This common introductory robotics coursegenerally covers the fundamental theory of robotics including robot kinematics, dynamics,differential movements, trajectory planning and basic computer vision algorithms commonlyused in the field of robotics. The nature of this material almost necessitates the use of robotichardware to allow the students to practice implementing the theory they

Conference Session

Circuits and Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Braun, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Macro this quarter helped me improve writing quality 0.0 0.0 16.7 58.3 25.0 4.1 0.6 83.3 0.0 in my EE 460 Project Plan Report.2 Using the Paramedic Method MS Word Macro helped me identify unclear or awkward 0.0 41.7 0.0 25.0 33.3 3.5 1.3 58.3 41.7 writing.3 The Paramedic Method Macro + Video webpage helped explain the Paramedic Method 0.0 0.0 8.3 33.3 58.3 4.5 0.6 91.7 0.0 to me.4 The Paramedic Method Macro

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum Design and Evaluation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Benjamin Crilly, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Richard J. Hartnett P.E., U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

assessment system is presented by Pierrakos and Watson3. Of courseany assessment plan involves the assessment of faculty effectiveness4, teaching5, and learning6-8.B. The Challenge of High Faculty TurnoverMaintaining a consistent assessment process in order to meet the ABET Criteria, as well asattaining student outcomes, maintaining course continuity and connectivity to other courses andprograms can be especially problematic in programs that have high faculty turnover. Forexample, at the USCGAs Electrical Engineering (EE) program, mandatory re-assignment andpromotion of personnel, we typically call “rotators,” creates an annual faculty turnover of about10%. Note 60% of the program’s instructors are permanent. Similarly, schools that hirednumerous

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum Design and Evaluation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan M Lord, University of San Diego; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Jeffrey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University; Euan Lindsay, Charles Sturt University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Anticipating and acting on future developments would enable engineeringprograms to prepare, but there is little consensus on its future in 10 years. IEEE created aCurricula and Pedagogy committee (CPC) and charged it to forecast the future of ECEeducation and to make recommendations regarding roles that IEEE will play in preparing forand crafting that future. As an initial step, the committee engaged in a scenario planningexercise1,2,3,4 to consider possible trends in engineering education. Then, the committeedeveloped and administered a survey to confirm and revise trends that emerged from scenarioplanning. With over 2100 respondents, these survey results can inform conversations aboutthe future of ECE education. Results of the scenario planning

Conference Session

Circuits and Systems Education 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nesreen Alsbou, Ohio Northern University; Khalid S. Al-Olimat P.E., Ohio Northern University; Vladimir A Labay, Gonzaga University; Heath Joseph LeBlanc, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

circuit and describe the overall functionality of theselected circuit.For the second deliverable, the teams provide an alternative design solution along with anexplanation comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the original design to their alternatesolution. Obviously, the alternative design must meet the customer’s needs. The company thencompiles a product proposal, which includes a bill of materials, cost analysis (including labor ina break-even analysis based on monthly production), circuit design and simulation, testing plan,layout of PCB and packaging schematic, and delivery time. Additionally, a prototype of thedesign must be built and tested according to the test plan. The students are asked to build theircircuit using a breadboard

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum Design and Evaluation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University; Charles J. Kim, Howard University; Abdelnasser A Eldek, Jackson State University; Hamid R. Majlesein, Southern University and A&M College; Petru Andrei, Florida A&M University & Florida State University; John Okyere Attia P.E., Prairie View A&M University; Kathy Ann Gullie PhD, University at Albany/SUNY; Corey A Graves, North Carolina A&T State University; Ali Reza Osareh, NC A&T State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

develop our plan for spreading the use of our educational ideas (in our case Mobile Hands-OnLearning). Included in the process is a requirement to test out our hypotheses (e.g. our valueproposition, possible income streams …) through a minimum of 100 customer interviews. Theprocess ran throughout January and February and was nearly a full-time effort. After February,we have continued to work on the plan we developed (to create a new division at ASEE to bringsome structure and support to MOHS pedagogy). There was also a one day workshop at ASEE inwhich the 9 pilot groups presented to help educate and recruit the next cohorts. Based on thesuccess of the pilot, the decision was made to expand I-Corps to include learning. In addition tohelping us

