Conference Session

Sustainability and Hands-on Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica Palomo P.E., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Jeffrey Alan Cole, Pasadena City College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

. Ethnic demographics of the 102 Biol 10B studentparticipants are 4% Black/African American, 12% White, 49% Asian/Pacific Islander, 18%Hispanic/Latin, 17% Other; 55.9% of participants are women. In advisory roles are two biologyfaculty members. Planning and financial support is administered by the director of the eSTEMcenter.Common features of curriculum at both institutions. Cal Poly Pomona and Pasadena CityCollege designed their courses curricula to include 1) research skills training, and 2) interactionbetween students from both institutions. The curriculum was designed to provide a challengingbut manageable learning environment that promoted critical and creative thinking. Themechanism used for the integration of research training activities

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles M. Ouellette, United States Military Academy; Luke Thomas Plante, United States Military Academy; Erick Martinez P.E., United States Military Academy; Benjamin Michael Wallen P.E., United States Military Academy; Jeffrey A. Starke, United States Military Academy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

United States Military Academy with a B.S. in Environmental Engineering and obtained an M.S. from both the University of Missouri at Rolla in Geological Engineering and the University of Texas at Austin in Environmental Engineering. Most recently, he graduated with his Ph.D. from the Colorado School of Mines in Civil and Environmental Engineering. He teaches Water Resources Planning and Management, Environmental Science, and Environmental Engineering Technologies.Col. Jeffrey A. Starke, United States Military Academy COL (Ret) Jeff Starke served as a Military Intelligence officer with command and staff experiences at the battalion, brigade, joint task force and combatant command levels. His most recent operational experi

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Improving Student Learning

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alison Cupples, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly applicable disagree agree applicable disagree agree Figure 7. Student responses to pre- and post- survey questions concerning their opinions on tutorials. Page 12 of 21Student Opinions on Non-Traditional Teaching MethodsGiven the increase in the number of flipped classrooms and on-line classes in STEM education,the surveys also gathered data on student opinions on these pedagogical approaches (for futurecourse planning

Conference Session

Intersdisciplinary Courses and Environmental Undergraduate Research

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helene Hilger, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Francis De Los Reyes, North Carolina State University; Warren DiBiase, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Len Holmes, University of North Carolina - Pembroke; Stephanie Luster-Teasley, North Carolina A&T State University; Siva Mandjiny, University of North Carolina - Pembroke; Todd Steck, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; Keith Schimmel, North Carolina A&T State University; Chuang Wang, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

, more than a science to teach thisway.” Instructor B thought that the module would be tailored to each instructor’s expertise and thecurriculums of each institution. He added, “The initial plan was to come up with problem scenariosthat we can put it on the web that everybody could download and use at any institution, but I’m notsure that is going to work anymore.”DiscussionThe assessment results suggest that by the end of each course students generally reported positiveexperiences and were satisfied with the learning and skill improvement that occurred. There wereno survey or interview results indicating that any subset of students found the courses to be a wasteof time or offered little opportunity for learning, while there were very positive

Conference Session

Intersdisciplinary Courses and Environmental Undergraduate Research

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Bott, Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

50-54 55-59 60+ Age Group Figure 1. Age Distribution of EPA Employees (EPA Human Resources data as of 3/23/02).The 2005 and 2006 national conferences of WEF (WEFTEC) and the American Water WorksAssociation (AWWA) also highlight this issue, with several workshops and technical sessionsdedicated to the changing workforce, succession planning/management, retirement of the babyboom generation, etc. It is becoming clear that the retirement of the baby boom generation willhave a dramatic impact on the environmental engineering profession, perhaps more so than otherengineering fields. This is likely due to the significant recruitment of baby boomers into

Conference Session

Hands-on Laboratory and Design Experiences in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Parhum Delgoshaei, Virginia Tech; Vinod K. Lohani, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

monitoring and the impact of real-time monitoring on increasing theirenvironmental awareness. The authors plan to extend the use of this cost-effective yet highlyaccessible system to higher level civil and environmental engineering courses to provide anauthentic context for problem solving involving environmental parameters of an impairedstream.IntroductionThe LabVIEW programming language has been introduced to the freshman engineering courseat Virginia Tech since Fall 2007 as a successor to earlier modular and object orientedalternatives. LabVIEW follows a dataflow programming paradigm and is known for its strengthin acquiring, processing, and presenting data from engineering applications that involvemeasurement instruments/sensors. In addition

