Conference Session

Innovations in the IE Curriculum

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ana Vila-Parrish, North Carolina State University; Dianne Raubenheimer, Meredith College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

industrysponsored. Student teams face challenges when defining objectives for an ambiguous project,controlling scope creep, achieving buy-in, and selling their results to the sponsor. These areskills that are not taught in most engineering curriculums prior to the capstone course(s). Ourobservations are consistent with the observations by other researchers who have studied thedesign process. Wilson et. al 2 highlighted how students in the capstone course setting strugglewith setting milestones and soliciting feedback at the right times. Developing and effectivelycommunicating the project plan and status are critical to the success of the project. As noted byYildirim3, there is a need for understanding the relationships between design activities

Conference Session

Engineering Management Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Syed Athar Masood, National University of Sciences & Technology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

management. There are also functional gapsbetween working units of the organization. If we superimpose the management gaps ontop of the functional gaps, we find that companies are made up of small operationalislands that refuse to communicate with one another for fear that giving up informationmay strengthen their opponents. The project manager’s responsibility is to get theseislands to communicate cross-functionally toward common goals and objectives5 . Page 25.184.4 Figure-1 An Overview of Management and Functional Gaps5Researchers have identified failures of projects in the 1980s as quantitative, mainly dueto: Ineffective planning

Conference Session

Innovative IE Course Content

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas H Timmer, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

Bloom’s taxonomy6 suchas knowledge, comprehension and application. But this mode of instruction is less likely toemphasize the higher-order cognitive skills of analysis, synthesis and evaluation. In this learningmodule that teaches gauge R&R, students must design a sampling plan for a gauge R&R studythat involves different measuring devices with different characteristics, conduct and evaluatemultiple gauge R&R studies, and recommend a measuring device based upon the analysis of thegauge R&R studies.The remainder of this paper will present the Mouse Factory learning system, the gauge R&R Page 23.1144.2project, results from the

Conference Session

EMD Recruitment and Certification

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

likely always result in failure. People at all levels of the organization need to becomfortable with the emphasis on quality and accept as well as understand the anticipatedbenefits from its employment. The challenge then is to get everybody on the quality bandwagonworking together to reach the organization’s TQM expectations, objectives, and goals.Reinventing OrganizationsThe process of reinventing organizations has become more than just a buzzword. The quest fornew and improved methods, strategic planning, and results oriented performance measurementsare on the rise. The implementation of Total Quality Management is one of these reforms. In

Conference Session

Engineering Management: Supply Chain, Systems Thinking, and Lean Initiatives

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raed Jaradat, Mississippi State University ; Sara E. Campbell, Mississippi State University; Sawsan Abutabenjeh, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

change (Y-V), indicates an individual’s propensity to accept change. The fifth pair, levelof uncertainty (E-T), describes an individual’s preference in making decisions with incompleteknowledge. The sixth pair of preferences, level of hierarchical view of the system (H-R),indicates the way an individual approaches problems within a larger complex system. Anindividual whose answers fall into the (H)-category is probably more interested in applying bigpicture concepts and ideas. Conversely, (R)-type systems thinkers prefer to focus on particularsand details. The last pair of preferences, level of flexibility (F-D), describes an individual’spreference to altering plans. In large complex system problems where the environment ischanging rapidly, a

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Jinkins, University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Jill Clough, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

. Jill Clough, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-PlattevilleIntroductionWhen faculty members throw conventional practice to the wind for an entirelyunexpected pedagogy, it is not done lightly! Perhaps unadvisedly, but not lightly.Abandoning the comfort of usual classroom pedagogical customs is fraught with perilwhen student evaluation constitutes 40 – 60% of the professor’s annual assessment.However, in an effort to bring greater realism to the Engineering Management class andto make the class structure itself an instrument of instruction, the authors have takenactive learning to the basics.In Fall of 2001, the Engineering Management course went as planned and the students atthe University of Wisconsin-Platteville covered

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benito Flores, Universidad de Monterrey

