Conference Session

Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrating Interactive Teaching Activities

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Benjamin Michael Wallen P.E., United States Military Academy; Michael A. Butkus, United States Military Academy; Nathaniel P. Sheehan, United States Military Academy; Andrew Ng, United States Military Academy; Andrew Ross Pfluger, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering

healthy and resilient communities [1]. In these four stated grandchallenges, the application of mass balance principles is fundamental to understanding anddeveloping solutions in natural systems. Therefore, we argue that undergraduate environmentalengineering students must be proficient in the use of mass balance principles as is required forother fields of study, such as chemical engineering [2]. The population of students acquiringessential environmental engineering capabilities is eclectic at our institution. Every studentgraduates with a bachelor of science degree regardless of academic major. Therefore, non-engineering majors must take a three-course engineering sequence. There are seven engineeringsequences from which students select with

Conference Session

Inventive Opportunities for Research and Exposure

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Inez Hua, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Loring Nies, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Lindsey B. Payne, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

graduate degree programs. Inthe U.S., during the 2017-2018 academic year, 2805 masters degrees were awarded inCivil/Environmental or Environmental Engineering (EE), and 457 doctoral degrees wereawarded (1). Over the decades, there has been discussion about needs, challenges and assessmentrelated to environmental engineering graduate programs (2-4), and development of an acceptedBody of Knowledge for Environmental Engineering (5,6). The challenges include graduatestudent cohorts that are comprised of students whose undergraduate training is drawn from avariety of engineering and natural science disciplines. This is in contrast to many otherengineering graduate programs, whose graduate students are comprised primarily of studentswho earned an

Conference Session

A Focus on Sustainability

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Inez Hua, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

ownership of multiple devices. The lifecycle stages of electronic products are shown in Figure 1, and there are environmental impactsassociated with each stage. These impacts are multiplied when demand increases, and areparticularly visible at the “End-of-Life” stage, which can include landfill or incineration. Anumber of studies quantify the environmental impacts of the life cycle of various electronicdevices and systems, including cell phones (1), desk top computers (2), laptop computers (3),and data centers (4). Materials Extraction and Processing Materials & Parts Material Manufacturer

Conference Session

Innovative Development for Various Faculty Lines

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jes Barron, U.S. Military Academy; Andrew Ross Pfluger, U.S. Military Academy; Kathryn K Pegues, United States Military Academy; Thomas Bazemore

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering, Faculty Development Division

junior civilian (defined as instructors or assistantprofessors) and rotating military faculty. Areas queried included developmental approaches andbest practices, developmental areas (e.g., research, teaching), and defined developmentaloutcomes. This study subsets responses from two departments, Civil & Mechanical Engineeringand Geography & Environmental Engineering, providing a focused examination of facultydevelopment methods applicable and beneficial to civil and environmental engineering programsthat have adjunct and/or non-tenure track faculty. Response rates were similar for eachdepartment (24% and 34%). The study identified three major findings that are generallyapplicable to all universities: (1) institutions can benefit from

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Improving Student Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alison Cupples, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Tutorials in a Large Undergraduate Class Alison M. Cupples, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State UniversityThe undergraduate learning experience typically includes traditional pedagogical approachessuch as lectures, readings and homework assignments. To expand beyond these conventionalapproaches, this study examined the impact of short, voluntary on-line tutorials on 1) studentperformance in exams and 2) student opinions. The study was conducted in a large (>150)undergraduate class, “Principles of Environmental Engineering and Science”, containingstudents (48 seniors, 65 juniors, 61 sophomores and 3 freshmen) primarily from four

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Improving Student Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Matthew James Scarborough, University of Vermont; Katherine D. McMahon, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the underlying factors of student motivation is likely key to improvingstudent performance.Poor performance in undergraduate chemistry courses is largely the result of affective,motivational challenges [1-4]. There are four factors affecting student motivation: purpose,competence, autonomy, and community [5, 6]. To improve student attitudes towardschemistry, all four of these aspects should be addressed. While teaching chemistry toundergraduate students is known to be a challenge, student performance improves whenstrategies to implement active-learning are used [7, 8]. Case studies are useful tools for engagingSTEM students in active-learning [9]. For example, an undergraduate green chemistry coursesuccessfully used several case studies