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byul Hur, Texas A&M University; Grace E. Tsai, Texas A&M University; Rogelio Casas Jr., Texas A&M University; Erika L. Davila, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

. She has also helped catalogue lead fishnet weights from Uluburun, a late Bronze Age shipwreck, in Turkey. In her free time, she works as the co-founder and CDO of Bezoar Laboratories LLC, a R&D company focusing on probiotic supplements.Mr. Rogelio Casas Jr., Texas A&M University Rogelio Casas Jr. was an ESET student at Texas A&M University and graduated in the Fall of 2018. He was the Project Manager throughout the project and is currently working at General Motors in Austin, Texas as a Software Developer. He plans on continuing his education through hands-on training and a potential Masters in Computer Science.Erika L. Davila c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019

Conference Session

Project-Based Service Learning

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maya Trotz, University of South Florida; Ken Thomas, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

will be calibratedduring the lab period and you will be allowed to take the meter with you.Discussion1. Describe the difference between a stormwater retention pond and a stormwater detention pond.2. What kind of pollutants get collected in stormwater ponds?3. What type of water body did you study?4. Describe your site location.5. Describe your sampling plan.6. Present your data collected, use graphs to show trends.7. Discuss your collected data.8. At your sampling site, how is the pond maintained?9. What other measurements do you think are important for communities to know about the health of their stormwater pond? What can communities do to properly maintain their ponds? Are you aware of

Conference Session

Project-Based Service Learning

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Chamberlain, Clemson University; Lisa Benson, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

many of their peers who feel more confidence in this area a confidence that ispostulated on the latter’s choice of an industrial career. The authors plan on using this initial survey to form a basis for a qualitative instrumentthat more pointedly asks the respondents to give their perceptions about what an engineer doesand how she/he works in a typical setting. The instrument would also gauge perceptions abouthow this image is being supported by the curriculum in general, and by the CI class in particular.AcknowledgmentsThe authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Zahra Hazari in the Department of Engineering andScience Education for conducting the statistical analyses, and in assisting with the interpretationof the results. We also wish to

Conference Session

Understanding Students: Recruiting, Retention, Enrichment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Johannes Strobel, Purdue University; Inez Hua, Purdue University; Constance Harris, Purdue University; Jun Fang, Purdue University; Lindsey Tracy, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

from other disciplines such as organizational behavior might provide insight,particularly the construct of ‘resistance of change’. Developed by Oreg11, the construct can bedescribed as an “individual’s tendency to resist or avoid making changes, to devalue changegenerally, and to find change aversive across diverse contexts and types of change” (p.680). Theparticular construct and its instrument focus particularly on resistance to change as a“multidimensional disposition that comprises behavioral, cognitive, and affective components”(p.680). Emerging subscales are Routine Seeking (e.g., “I prefer having a stable routine toexperiencing changes in my life”), Emotional Reaction to Imposed Change (e.g., “When thingsdon’t go according to plans it

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexa Rihana-Abdallah, University of Detroit Mercy; James Joseph Lynch, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

of a computer project given in an undergraduate environmental engineeringclass, CIVE 4830 – Hazardous Waste. The class is a senior level class, taken by studentspursuing an environmental concentration or planning on continuing their graduate studies inenvironmental engineering. This class covers topics that include identifications andclassifications of hazardous waste, physical and chemical properties of pollutants, toxicityassessment, fate and transport of contaminants, and remediation techniques. Introducing acomputer modeling project was a natural addition to the fate and transport section of the course,and supplemented well the concepts presented there. The use of computers has become a necessary part of the education of students