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

used acquired systemsengineering methods in fundamental ways instead of making nick of time adjustments of littleconsequence.The Systems Engineering Capstone Course has been part of the degree plan since the mid1980s, and at the beginning of 2000, it was redesigned as part of a curricular change to beeven more profitable for students. The following paragraphs describe the redesign criteria,the course is it is presently, and some of its impact on student learning.Capstone Courses AdvantagesHigher education has used Capstone Courses for a long time, but they have come to the forein recent years. The reasons are many: many institutions have found that students today aremore focused on practical activities, doing things (Keller, 20046); recent

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2: Curriculum and the Classroom

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sangarappillai Sivaloganathan, United Arab Emirates University; Essam K. Zaneldin P.E., United Arab Emirates University; Sarah Samir Sedra, United Arab Emirates university; khawla Mousa Alrayssi, UAEU ; Riham Mohamed Surkatti Ms, Graduate Student ; Haya Mohammed Al Nuaimi, UAEU

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

has authored and co-authored several journal and conference publications in topics related to engineering education and course man- agement, design coordination, change management, site layout planning, constructability, claims and disputes, and simulation of design and construction operations.Miss Sarah Samir Sedra, United Arab Emirates university Sarah S. Sedra, a telecommunication engineer currently working at Etisalat UAE as mobile access plan- ning engineer. Worked previously for two years as an low voltage electrical engineer in AECOM middle east. Graduated in 2013 from Communication & electronics department in faculty of engineering Cairo university. After working for almost 4 years now I just started

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Management

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

rationale behind the use of performance measurement (PM)techniques, “If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it” (p. 22). Gregory and Myers23 (2002)stated that the objectives of any performance management system were to monitor, identify, andimprove the operations and activities of an organization in order to improve profitability. Thiscan be associated with Deming’s Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle of continuous improvement(Deming16, 1982). Industrial performance concerns durability, operational improvements, andthe ability to control processes and Berrah, Mauris, and Vernadat6 (2004) found that from 1945to 1975, purely financial terms were used to judge performance, while after 1975 quality levelsand delivery dates were being used.Bourne8 (2005

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa Shraim, Ohio University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Certified Six Sigma Black Belt (CSSBB) by The American Society for Quality (ASQ). He is also a certified Quality Management Systems (QMS) Lead Auditor by the International Register of Certificated Auditors (IRCA) in London. He was elected a Fellow by ASQ in 2007. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Using Design of Experiments and the PDSA to improve 3-D Printing in a Senior Quality Course AbstractResearch has shown that project-based learning (PBL) is more engaging than traditional teachingmethods. A proposed PBL method using two cycles of plan-do-study-act (PDSA) coupled withdesign of experiments will be tested as

Conference Session

EMD Program Design

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmo D'Cruz, Florida Tech; Muzaffar Shaikh, Florida Tech; Wade Shaw, Florida Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

. These experiential activitiesinclude the monthly “Engineering Entrepreneur in the Spotlight” seminar series – wherepromising engineers-turned- entrepreneurs visit Florida Tech and share their experiences;the judging of the Brevard School Science Fair Projects for their commercialization value;collaborating with the city, government and private organizations in the community tocommercialize innovative student-developed technologies; etc. Students work in E-Teamson their entrepreneurial class projects and write NCIIA/SBIR grant proposals forfunding and also present at the regional/state-level Business Plan Competitions. They arealso members of the Florida Tech Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) Club and theyparticipate in local and national SIFE

Conference Session

Examining the Synergy between Eng'g Mgmt & Sys Eng

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wade Shaw, Florida Tech; Muzaffar Shaikh, Florida Tech; Carmo D'Cruz, Florida Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, Systems Modeling, Engineering Economics and businessplanning, Systems Integration and business plan development, Systems Launch considerationsand product/business launch, etc. Concepts in strategy, team dynamics, and finance areintegrated into these courses focusing on Engineering Entrepreneurship. A unique “SEEntrepreneurship” program is being pioneered at Florida Tech.IntroductionThe emerging facts from successful organizations, including universities, indicate that the realsource of power in a knowledge economy is in combining technical prowess withentrepreneurship.1 A survey of business executives and managers indicated that highly successfulengineers are not only academically astute, but also possess entrepreneurial skills.2 TheEngineers of