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Whipple, Bishop Fox; Keith B Smith, Brigham Young University; Dale C Rowe, Brigham Young University; Samuel Moses, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Moses, Brigham Young University Samuel Moses is a research assistant and lab manager at Brigham Young University in the Cyber Security Research Lab. He is graduating with a Bachelors in Information Technology this year, emphasizing in the fields of System Administration and Cyber Security. After graduation, Samuel Moses is planning on continuing his education at Brigham Young University studying for a Masters in Technology emphasis in Cyber Security. Page 26.301.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Building a Vulnerability Testing Lab in an

Conference Session

Microprocessor, Microcontrollers, and Embedded Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vicky Fang, Cedarville University; Sam L. SanGregory, Cedarville University; Clint Kohl, Cedarville University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, they are asked to implement a microcontroller project of their ownchoice. The students must conduct research on the state of the art in that topic, design their ownimplementation which includes both hardware and software, and plan the budget. They alsomust submit a project proposal along with the electrical components list and the total cost fortheir project. Once approved, the team implements their project and gives a demonstration and apresentation of their work to the whole class. The classes have enjoyed learning through theproject research and implementation.The diversified projects have allowed the students to more deeply and broadly exploremicrocontroller applications. The projects show them the significance of microcontrollers

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum Design and Evaluation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeremy N. Thomas, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Christopher Theriault, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Charles Duba, DigiPen Institute of Technology; Lukas P van Ginneken, Digipen Institute of Technology; Nicholas James Rivera; Brian Michael Tugade, DigiPen Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, and validation. The students’ ability to write technicaldocumentation is also further developed as they must create project timelines, test plans, usermanuals, etc., for their project. The project is more open-ended than the first year work.Students are given a set of constraints for the project (such as ‘must interact with theenvironment’ or ‘must be self-powered’) and a budget. The constraints are such that a typicalproject team will develop a robot, but non-robotic projects are encouraged if they still meet therequired number of project criteria. This course currently has 4 – 6 students each year.Students receive lectures on project development and other topics of interest such as basicsensors, soldering, and simple communication protocols

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad Eric Davis P.E., University of Oklahoma; Rick Pendergraft, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Page 26.1093.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Leveraging the ASEE Annual Conference Robot Competition to Increase ECE Recruiting and RetentionAbstract:In 2008 a corrective action plan was implemented at the University of Oklahoma to reversedrastic declines in ECE undergraduate enrollment. The ECE enrollment numbers in fall 2008were 246, but by fall 2014 they soared to 440. The research that went into the plan revealed thata freshman engineering course is a critical place to start. In response, multiple ECE led freshmanengineering orientation sections were created that were open to all engineering majors. Thesecourses were found to produce good results in retention and also

Conference Session

Innovations in Communications and Wireless Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vuk Marojevic, Virginia Tech; Richard M. Goff, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Carl B Dietrich P.E., Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech; Taeyoung Yang, Virginia Tech; Christian W. Hearn, Weber State University; Nicholas F Polys, Virginia Tech Advanced Research Computing; R. Michael Buehrer, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

services.Dr. Christian W. Hearn, Weber State University Dr. Hearn is an Assistant Professor in the College of Applied Science and Technology at Weber State Page 26.1743.1 University. He received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Virginia Tech. He was a member of the Virginia Tech Antenna Group during his plan of study. Before returning to graduate school, Mr. Hearn was a mechanical engineer for the Naval Surface Warfare Center. He is a licensed mechanical engineer in the state of Virginia. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015