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Woo Hyoung Lee P.E., University of Central Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

taught duringthe semester. During the proposal development (2-3 months), participants had a regular meetingwith the principal investigator (PI) to produce ideas and discuss their findings from literaturereviews. They also conducted a brief preliminary test on the ideas which were discussed andfinalized in the laboratory. For each project, a quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC)plan was created and their potential end users and partnerships were identified for theirtechnology applications.Leadership improvementThe engineering education community has begun to focus on leadership abilities ofundergraduate students in engineering fields [5]. Higher education institutions have beencriticized for their lack of success in instilling leadership

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brenda Read-Daily, Elizabethtown College

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

water samples to class to test the waterhardness and a post-semester student survey. The instructor plans to continue to refine theseactivities and assessments in future offerings of this course.References[1] R. Felder and L. Silverman, “Learning and teaching styles in engineering education,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 78 no. 7, pp. 674-681, July. 1988.[2] R. Adams, D. Evangelou, L. English, A. Dias de Figueiredo, N. Mousoulides, A. Pawley, C. Schifellite, R. Stevens, M. Svinicki, J. Martin Trenor, and D.M. Wilson, “Multiple perspectives on engaging future engineers,” J. Eng. Educ., vol. 100 no. 1, pp. 48-88, Jan. 2011.[3] G. Rajaram, D. Pai, and R.Chauhan, R.S. “Illustrating engineering concepts with a household water filter,” 2005

Conference Session

Problem- Project- and Case-based Learning in Environmental Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mueller PE P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

successfulcompletion of this course, students should be able to: 1. prepare for laboratory experiences with appropriate steps of pre-experiment planning 2. conduct bench-scale unit operations in environmental engineering 3. utilize common environmental analytical instrumentation 4. perform data analysis and report writingFor incorporation into the course, an experiment will be conducted whereby stormwater will becollected as it drains into a nearby stream. This stormwater will be pumped through the wetlandwith sub-samples collected at each of the basin outlets to measure water quality throughout thesystem over time. Water samples will be analyzed for total suspended solids, ammonia, nitrate,and phosphate. This will be conducted as one

Conference Session

Best in 5 Minutes: Demonstrating Interactive Teaching Activities

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Daniel Hochstein, Manhattan College

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering

lecture bybeing able to think through the question, come up with ideas, and reason out how to prove that thestatement is true.The instructor has used this innovative and exciting lecture during the fall 2018 and fall 2019semesters and at this time he has not performed any formal assessment; however, there has beenpositive feedback from the students. The instructor is planning on performing an assessmentduring the fall 2020 semester to evaluate if this method of presenting the material enhances theability of students to retain and understand the mechanics behind the behavior of reinforcedconcrete beams.References[1] A. Aghayere, Reinforced Concrete Design, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2019.[2] ACI Committee 318, "Building Code Requirements for

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khosrow Farahbakhsh, School of Engineering, University of Guelph; Warren Stiver, University of Guelph

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

required students to build and troubleshoottheir apparatus, write a detailed laboratory manual, conduct at least two experiments and write adetailed laboratory report. In addition, each group was asked to make two presentations duringthe term; the first to provide background information and their plan of action to other studentsand seek feedback; and the second at the completion of their experiments to present and discusstheir results. A separate handout later in the term provided guidance on preparation of laboratorymanuals and reports. The student evaluation was based on two midterms (40% total),experimental laboratories (25%) and the final exam (35%).The feedback from the students with respect to the laboratory components was overall

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Butkus, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

austere conditions, which might be encountered during combat, and military operations other than war (e.g., disaster relief, refugee operations, homeland security, and homeland defense).VII Experimental design, execution and analysis. *Students designed 4 Develop the skills necessary to plan, design, experiments to test execute, and critically interpret results from their systems. experiments. *Experiments were run and data was analyzedVIII Written and oral communication skills. *Students

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stanley Greenwald, New York Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

ofScience in Environmental Technology and is required for the Master of Science in Energy Managementprograms at New York Institute of Technology in addition to a six-credit thesis and studies in airpollution, waste management, law, risk analysis, auditing, groundwater contamination, GIS, OSHA-Hazwopper and many more. Each student is required to submit a feasibility study for the development ofa Distributed Generation system in their homeland including a demographic analysis of the local area inquestion and estimation of electric load requirements for residential, commercial and industrial customers.The course and project outcomes include a site plan, type of power plant, quantities of fuel, generatingcapacity, construction and generating costs. The

