Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sri Kolla, Bowling Green State University; Joseph Mainoo, Bowling Green State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

gives an overview of the current state of fieldbus networks in the industry. It listsvarious advantages of using fieldbus networks. The generic communication protocol model isdiscussed and the deviations from this model for various fieldbus networks are identified. Anoverview of CAN bus network is also given in that section. CANoe software, developed byVector CANtech, is outlined in Section IV. Details of CAN bus based laboratory development atBGSU are presented in Section V. Concluding remarks are offered in Section VI.II. Instrumentation and Process Control Courses at BGSUThe ECT program at BGSU offers instrumentation and process control courses in itsundergraduate curriculum [13]. A graduate instrumentation and process control course is

Conference Session

Developing New Instrumentation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Brennan, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

sensing and hardware systems, and fault-tolerant sensing and control. Page 12.1051.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Mechatronics and Systems Instruction Across Graduate, Undergraduate, and Research Applications Using Rapidly Reconfigurable HardwareAbstractA challenge with the development of any new laboratory is the cost-effective use of hardwareresources. This work discusses the development of a reconfigurable data-acquisition architectureacross three different application areas in university mechatronics and control systemsinstruction setting: undergraduate

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Neuman, Queensborough Community College; David Lieberman, Queensborough Community College; Don Engelberg, Queensborough Community College; Alex Flamholz, Queensborough Community College; Paul Marchese, Queensborough Community College; George Tremberger, Queensborough Community College; Tak Cheung, Queensborough Community College

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

grant on designing remote laser laboratory for teaching techniciansDon Engelberg, Queensborough Community College Don Engelberg is a Professor of Physics at Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York. His research interests include nuclear physics, laser physics, and education. He was awarded several NSF grants and is currently serving as PI on a NSF grant in laser physics education.Alex Flamholz, Queensborough Community College Alex Flamholz is an Assistant Professor of Physics at Queensborough Community College of the City University of New York. His research interests include bio-physics, electronics, and education. He worked in photonics research and

Conference Session

Embedded Control and Instrumentation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale H. Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University, Berks

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

experiencepresented here, employs under-utilized educational-grade process control equipment to crossoveras training tools for a microcontroller course. The emphasis here is on the ability to sense andcontrol the process with the microcontroller rather than the control theory itself.The laboratory space used for the microcontroller laboratory classes at (school name here) alsoserves as the control and automation laboratory. Contained within this laboratory, are severalBasic Process Rig model 38-100 trainer stations manufactured by Feedback™. Figure 1 shows aphotograph of one of the trainer stations. The trainer is comprised of rugged mechanical(plumbing) and electrical hardware that can easily be reconfigured for various water processcontrol demonstrations

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Rafiq Muqri, DeVry University, Pomona; Robert Alfaro

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

computing tend to be difficult for beginning freshman and sophomorestudents. This difficulty is reinforced by the use of cheap simulators as opposed to hands-onmicroprocessor development tools. The faculty at DeVry University is developing new hands onapplication-oriented laboratory exercises which can actively engage students. These laboratoryexercises will also be helpful to students who will take capstone senior project coursework.The use of carefully crafted laboratory exercises is very important in exposing engineeringtechnology students to microprocessor projects. The previous assembly language laboratoryexercises were used in a two-course microprocessor sequence taught over a fourteen weeksemester. The newer three-course microprocessor

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aidan F. Browne, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; David George Vutetakis Jr, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

for a greater diversity oftraining setups to be utilized in a smaller area.IntroductionIn order to effectively teach instrumentation, mechatronic and robotic courses in an Engineeringor Engineering Technology curriculum, a variety of electromechanical laboratory setups aredesirable. [1] Exposing students to an assortment of technologies is also desirable, to give themas broad an experience as is reasonable. Thus, setups containing different sensors, effectors andactuators and indicators are needed. Quite often, the cost of such laboratory setups (or trainers) ishigh, thereby challenging the desire to have numerous full setups.To broaden the students’ programming capabilities, many programs teach such courses acrossboth microcontroller and