Conference Session

A Focus on Sustainability

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Anand Raj, University of Texas at El Paso; Peter Golding, University of Texas at El Paso; Diane Elisa Golding, University of Texas at El Paso; Scott A. Starks, University of Texas at El Paso; Luis Rene Contreras Sapien, University of Texas at El Paso; Suzan Aranda Luna, University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the Impact of the University on Sustainability in Far West TexasIntroductionThere was a time in history when economic prosperity was considered the only parameter forsocietal sustainable growth. As we developed, consumption of resources grew at a rate thatincreased faster than what nature could replenish. Now, the lack of natural resources has reachedan alarming point. The irony is that most resources are controlled by a few people and the majorpopulation has less access to it [1]. So, it has become important to change the way sustainablegrowth is viewed, and, along with economic prosperity, social mobility and environmentalprotection have also gained importance [2]. This perspective comes with the realization that

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Pines, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

fordeveloping communities’ project had been included as one of the projects. In addition tolearning about sustainable design, students will have the opportunity to implement their designover the summer where they will learn about “on-location” issues that can not be duplicated inthe classroom. The interest in providing students this type of opportunity has growndramatically in the last several years as indicated by the number of papers being presented atengineering education conferences on this subject and the growth of organizations such asEngineers Without Borders (EWB)1. This paper summarizes how a design for developingcommunities course was added to the curriculum and the challenges involved in providing thestudents the opportunity to implement

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khosrow Farahbakhsh, School of Engineering, University of Guelph; Warren Stiver, University of Guelph

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

of such experiments is to provide the students with hands-on trainingin operating mass transfer units and collection and analysis of mass transfer related data.Although such experiments have merit, the approach suffers from several limitations.1. The experimental design, setup and instrumentation are normally put together without input from students and as such the students do not gain experience in design, setup, and trouble shooting of laboratory and pilot-scale facilities.2. Detailed experimental procedures, including data collection, monitoring and often analysis, are provided to the students in advance of the experiments. Students therefore, do not sharpen their skills in designing laboratory experiments.3. The students, in

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

online. That’s 850,000more students than the year before, an increase of 40%.1 This rapid growth is beingfacilitated by easier to use computer-based learning content creation tools, and a growingcomfort of using information appliances.Podcasting, a technology that lets anyone create and distribute radio- or TV-like showsover the Internet, is growing at an exponential rate. Current estimates suggest there arenearly 20 million podcasts, up from about 3 million just five months ago, and only 200two years ago.2 While the technology offers exciting educational possibilities, universityfaculty are still ruminating about its use in learning.This paper introduces the integration of enhanced-podcast episodes into a traditionalIntroduction to

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Butkus, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2007-1129: A SMALL-SCALE DESIGN AND BUILD PROJECT INBIOCHEMICAL TREATMENTMichael Butkus, U.S. Military Academy Page 12.114.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007A Small-Scale Design and Build Project in Biochemical TreatmentIntroductionEnvironmental engineers as well as engineers in other engineering disciplines, apply their skillsin a dynamic environment where single solutions are the exception rather than the rule.Additional “significant experiences” are required to help students develop a holistic appreciationfor professional practice issues and including open ended problem solving to prepare them forthe workplace.1 Such experiences should relate course material to

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seamus Freyne, Manhattan College; Micah Hale, University of Arkansas; Stephan Durham, University of Colorado at Denver

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

environment is becoming a ubiquitous aim of growing urgency.1 More frequently,civil engineers are being called to meet infrastructure demands in ways that are less harmful tothe environment and sustainable into the future. It is imperative that today’s students learn aboutalternative energy sources, conservation of natural resources, waste management, and recycling.These “green” ideas are repeatedly encountered by environmental engineering students, but civilengineering students rarely study these topics in much depth. With many students alreadystruggling with busy schedules, adding new courses is unfeasible. However, some “green” ideascan easily be incorporated into traditional civil engineering courses without sweeping changes tothe core