Conference Session

Microprocessor, Microcontrollers, and Embedded Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Felipe Patarroyo, University of Puerto Rico at Mayaguez; Gerson Beauchamp, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Aidsa I. Santiago-Roman, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

custom made Analog Signal Conditioning Board. The system is enclosed in a box Page 26.66.2with all the ports needed to connect to the Controls Laboratory Experiments. Also, a set of Clanguage libraries with solutions to the most common control problems was developed.To document the project, students delivered a work plan, two progress reports and one finalreport. The work plan specified how each team completed the tasks assigned and included a timeschedule with the activities needed to complete the project. Progress reports were used to assessprogress and allowed the instructor to provide guidance to the teams accordingly. Teamspresented a

Conference Session

Circuits and Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J Skromme, Arizona State University; Dan Robinson

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

methods improves theresults.To date, the instructional approaches described above have been used only by one instructor.Our plan for broader implementation is to incorporate these approaches into an interactivecomputer-based tutorial, so that other instructors can easily assign such work without having toheavily revise their lecture approaches. The interactive tutorial could incorporate simulated or“virtual” laboratory experiments, where students could gain “hands-on” experience related to theideas we are presenting. This tutorial will be incorporated into our existing Circuit Tutorsoftware package,13-15 which we plan to distribute through a textbook publisher at some point toensure its sustainability.6. Conclusions

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cho Sehyeong, Myongji University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

something in CFL, it is easy to translate that into C language syntax.However, we cannot completely rule out the possibility that the seemingly encouraging resulthas been obtained purely by chance. Therefore, another experiment is planned for the comingsemester.References1. Roberts, E. “An Overview of MiniJava”, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 33 (1), 2001, pp. 1-5.2. Brusilovsky, P., Calabrese, E., Hvorecky, J., Kouchnirenko, A., and Miller, P. “Mini-languages: A Way to Learn Programming Principles”, Education and Information Technologies 2 (1), 1997, pp. 65-83.3. Swan, D. “Programming Solutions for the LEGO Mindstorms NXT,” Robot magazine, 2010, p. 8.4. Sattar A., Lorenzen T. “Teach Alice programming to non-majors”, ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 41(2), pp

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; Juan D. Ramirez, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #11608Experience-Based Approach for Teaching and Learning Concepts in DigitalSignal ProcessingDr. Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic UniversityJuan D. Ramirez, Florida Atlantic University Juan Ramirez is pursuing his bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering at Florida Atlantic University and expects to graduate in December of 2014. Some of his research interests lie in the areas of power electronics, control systems, and engineering education. He has held leadership positions in organizations such as Tau Beta Pi, IEEE, and SHPE. Upon graduation he plans to start working with General Electric. His long-term goals

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Problem-based and Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tiina M. Komulainen, Oslo and Akershus University College; Christine Lindstrøm, Oslo and Akershus University College; Tengel Sandtrø, Oslo and Akershus University College

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

individual basis, whereas the ProLab activities,laboratory exercises, and homework assignments were designed for groups of two to fourstudents.Based on the pedagogical design, the instructor had to completely redesign the detailedlecture/exercise plans for each week. The instructor’s theory presentations had to be modifiedquite drastically from the lecture slides for traditional classroom lectures to material supporting Page 26.1750.6active learning. The theoretical material was divided into three categories: simple enough forstudents’ self-study and quizzes prior to ProLab-sessions, theory/modeling techniquepresentations with short theory tasks for

Conference Session

Innovations in Communications and Wireless Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven S. Holland, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Robert A. Strangeway, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

handouts with gaps and leaving some details as homework assignmentswould open time that could be spent on other topics and would further promote development of Page 26.26.13the mathematical capabilities of the students. Assigning a simple simulation project earlier in theterm to familiarize students with the NEC2 software would enhance progress by the time of theYagi simulation project. Finally, more demonstrations in lecture would also be beneficial tomany of the students. One key demonstration planned for future offerings is to measure antennaimpedance on a vector network analyzer in order to determine the bandwidth from theimpedance response and