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mustafa G. Guvench, University of Southern Maine; mao ye

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. Because of its simple and inexpensive hardware requirements, the system isperfectly suitable for use in the undergraduate electronics laboratories for instruction as well asbeing a tool in industrial and research laboratories for the product testing and characterization ofhigh power semiconductor devices. The system can also adapted to measure the I-V characteristicsof solar cells [2] and solar panels, and high-power Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs), as well.1. IntroductionThis paper describes the design, operation and use of a PC controlled automated measurementsystem for the testing and measurement of the I-V characteristics of high-current high-powerMOSFET devices by employing the new inexpensive USB interfaced triple-channel benchpower

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Don Millard, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Frederick Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Mohamed Chouikha, Howard University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

,physicists recognize problems of river currents and problems of headwinds and tailwinds inairplanes as involving similar mathematical principles, such as relative velocities.4 Gone are thedays when students were ham radio operators, played with Erector/LEGO sets, tinkered withelectronic kits or simply taken things apart for fun. As a result, students have less “gut intuition”and expert skills than prior generations possessed when entering the job market.5STUDIO PEDAGOGY The defining characteristics of studio classes are an integrated lecture-laboratory format, areduced amount of time allotted to lecture; a technology-enhanced learning environment,collaborative group work and a high level of faculty-student interaction. The studio

Conference Session

Effective Projects and Experiments in Instrumentation and Control

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain, Purdue University, Calumet; Md. Rasheduzzaman, Purdue University, Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Applications Department of IEEE/IAS. He authored more than 25 refereed journal and conference publications. In 2009 he as PI received NSF-CCLI grant entitled A Mechatronics Curriculum and Packaging Automation Laboratory Facility. From 2003 through 2006, he was involved with Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL in developing direct computer control for hydrogen pow- ered automotives. He is also involved in several direct computer control and wireless process control related research projects. His interests are in the area of industrial transducer, industrial process con- trol, modeling and simulation of Mechatronics devices and systems, wireless controls, statistical process control, computer aided design and fabrication

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bradley Lane Kicklighter, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Logic Controller (PLC) trainerthat can be assigned to a student for the semester. The portable PLC trainer allows students tohave a satisfactory laboratory experience across various modes of instructional delivery.PLCs are used to automate industrial equipment and processes and are frequently used inlaboratory activities in an automation course. At a minimum, a portable PLC trainer should becompact, have protection for the trainer components, provide user interface input and outputdevices, and the PLC programming software should be available for students to install on theirown personal computers.This paper presents the design and development of a portable PLC trainer including therequirements for the trainer, component selection rationale, and

Conference Session

Novel Measurement Experiments

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amit Nimunkar, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Silas Bernardoni, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Tyler Lark, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Andrew Watchorn, National Instruments; John Webster, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Industry–Student Partnerships in Development and Sharing of Educational Content Involving LabVIEWAbstractThe biomedical engineering (BME) students at our university often need hardware and softwarefor data acquisition, automation and data analysis for their instrumentation laboratory classes andopen-ended design projects every semester. We have teamed with the Education Division atNational Instruments to form a collaborative partnership for the necessary resources and to createteaching material to facilitate students with their design projects. National Instruments havedonated NI ELVIS system instrumentation equipment during the 2007–2008 academic year aswell as continuous support to help students with their learning objectives

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Michael Dunn, Rochester Institute of Technology; Michael G. Schrlau, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #12737Towards an Intuitive and Remotely Accessible Control System for Commer-cial NanomanipulatorsMr. Ryan Michael Dunn, Rochester Institute of Technology Ryan M. Dunn is a graduate student at the Rochester Institute of Technology. His research interests include micro- and nanomanipulator control systems and interdisciplinary control development. He holds a B.S. in mechanical engineering from the Rochester Institute of Technology.Dr. Michael G. Schrlau, Rochester Institute of Technology Dr. Schrlau joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering at RIT in 2011 and directs the Nano-Bio Interface Laboratory (NBIL