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Llewellyn Mann, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland; Gloria Dall'Alba, University of Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

products for our use and better places to inhabit”. The purposeof design, he argues, is to create physical artifacts that benefit people, and sustainable design triesto do that using a wider, more holistic approach. Finally with the definition, he argues that theultimate goal of sustainable design is not just to reduce the impact of the design on theenvironment, but to either remove it all together, or to go a step further and have a restorativeeffect on the environment.Overview of Results – Categories of DescriptionThis section presents the qualitatively different categories of description of sustainable designthat were developed from the twenty-two interview transcripts. Five categories were developed,as seen in Figure 1, each representing a

Conference Session

Sustainability and Engineering Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reisdorph, the GreenTeam Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

• Green Power • Disaster Preparedness and Response Water, with an emphasis on: • Watershed Assessment & Monitoring • Water Stewardship (management) • Disaster Preparedness and ResponsePROJECTS:Projects will be developed individually. Individuals will be assigned an industry sector topicconsistent with Paper Topic. Projects shall develop the following: • PART 1. Identify existing standards and Standards Development Organizations (SDOs), if any relative to the topic; indicate the SDO and the SDO process, summarize the scope of each standard, and provide an assessment of the appropriateness of the standard in terms of its contribution to sustainable development. Discuss/organize standards in terms

Conference Session

Service - Learning Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Boyle, Rice University; Brent Houchens, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

dilute withrespect to the thick syrup placed in the inner portion of the pouch, driving pure water across themembrane by osmosis.The prototype housings were created primarily from standard PVC components, ensuring thatthe different housings would fit securely together. Sediment and carbon filters were housed innearly identical PVC housings. The RO housing is built from PVC and PVC bar stock, and theUV and FO housings are created from acrylic and PVC parts. Chemical treatment does notrequire a special housing, as it is simply a tablet added to the outlet container for the system.The actual design of these housings is best described through Figures 1 through 4, below.Machine drawings are available by contacting the authors.For safety concerns and

Conference Session

Service - Learning Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Wright, Michigan Technological University; Linda Phillips, Michigan Technological University; James Mihelcic, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

coursework, study abroad, and intern in an international setting, there is stilla large gap to fill the ever-increasing demand for engineers with a global perspective. In fact,only four percent of U.S. engineering graduates obtain any kind of international experiencebefore graduation1.In the 2004-05 school year, 205,983 American students studied abroad; however, engineeringstudents only comprised 2.9 percent, compared to social-science majors and business studentsthat made up of 22.6 and 17.5 percent, respectively.1 Additionally, although there has been anincrease in the number of study-abroad students, the percentage of engineering studentsparticipating in these programs has remained static for several years.1 A primary factor that istypically

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stanley Greenwald, New York Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

sustain his/her health, learning or justsurvival, each person will consume approximately 500 kwh per year. From the perspective of newcapacity of 60% availability, it will require 120 gigawatts of newly-installed generation in the next 15years. This can translate into 240 new power plants with each producing 500 MW of power. This paperwill present the results of feasibility students in three countries; Nepal, the Philippines and Ecuador.Feasibility StudiesMICRO HYDRO POWER GENERATION IN NEPAL (1)A majority of population is dependent on traditional sources of energy like fuel wood and animal dung.The energy consumption statistic of Nepal shows that about 80% of total energy need is supplied fromfuel wood in 1995 which means over 13 million tones

Conference Session

Assessment Issues in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra Reinhart, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

February 1, 2008 in Orlando, FL. Page 13.383.2Structure of the Environmental Engineering Body of KnowledgeThe Environmental Engineering BOK describes the knowledge and core competenciesintegral to the understanding and practice of environmental engineering. Acquiring theEnVEBOK could lead to environmental engineering licensure and certification.However, the EnVEBOK DWG did not assume that every environmental engineeringstudent receiving a baccalaureate degree continues on to receive a Masters inenvironmental engineering. Nor did it assume that practice of environmental engineeringalways results in licensure. The practice of environmental engineering