Conference Session

Flipped Electrical and Computer Engineering Classrooms 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dianna Newman, University at Albany/SUNY; Meghan Morris Deyoe, University at Albany, SUNY; Jessica M Lamendola, University at Albany/SUNY

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

part ofthis approach, the instructor developed lab assignments (experiments and projects) whichrequired working in dyads and groups of four, which required students engage in some form ofstudent-centered, active learning within the flipped classroom. Evidence of the use of thisapproach was supported by students’ responses to learning questionnaires and further confirmedby classroom observations.Learning the dynamics of collaborative, group-directed learning Data revealed that, in the flipped classroom, when students worked in collaboration fordecision-making processes needed for planning the execution of lab assignments and whencompleting assignments, both collaborative and cooperative groups emerged. Despite differencesin group

Conference Session

Microprocessor, Microcontrollers, and Embedded Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mason Marshall, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Ariel Moss, Missouri S&T; Larry Gene Garringer, Missouri S&T; Rohit Dua, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

had to be multiplexed, which are controlled by switches (Table 2). To achieve deeper understanding and learning, it was considered prudent to provide some facility which could be used to access additional internal register and/or control signal values. Unassigned output pins and seven segment decoders were setup for such additional registers and control signals as seen in Figure 9. Even though reassigning pins will decrease accessibility to standard registers, a user or a designer can observe and verify the internal working of a module for planned system improvement or expansion.Figure 8: Locations of WIMP51 register and control signal access as part of the standard viewing

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Problem-based and Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chaomin Luo, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

instructor and TA, project management and plan significance of project, hands-onexperience, and team work, which positively contribute to project success. On the contrary,various de-motivating factors considered as barriers for the project contain the following, suchas heavy workload, time management, simulation instability, team communication, hardwareinsufficiency, and difficulty in debugging, illustrated in Figure 9. Amongst these factors,difficulty in debugging, and team communication are two of the highest difficulty that need tobe improved and overcome [10]. Page 26.831.12 Figure 7 Self-assessment comparison of fellow students and

Conference Session

Innovations in Communications and Wireless Systems Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne A Scales, Virginia Tech; J Michael Ruohoniemi; Geoff Crowley

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

incorporated into construction engineering and management curricula for trainingstudents to use spatial construction data for various applications that include surveying,construction planning, and scheduling [6]. Aerospace Engineering (AE) curricula place emphasison technology applications related to air and space navigation, traffic control, and pilotlessaircraft and aerospace technologies, such as atomic clocks, that enable GNSS [7]. In general,undergraduates appreciate applications of GNSS and design projects that are effective in givingsome insight into fundamental GNSS principles [8]. These approaches, however, do not addresslearning GNSS from first principles and so do not convey the depth of understanding that isnecessary to work with a broad

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Curriculum Design and Evaluation

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory J. Prust, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Richard W. Kelnhofer, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Joerg Mossbrucker, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Kerry R Widder, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Hue V. Tran P.E., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Stephen M. Williams P.E., Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

courses to the solution of anopen-ended design problem with constraints. This course is usually taken in the winter quarter ofthe sophomore year. The students buy a kit of parts and raw materials to supplement the kitsfrom the previous courses. The end product, an autonomous robot, is specified with a minimalset of constraints, but it is up to the students to determine how to satisfy those constraints. Forsome, this is the first exposure to building something. The course has two hours of lecture andthree hours of lab each week. The lecture time is used to review some of the concepts anddevices, as well as introduce new concepts like Finite State Machines for implementingbehavior, and creating test plans. Weekly milestones help motivate the

Conference Session

Flipped Electrical and Computer Engineering Classrooms 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gloria J Kim, Northwestern University; Mark E. Law, University of Florida; John G. Harris, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

experiential learning modules in the domains of circuits analysis, biosignals andsystems analysis, and experimental design in collaboration between the BME Department ofNorthwestern University and ECE Department of University of Florida. Future plans includeassessing whether students who have benefitted from the flipped classroom continue to besuccessful in further courses in the curriculum.References1. Sheppard, S.D., et al., Studying the Career Pathways of Engineers, in Cambridge Handbook of Engineering Education Research, A. Johri and B.M. Olds, Editors. 2014, Cambridge University Press: New York, NY, Page 26.1087.11