Conference Session

Great Ideas for Projects that Teach Instrumentation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Keller, University of Tulsa; Jeremy S. Daily, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

instrumentation and measurement typically have two objectives: 1)introducing the students to essential and modern engineering instrumentation and 2) developingthe ability of students to plan, execute, and analyze engineering experiments. The projectdescribed in this paper encompasses all of these objectives and introduces students to practicalaspects of control systems. The multi-week laboratory exercise requires the students to interfacewith laboratory hardware and modern instrumentation with only limited guidance from theinstructor. The self-guided problem solving approach to instrumentation gives students a deeperunderstanding of the nuances and complexity of developing and implementing multi-componentinstrumentation systems. Additionally, the

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

the individualcomponents and fabricate the PLC modules themselves.This manuscript discusses the need for including PLCs into the curriculum, and how thePLC modus modules discussed here are used in a course entitled Applied Process ControlEngineering which can briefly be described as a study of the fundamental concepts,devices, and applications of electronic components and controllers utilized on industrialequipment. Laboratory sessions focus on instrumentation, programming, downloading,and wiring discrete input / output devices.Specific Course Competencies of the course include the ability to: 1. Identify major applications of programmable logic controllers in industry, transportation, construction, and environmental

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Beams, University of Texas-Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2007-598: PROJECT GUISE: CURRICULAR INTRODUCTION ANDRESOURCES FOR TEACHING INSTRUMENTATIONDavid Beams, University of Texas-Tyler Page 12.1201.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Project GUISE: Curricular Introduction and Resources for Teaching InstrumentationAbstractProject GUISE (General-purpose, Universal Instrumentation System for Education) is acomputer-based laboratory instrument combining LabVIEW virtual-instrumentationsoftware and custom external hardware developed with support of the National ScienceFoundation under grant DUE 9952292. Descriptions of its development have beenpreviously published. However, an opportunity to

Conference Session

Contemporary Instrumentation Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Shepard, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2007-1864: ENTANGLED PHOTON EXPERIMENTS FOR ENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGYScott Shepard, University of Central Florida Dr. Shepard received a Ph.D. from MIT and worked at Bell Labs for six years. He has been teaching in Engineering Technology for five years and is currently at the University of Central Florida. His research interests include: innovative laboratory components for undergraduates; telecommunications; sensors; and solar energy. Page 12.678.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Entangled Photon Experiments for Engineering TechnologyAbstractThe fact that a Quantum Computer

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Elliott Bryner, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Daniel Dannelley, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

laboratory courses and gas turbine engine component design.Dr. Daniel Dannelley, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 Applied Instrumentation Course for Undergraduate Thermal- Fluid SciencesAbstractThis paper explains the development of an applied instrumentation course for Mechanical andAerospace Engineering students at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University that focuses on theuse of probes and sensors to make measurements in thermal-fluid systems and using themeasurements of fundamental properties to determine derived quantities common in engineeringtesting.The thermal-fluid sciences lecture and lab builds on the

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain, Purdue University - Calumet; Nirjhar Das Sharma, Purdue University - Calumet; Gautam Agarwal, Wynright Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. He is a senior member of IEEE and he served in IEEE/Industry Application Society for 15 years at various capacities. He served as chair of Manufacturing Systems Development Applications Department (MSDAD) of IEEE/IAS. Currently, he is serving a two-year term as the chair of the Instrumentation of ASEE (American Society of Engineering Education). He authored over 29 refereed journal and conference publications. In 2009 he as PI received NSF-CCLI grant entitled A Mechatronics Curriculum and Packaging Automation Laboratory Facility. In 2010 he as Co-PI received NSF-ATE grant entitled Meeting Workforce Needs for Mechatronics Tech- nicians. From 2003 through 2006, he was involved with Argonne National Laboratory