Conference Session

Programs and Pedagogies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra L. Furterer, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Phase 6: • Perform training • Training plan and materials • Control behavior and feedback Operation & • Perform certification • Certification plan and materials • Encapsulation (hide internal Maintenance • Perform risk assessment and • Operations Manuals workings of system) planning for maintenance • Performance reports • Stability and Change • Perform disposal and • Maintenance and service plans; retirement activities FMEA • Disposal and retirement planFigure 1: Systems

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kam Jugdev, Athabasca University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

intellectual property, digital rights, and digital assets 21. Faculty experienced inteaching in face-to-face environments are accustomed to owning their own course material, butin the distance education environment, the courses are typically “owned” by the university 9, 26.Some take the approach that ownership is shared—faculty owns the courseware and theuniversity owns the instructional design aspects 25.In addition to course development, workloads also increase as faculty respond to students ingroups and on a one-to-one basis online, and interact with other departments involved in thecourse 26, 25. Workload issues can be addressed by setting standards, providing guidance, using acomputer-based classroom management system, planning courses with the

Conference Session

Frontiers in Engineering Management

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

causes. By breaking this process down intoindividual tasks and performing each of them more efficiently, the entire production flow can bestreamlined.Many theoretical scheduling methods exist including manufacturing resource planning (MRP)(Stevenson, Hendry, & Kingsman26, 2005), theory of constraints (TOC) (Mabin & Balderstone20,2003), longest path problem (LPP) (Choi & Yang9, 2005), disruptive (Alvarez & Diaz1, 2004),dynamic (Choi & You8, 2006), and parallel work flow (Artigues, Billaut, & Esswein2, 2005).Other methods include utilizing buffers (Litchfield18, 1995), batches (Toba29, 2005), fuzzyalgorithms (Celano, Costa, & Fichera7, 2003), and response time (Thiagarajan & Rajendran28,2005). Additional methods

Conference Session

Emerging EM Areas

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Parden, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

systems approach creates the greatest productivity improvements.4. The best approach is to deal with counterproductive factors.These include: Insufficient management attention to productivity Ineffective planning, direction and control Poor communications Limited knowledge sharing Technological obsolescence Operational over-complexity--red tape Lack of people-orientation in management Lack of manager developmentORGANIZATIONAL GOALS Page 11.975.3The following goals are typical for most knowledge-intensive organizations:CreativityTo bring into being from one's thoughts. The current leadership challenge

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bingbing Li, California State University Northridge; S. Jimmy Gandhi, California State University, Northridge; Li Ding, California State University Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

, process and systems are the most three essential elementsfor a sustainable macro-nano manufacturing. Design can cover sustainable design and planning,which is the first and important step leading to a sustainable manufacturing. Process includes allthe related manufacturing processes: macro fabrication, nano fabrication and end-of-lifestrategies (reduce, remanufacture, recycle). After design and manufacturing of products, it is alsocritical to implement the supply chain optimization and sustainability analysis, which would bethe system. As mentioned above, this course would be developed around the three themes thatinherently support each other and together form a hierarchical sustainability managementsystem:Design (Sustainable Design and Planning

Conference Session

Technology and Equipment to Improve IE Instruction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas H. Timmer, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American; Connie M. Borror, Arizona State University, West; Douglas C. Montgomery, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

Bloom’s Taxonomy. The current pedagogy removes students from applying higherorder cognitive skills. By using the Mouse Factory, students must select the most appropriateimprovement project to undertake, design a sampling plan, implement a control chart andevaluate the effectiveness of the implement control chart. Assessment of student behavior andattitudes will be discussed and evaluated.IntroductionThe American Society for Engineering Management (ASEM)1 defines engineering managementas “the art and science of planning, organizing, allocating resources, and directing andcontrolling activities which have a technical component.” Quality-related activities are widelyaccepted as an important field of engineering management and industrial engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Timmer, University of Texas, Pan American; Miguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan American; Connie Borror, Arizona State Universtiy; Douglas Montgomery, Arizona State University; Carmen Pena, University of Texas, Pan American