Conference Session

Interactive Panel on Improving the Experiences of Marginalized Students on Engineering Design Teams

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lorelle A Meadows, Michigan Technological University; Denise Sekaquaptewa, University of Michigan; Marie C Paretti, Virginia Tech; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; Debbie Chachra, Olin College of Engineering; Adrienne Minerick, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education, Electrical and Computer, Engineering Libraries, First-Year Programs, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Student, Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering, Women in Engineering

between the Navajo way of life, which is a holistic cycle of thinking,planning, living, and assuring/testing,119 and an engineering design process (ask, imagine, plan,create, improve120). Thus the structure of the project itself can be described and presented in away that carries cultural meaning for Navajo students.Further, design projects can be structured to blend culture and course material. In engineeringoutreach camps in the Navajo Nation, students were asked to write a story related to their culture(e.g., “Describe a day in the life of a Navajo middle school student”). Students then, learn theengineering design process and build a Rube Goldberg®-style chain reaction machine that tellsthe story they wrote. This not only helps the students

Conference Session

Flipped Electrical and Computer Engineering Classrooms 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jia-Ling Lin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Paul Imbertson, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

this study.27, 28 A productive partnership betweenthe course instructor and researchers allowed iterative cycles of designing and revising researchquestions as well as testing new instructional techniques and research plans in real educationalsettings. The study was conducted in an intermediate level electrical engineering course, “LinearSystems, Circuits, and Electronics” in fall 2014. The class had three 50-minute lecture periodsand a recitation section of 50 minutes every week. Forty-four students enrolled in the course, andwere divided into 8 groups in the lectures. Students were enrolled in two recitation sessions. Thelecture instructor taught one session and another professor from the Electrical and ComputerEngineering Department taught

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mehran Mozaffari Kermani, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Reza Azarderakhsh, Rochester Institute of technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

beenperformed by a group of research/teaching faculty members from diverse departments(electrical/computer engineering, security, and computer science). Data management has been apivotal part of this integration, noting that the results are useful for advancing global educationand with the aim of possible improvement from both research and education communities. Suchresults are possible through a closely-monitored data management plan for quality assurance ofdata which could be possibly modified by engineering industry and academia. The eventualoutcome of this integration is a step-forward to fill the current gap of research in and educationof emerging security mechanisms

Conference Session

Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Digital Systems Education 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheng Chih Liu, University of Wisconsin Stout

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Bluetooth communications withan UART interface to FPGAs. The use of FPGAs allowed the complexity of student projects toincrease as they developed artificial intelligence algorithms or any kind of compute-intensiveprograms. From the student evaluation survey in Table 7, some students also commented thatthey felt it was too difficult to contact the instructor, or could have more planning in advance fordelays in the schedule. The delays in the schedule can happen in this class especially with back-to-back scheduling of two lab activities. The delays in schedule can be remedied by adding a labassistant to the lab. Some students felt that the instructor should have provided directions if theychose a bad project. Teams or individuals are expected to self

Conference Session

Flipped Electrical and Computer Engineering Classrooms 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven G Northrup, Western New England University; John J. Burke P.E., Western New England University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

schedulewas a guideline for content covered during each lecture day, thus the plan was more or lessadhered to, with minor adjustments along the way. Time was allocated for in-class practice andlecture material was presented during the class or in a video before the class and sometimes afterthe class. The reason that lecture material was, at times, presented after the class was thatmethods were used to make the lectures more interactive. A problem was put on thewhiteboard and the steps to solve it were not verbally described by the professor, instead theprofessor called on students to explain what should be done in each step to solve the problem.Typically, a row of students would be called upon per problem, but if it seemed that a studentwas not