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Undergraduate Research

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Reisel, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

utility engines has been conducted. The project studied (1) the extent of the deteriorationof the emissions as the engines age, (2) the causes of the deterioration, and (3) strategies forimproving the emissions. Thirteen undergraduate students have worked on this project over theyears. In comparison, only two M.S.-level graduate students (one of whom originally worked asan undergraduate student on the project) worked on the project over the same time. As a result,much of the research work was completed by these undergraduate students and their effortsplayed a large role in sustaining the project over its duration.Students who worked on this project benefited by performing engineering work in a modernresearch laboratory facility, thereby gaining

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Undergraduate Research

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goodarz Ahmadi, Clarkson University; Suresh Dhaniyala, Clarkson University; John Mclaughlin, Clarkson University; Cetin Cetinkaya, Clarkson University; Stephen Doheny-Farina, Clarkson University; Fa-Gung Fan, Xerox Corp.

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2008-333: PARTICLE TRANSPORT, DEPOSITION AND REMOVAL- FROMRESEARCH TO CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENTGoodarz Ahmadi, Clarkson UniversitySuresh Dhaniyala, Clarkson UniversityJohn Mclaughlin, Clarkson UniversityCetin Cetinkaya, Clarkson UniversityStephen Doheny-Farina, Clarkson UniversityFa-Gung Fan, Xerox Corp. Page 13.961.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Particle Transport, Deposition and Removal- From Research to Curriculum Development Goodarz Ahmadi,1 Suresh Dhaniyala,1 John McLaughlin,1 Cetin Cetinkaya,1 Stephen Doheny-Farina,1 and Fa-Gung Fan2 1 Clarkson University

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Beckman, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Gena Kovalcik, University of Pittsburgh; Matthew Mehalik, University of Pittsburgh; Robert Ries, University of Pittsburgh; Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh; Laura Schaefer, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

progress at the end of the first yearwith respect to research and pedagogy with a special emphasis on describing the new coursedevelopment.1. IntroductionThe hallmark of US engineering has always been innovation, especially in the design of newproducts and processes that are optimized to reflect performance and price ideals. Althoughengineering designers have focused on performance and price criteria for over a century, the Page 12.371.2growing recognition that the world’s resources are finite while its population continues toincrease have led to a new criterion – sustainability – that now must be incorporated into thedesign process often as an

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Undergraduate Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Nerenberg, University of Notre Dame

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

for anEnvironmental Engineering research project. The paper describes challenges related tolanguage, culture, and technical background, and provides suggested strategies for addressing thechallenges and improving the REU experience. While the paper focuses on a Hispanic studentfrom Puerto Rico, the strategies may be applicable to other situations, such as minority or foreignexchange students or foreign or minority graduate students.IntroductionThe engineering and science fields historically have been underrepresented in women and inseveral minorities.1 Underrepresented minorities include Blacks, Hispanics, American Indians,Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders. While the percentage ofminorities in science and

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexa Rihana-Abdallah, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Department of Civil andEnvironmental Engineering. Students commented on the learning experience and thebenefits of closely working with students from other majors. They repeatedly stated theirsatisfaction with understanding the “whole picture” and touching on all aspects of Page 11.285.6environmental analysis. Typical course topics are presented in Table 1.Table 1. Course topics covered during the semesterWeek Topic 1 Introduction / Course Overview 2 Sustainability 3 Ecology 4 Water Quality Parameters 5 Effects on Ecosystem 6 Analytical Chemistry 7 atomic absorption spectrophotometry 8 gas chromatography 9 mass

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Svetlana Korotkova, University of Northern Iowa; Alan Czarnetzki, University of Northern Iowa; Keith McCready, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

model predictions. Nevertheless,various uncertainties in PM simulation have been identified. Substantial underforecasting of surface PM2.5 concentration was found. The Box Model budgets for particulate matter revealed relatively largeresidual components. Results of the present research may serve as a basis for further work with WRF-CHEM on the dispersion of other pollutants (e.g., nitrogen compounds) and the contribution fromadjacent states in the environmental engineering.1. IntroductionNumerous air pollution episodes are characterized by particulate matter (PM) suspended in thetroposphere. Though human activities have emitted particles into the atmosphere since pre-industrialtimes, emissions have increased notably since the 1950s1). The