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

AC 2010-884: TEACHING CONTROL CHARTS FOR VARIABLES USING THEMOUSE FACTORYDouglas Timmer, University of Texas, Pan AmericanMiguel Gonzalez, University of Texas, Pan AmericanConnie Borror, Arizona State UniverstiyDouglas Montgomery, Arizona State UniversityCarmen Pena, University of Texas, Pan American Page 15.1169.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Teaching Control Charts for Variables using the Mouse FactoryIntroductionThe American Society for Engineering Management (ASEM)1 defines engineering managementas “the art and science of planning, organizing, allocating resources, and directing andcontrolling activities which have a technical component.” Quality

Conference Session

Engineering Management Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene Dixon, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering

began considering the university’s approach to LID, itbecame important to recognize requirements of accrediting bodies and the need to understand theimplications, or rather the potential for use of the framework, in achieving accreditation goalsrelative to continuous improvement plans. Step 1 of this process was to address where the stagesand development areas meshed with accreditation outcomes. This mesh was important as facultyresources are limited and there was, and still is, a strategic need to limit additional encumbrancesupon otherwise stretched faculty resources. The state is suffering significantly from the currenteconomic environment and this is reflected in decreasing funding for all ECU academic units.The department initiated an

Conference Session

Developing Better Engineering Managers - Curricular Ideas from Year 1 Through Graduate School

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph J. Suter, Johns Hopkins University; Stanislaw Tarchalski, Johns Hopkins University; Judith G Theodori, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineeering; James D Beaty, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Michael McLoughlin, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Richard Warren Blank, Johns Hopkins Whiting School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Physics. Dr. Suter received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics from the Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, a Master of Science degree in physics from Michigan State University, a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Maryland, and a PhD degree in materials science and engineering from The Johns Hopkins University.Mr. Stanislaw Tarchalski, Johns Hopkins University Sta´s Tarchalski is a retired senior executive with more than 30 years of progressive responsibility and experience in leading strategic business planning and execution, large/complex program development and management, technical leadership and systems engineering, and organizational development in various

Conference Session

Engineering Management Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel A. Malachowsky, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

practical and pedagogical benefits.1. IntroductionProcess is a major focus of software engineering and its curriculum;13, 18 because of this, projectmanagement has been included as a required topic of study in many of these programs.24 Whileproject management principles and practices are frequently a part of these classes,6, 11, 14, 21 manydo not include the opportunity to participate as a project manager (PM) or as a member of a PM-led team.12 It is important to include the hands-on leadership and planning elements that makeproject management a discipline rather than simply conveying a collection of relatedmethodologies.8 In many cases, the disciplines involved in project management itself has fallento the instructors; this is often carried out

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Joanne Bechta Dugan, University of Virginia; Alexandra Coso Strong, Georgia Institute of Technology; Matthew E. McFarland, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

systems.The purpose of this paper is to describe the research plan for determining how well the LEP isable to accomplish its objectives for graduates. The initial group of seventeen students is in theirsenior year during the 2011-12 academic year and all are completing capstone design projects.Five of the seventeen students decided to drop out of the LEP at various times during the last twoyears. Statistical baseline data to be gathered includes the types of jobs each student pursuesafter graduation, the type and number of internships each student completes during theirsummers, and their overall academic success. Interviews with faculty advisors of LEP capstoneprojects will provide information on the performance of LEP students relative to their non

Conference Session

Technology and Equipment to Improve IE Instruction

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leonardo Rivera, Universidad Icesi; Andrés López, Universidad Icesi; Andrés Calderón, Universidad Icesi

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

activities, plans and projects to turn the Strategic Intent into reality.Operations professionals will need to provide company leaders with a clear picture of thecompany’s capabilities in terms of technologies and their innovations. They will need to findchallenges that serve the deployment of the corporate strategies in ways the operation’semployees find interesting and engaging. They will explore new areas of operation andknowledge that take advantage of teamwork and shared technical expertise. They have alsoknowledge of the rhythms and cycles of technological change, which they can apply to decisionsrelated to product innovation.One of the additional resources employed in the class is the analysis and discussion of a videorelated to the