Conference Session

Sustainable Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Ciocci, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

. This analysisbecomes useful when making changes to existing courses and plans for future ones byidentifying what has worked well and what has not.Sustainable engineeringWhile the definition of sustainable development traces to the Brundtland Commission in 1989, aworking one for sustainable engineering continues to evolve. The Centre for SustainableEngineering defines the term as “Engineering technologies and services which deliver greaterresource productivity or efficiency and fewer emissions of hazardous substances and/oremissions presenting lower hazards.”1 Considering greater productivity and efficiency inresource use is not a new concept to design engineers. However, the increased awareness ofhazardous emissions and their effects is.As the

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lashun King, Tennessee State University; Thomas Byl, U.S. Geological Survey; Roger Painter, Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice).The assessment technique based on the performance of students in presenting the results of theirresearch was planned into the program for this purpose. The results of the assessment alsoprovide evidence of student outcomes with regard to ABET2000 criterion: (d) (an ability tofunction on multi-disciplinary teams) and (g) (an ability to communicate effectively).Graduate students have presented the results of their research at State and local competitions.The research presented by TSU students at the annual Tennessee American Water ResourceAssociation (TAWRA) poster competition have won first or second place during the last fiveyears. Undergraduate

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

olu Fasesan, Texas Tech University; Segun Ogunsanya, Texas Tech University; Lloyd Heinze, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

200 100 6 3 RPM II. Thickening Time: Slurry thickening time must correlate to actual planned pumping time, and must fall within reasonable industry standards. It impacts both cost and cement quality. Thickening times less that 2 hours are generally too short, and can significantly increase the risk of premature cement setting prior to proper placement; while thickening times greater that 6 hours are generally to long, leading to extended compressive strength development and/or formation fluid migration problems.III. Free water: This is both common to both the TRRC and operational constraints. Under the TRRC requirements

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Undergraduate Research

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simeon Komisar, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Lupita Montoya, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

design specifications for their project, performed competitivebenchmarking and generated alternative system concepts. In order to evaluate the best systemconcept, the team used a decision analysis matrix. From these steps, each team emerged with aclear system design concept to pursue. At this point, each team performed a cost analysis,prepared a project plan. Each team prepared a 20-minute oral presentation of their project planand submitted a written report (Milestone 2). The next step was to develop a scale model or prototype to evaluate the system concept.Teams conducted design reviews to evaluate the safety, environmental impacts, reliability, lifecycle issues, maintainability, durability, manufacturability and cost of their design

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula III

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Jarvie, Michigan Technological University; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

-1981.9. Reese, T., Stevenson, T., “Planning for Diversity at all Levels.” 2006 American Society for Engineering Education National Conference Proceedings, Paper number: 2006-564.10. Pong, C., Shahnasser, H., “Case Study: Steps to Reach Out to Hidden Underrepresented Student Candidates in Engineering.” 2006 American Society for Engineering Education National Conference Proceedings, Paper number: 2006-779.11. Hagenberger M., Engerer B., Tougaw, D., “Revision of a First-Semester Course to Focus on Fundamentals of Engineering.” 2006 American Society for Engineering Education National Conference Proceedings, Paper number: 2006-1360.12. Crossman G., Dean, A., “Intriducing the Engineering Technology Programs to all Incoming Freshman

Conference Session

Sustainability and engineering education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Mueller PE P.E., Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; John Aidoo, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

meetings with their client and faculty mentor.Each team has a civil engineering faculty mentor to help provide technical project guidance. Thecourse meets once a week for 150 minutes for 10 weeks. The class meets each week for a lectureperiod to review each step in the development of their final report for their project. The weeklylectures are planned and conducted to introduce and facilitate the completion of weeklyassignments that are sections of their report (i.e. project description, project approach, designrequirements, evaluation of alternatives, and cost estimates). Students also have weekly readingassignments on which they are quizzed during the class meeting. During the fifth week of thequarter, each student team gives a progress report