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Berdanier, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

localized human populations taking into account their uniquecultural history and socio-economic interactions with nature and their environment whilesubverting, contesting, and reforming the current engineering practices that transform the earththrough an overarching focus on development1.”Background for Haiti “Each society carries what we refer to as an “environmental imaginary,” a way of imagining nature, including visions of those forms of social and individual practice which are ethically proper and morally right with regard to nature2.”Haiti, which is the western one third of Hispaniola Island (Figure 1), is generally recognized asthe poorest country in the Western Hemisphere with approximately 80% of the population livingin

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chris Swan, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the most impressible: the young.Kids are naturally curious. Current recycling is a subject matter that feeds into this curiosity. Animpromptu study done on a class of elementary students (< 25) in an Boston, MA area schoolindicated the types of questions that kids have about recycling. These questions and the percentof this group who had this type of question are presented in the Table 1. Table 1 Kids Questions About Recycling Percent Question Response 25% How are the recycled items processed (Do they use a crusher, do they rip it up? How do the cans get back to normal after they crush them up)? 18

Conference Session

Intersdisciplinary Courses and Environmental Undergraduate Research

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helene Hilger, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Francis De Los Reyes, North Carolina State University; Warren DiBiase, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Len Holmes, University of North Carolina - Pembroke; Stephanie Luster-Teasley, North Carolina A&T State University; Siva Mandjiny, University of North Carolina - Pembroke; Todd Steck, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Keith Schimmel, North Carolina A&T State University; Chuang Wang, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

methods typically involve student group informationgathering and problem solving and have been shown to promote improved investigatory and criticalthinking skills and to prepare students for the more team-based interdisciplinary nature of the workenvironment2,3,4.Upon obtaining support from the federal Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE),a three-year research program was mapped out. The specific research objectives, the results from Year 1and some lessons learned are described below.Research ObjectivesThe research objectives were to: 1. Use the combined expertise of education, biology, and engineering faculty and graduate students to implement open-ended inquiry through problem-based learning (PBL) as the

Conference Session

Service-Learning in Developing Communities

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Soerens, University of Arkansas; Charles Adams, University of Arkansas; Kevin Hall, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

, 2006, “Service Learning in Engineering and Science for Sustainable Development”, InternationalJournal for Service Learning in Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 2006, pp. 1 – 4.4. Sachs, J.D. 2005, The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time, Penguin Press.5. Thomson, P.A.B., 2005, Belize: A Concise History, MacMillan Caribbean.6. United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 2006. Human Development Report 2006: Beyond scarcity:Power, poverty and the global water crisis, Report and related materials accessed 1/12/07 athttp://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/report.cfm Page 12.378.6

Conference Session

Service-Learning in Developing Communities

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Giannelli, Lafayette College; Sharon Jones, Lafayette College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

revised basic functions (addedin bold) that student-led service-learning groups should follow. We included the challenges thatremain.1. Ensure that one person, and one person only, is responsible for the project scope, budget, and schedule. Decision Making Challenge: Organizational and planning skills vary among members and are not “taught.” Rotating members and changing budgets make this difficult.2. Don’t begin work without a signed contract, regardless of the pressure to start. Communication Challenge: Preliminary site assessments must be done without an agreement to start the process prior to a community agreement with the club.3. Confirm that there is an approved scope, budget, and schedule for the project. Quality Control

Conference Session

Capstone Courses II

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Borchers, Kettering University; David Rinard, Steelcase, Inc.; Trevor Harding, Kettering University; Terri Lynch-Caris, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

partners, are committed todemonstrating the practical need for enhanced education in issues of sustainability and socialresponsibility.Funding for this project comes from the National Science Foundation DUE-0511322.IntroductionIndustry more than ever is facing challenges in the globally competitive marketplace. ThomasFriedman in his book The World Is Flat [1] talks about the forces that are changing thecompetitive landscape and the need for business and society to innovate more than ever to staycompetitive. Friedman also highlights the need for increased learning and skill development as away to survive in this rapidly changing and competitive climate.Friedman cites statistics showing a significant decline in US students pursuing science