Conference Session

Enhancing Engineering Management

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Philip Mayhorn, Univerisity of North Carolina, Charlotte; Ertunga C Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Carolina at Charlotte. Before joining academia, Dr. Ozelkan worked for i2 Technologies, a leading supply chain software vendor and for Tefen USA, a systems design and industrial engineering consulting firm. Dr. Ozelkan holds a Ph.D. degree in Systems and Industrial Engineering from the University of Arizona. He teaches courses on supply chain management, lean systems, decision analysis, designed experimentation, and systems design and optimization. His current research interests include on the education side, development of simulations and cases for active learning, and on the mod- eling side, supply chains and logistics management, and production systems planning and optimization, and applications in different

Conference Session

Instructional Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Naveen Seth, New Community College at CUNY; Donald P. O'Keefe, Farmingdale State College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

are shown below b in Tabble 1, reprodduced from thhe Bureau oofLabor Staatistics.Table 1 Page 25.800.5 urse schedulling softwaree, MS Projecct is used to expose the cclass to project managemIn the cou mentmethods such as Gan ntt Charts an nd Critical Paath Method ((CPM). Thee “Commerccial ConstrucctionProject Plan” P is a tem mplate availaable on the website w that iincludes the sequenced aactivities

Conference Session

Curriculum and the Classroom

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra L. Furterer, University of Dayton

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

make a specific step-by-step plan to achieve my goals. I used tothink I could never be a leader. I am not afraid to think about myself as a leader, I started toimagine that I could be a leader now.” The value of the course is to develop leaders to excel in adiverse workforce. It provides students with an awareness of the barriers, biases and challengesto diversity in engineering, and provides strategies that can be used to improve satisfaction in theengineering workplace and in academia.Keywords: Engineering management, engineering education, leadership, diversityIntroduction:Last Spring semester, 2017, an Associate Professor in the Department of EngineeringManagement, Systems and Technology (EMST), and five engineering students piloted a

Conference Session

Engineering Management: Project Management and Partnerships

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew J. Czuchry, East Tennessee State University; James H. Lampley, East Tennessee State University; Leendert M. Craig, East Tennessee State University; Addison Scott Karnes, East Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

phases:development, deployment, and improvement. Important measurable goals and objectives areshown in the framework. The importance of strategic alliances is emphasized in the early stageduring the Plan-Do-Check-Act feedback loops that provide non-linear improvementopportunities. The importance of experiential learning in achieving the professionaldevelopment growth in students at all levels is a common theme. The need for mentoring,especially among our first generation college students, is a critical success factor in the culturaltransformation of parents and communities. Although not explicit in the framework, there is ablending of art and science. For example, in the specific application discussed in this article,the students creatively and artfully

Conference Session

Curriculum and the Classroom

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa Shraim, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

concept of variation and statistical quality control • Understand how a company can address continuous improvement programs using Six Sigma or the seven-step A3 process • Select and use the appropriate quality control or management and planning tool • Work in a team environment to complete a project using applicable tools identified in in this course and report results in written and presentation formatsThis project follows the Six Sigma DMAIC methodology, where the catapult is used as a process.The “product” is the horizontal traveled (in-flight) distance between the catapult itself and thepoint where the ball first hits the ground. The measurement is visually taken by an inspectorusing a measuring tape. The actual

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Mantey, University of California-Santa Cruz; RAM AKELLA, University of California-Santa Cruz; John Musacchio, University of California-Santa Cruz; Yi Zhang, University of California-Santa Cruz; Kevin Ross, University of California-Santa Cruz; Subhas Desa, University of California-Santa Cruz

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

systems of both technology andpeople. In TOM, the emphasis is on development of both theory and software to enableorganizations to manage large collections of data in a way that preserves and enhances theinformation and knowledge that data represents, as well as enabling people in an organization toretrieve that information in a timely and comprehensible way, in areas from manufacturing tosales to services, and across the enterprise functions of analysis, planning and operations. Insummary, the domain of the TIM program is: 1) the management of technology and innovation,with emphasis on analytic approaches to complex problems whose solutions have bothtechnological and financial components, and 2) the development of technology of