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip J. Parker P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Ben Bocher, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Austin Polebitski, University of Wisconsin Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

atapproximately 90% when “neutral” responses were included. Even though students found thegrading scheme to be more demanding than they were accustomed to, many still saw its value;one student wrote “Labs were graded harshly, but grading system has potential.” (studentunderline). Results were similar for the junior- and senior-level. WCBG has the potential tosave time as student work improves throughout the semester and by allowing the faculty memberto perform ABET assessment of writing competency concurrently with grading the lab. Allauthors plan to incorporate the aforementioned improvements and use WCBG in the upcomingsemester in courses that have a lab component

Conference Session

Techniques to Enhance Environmental Engineering Courses

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isaac W. Wait, Marshall University; Richard F. McCormick, Marshall University; Sydney M. Wait, Marshall University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

providing sugars to the substrate solution  Variation on reaction rate according to adjustment of F:M ratio  Conditions required to increase the degree of carbonization of end-productAchievement of the activity’s learning objectives was demonstrated by student identification offactors that could affect microbial kinetics, formulation of experimental matrices, developmentof new experimental methods, and execution of a multi-week experimental plan that requiredorganization, teamwork, and careful attention to keep biological samples viable.Student comments in course evaluationsAt the conclusion of the project, students were asked to complete a ten-question survey to assessthe impact of the project. The results of multiple-choice questions

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bette Grauer, Kansas State University; Diana Grauer, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

have been highly favorable. The class is offered only in the fall and a study to evaluatethe effectiveness of the activity for engagement and learning is planned for fall 2010.Problem-Based LearningProblem-Based Learning, PBL, is a constructivist learning approach that is used to stimulate andimprove learning by presenting problems about topics of interest to students. Learning is shapedby direct experience and is most effective when students are presented with a compellingproblem.1, 2 The problem-based learning approach allows students to study a problem of interestin a team-based setting. A PBL study is student directed with opportunity for discussion, andoften the students rather than the instructor select the problem. Much of the new

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Pedagogy and Innovation

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Butler Velegol, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Mary Lynn Brannon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

otherpurposes (e.g. online summer courses and flipped courses). Because the preparation of thesemodules will take time, it is best if they are used for mulitple purposes. This Spring ourdepartment plans to continue this process in the Structures and Water Resources Capstone.Acknowledgements: To be added later Page 24.953.9Bibliography 1. The 21st-Century Engineer: A proposal for Engineering Education Reform. ASCE Press Patricia D. Galloway 2008. pg 2. 2. Ericsson, K. A. (2010). Enhancing the development of professional performance: Implications from the study of deliberate practice. In K. Anders Ericsson, (Ed.), Development of

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natalie Mladenov, Kansas State University; Tara Kulkarni, Norwich University; Mara London, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

initial investmentin time is likely to be cut substantially the next time the activity is used, as instructors gainexperience and confidence. For example, planning the rubber egg activity (Table 4) in Fall 2013required time for acquisition of materials, set up of the demo, development of lecture notes to tiein to course content on the carbonate system, and rehearsal with the activity to ensure it wouldproduce anticipated results, a total of ~ 1.5 hours committed to preparing for the activity. In thespring 2014 semester, the amount of class preparation devoted to this activity was approximately20 minutes.4. ConclusionsIn general, student attitudes indicated they were receptive to the use of demonstrations, videosand other in-class activities

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Sanford Bernhardt, Lafayette College; Sharon Jones, Lafayette College; Christopher Ruebeck, Lafayette College; Jacqueline Isaacs, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

; and to secure the national defense.” (NSF Act of 1950). The NSF Grant Proposal Guidesuggests several ways that this criterion can be met. One of these is “by advancing discovery andunderstanding while promoting teaching, training, and learning”. In response, researcherstypically describe the number of students involved in the research project as evidence. Anothersuggestion by NSF is to broaden dissemination to enhance scientific and technologicalunderstanding. Here, researchers often describe plans to present research results in formatsuseful to students, scholars, members of Congress, teachers, the general public, etc. In otherwords, it is common for researchers to point to activities that involve student education asevidence that there are