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamza Kadir, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology) Alumni; Md Jubair Hossain, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology); Nirjhar Das Sharma, Purdue University Calumet; Suraiya Jannat Khan, Purdue University Calumet; Akram Hossain, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #11218PROGRAMMING A SIX AXIS MOTOMAN HP3C ROBOT FOR INDUS-TRIAL SORTING APPLICATIONMr. Hamza Kadir, Purdue University Calumet (College of Technology) Alumni Hamza Kadir, M.Sc., currently works as a Controls Engineer in the Packaging Machinery OEM indus- try. He completed his Masters from Purdue University Calumet, majoring in Mechatronics Engineering Technology. He conducted his M.Sc. Directed Project at the Nick and Nancy Wilson Mechatronics En- gineering Technology Laboratory. This project involves integration of modern automation tools for an intelligent part sorting system. He has previously worked with use of

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Heun, Calvin College

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2007-1675: ENHANCING ENGINEERING EDUCATION WITH WEB-BASEDINSTRUMENTATION DESIGN PROJECTSMatthew Heun, Calvin College Matthew K. Heun received his Ph.D. in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He was a staff engineer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California and a Senior Engineer at Global Aerospace Corporation in Altadena, California before joining the Engineering Department at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Page 12.667.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Enhancing Engineering Education with

Conference Session

Developing New Instrumentation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Liping Guo, Northern Illinois University; Recayi 'Reg' Pecen

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Page 13.1106.2 • Develop and demonstrate programs showing how the timer and counter functions are integrated to a PLC • Properly use program control instructions • Properly use math and data manipulation instructions • Describe and use immediate input and output instructions • Interface digital and analog devices to PLCs • Explain the need and process for troubleshooting PLC controlled systems • Prepare students for challenging industrial jobs in the engineering technology areasThe course spends about 70% time in lecture, and about 30% time in laboratory. Studentsare also allowed to use the PLC equipments in their convenience at other times. After thelecture, students practice PLC programming using

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain, Purdue University-Calumet; Masoud Fathizadeh, Purdue University-Calumet

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

authored more than 25 refereed journal and conference publications. From 2003 through 2006, he was involved with Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL in developing direct computer control for hydrogen powered automotives. He is also involved in several direct computer control and wireless process control related research projects. His interests are in the area of industrial transducer, industrial process control, wireless controls, statistical process control, computer aided design and fabrication of printed circuit board, programmable logic controllers, programmable logic devices and renewable energy related projects.Masoud Fathizadeh, Purdue University-Calumet Masoud Fathizadeh received his B.S.E.E

Conference Session

Great Ideas for Projects that Teach Instrumentation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farid Farahmand, Sonoma State Univeristy; Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2011-392: INTRODUCING ADVANCED ENGINEERING TOPICS TOFRESHMEN STUDENTS USING ROOMBA PLATFORMFarid Farahmand, Sonoma State Univeristy FARID FARAHMAND is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Science at Sonoma State University, CA, where he teaches Advanced Networking and Digital Systems. He is also the direc- tor of Advanced Internet Technology in the Interests of Society Laboratory. Farid’s research interests are optical networks, applications of wireless sensor network technology to medical fields, delay tolerant net- works. He is also interested in educational technologies and authored many papers focusing on eLearning and Active Learning models.Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bradley Lane Kicklighter, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

, protocols, and hardware.Most of the laboratory activities for ENGR 382 involve programming a programmable logiccontroller (PLC) that is part of a PLC Trainer. See the Appendix for high-level descriptions ofthe laboratory activities related to the Sensor/Actuator Module.PLC TrainerThe portable PLC trainer (see Figure 2) used for this course is based around anAutomationDirect CLICK PLC, 16-point discrete input module, and 8-point relay output module[12]. There are six lighted momentary pushbuttons, two potentiometers (connected to analoginputs), and a voltmeter (connected to an analog output).Figure 2: CLICK PLC TrainerThere are twenty digital inputs, twelve digital outputs, four analog inputs (0 V to 10 V), and twoanalog outputs (0 V to 10 V) on the

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tae-Hoon Kim, Purdue University Northwest; Ge Jin, Purdue University Northwest; Michael Tu, Purdue University Northwest; Tianyang Guan, Purdue University Northwest

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

againstcyber treats is education. According to Frost and Sullivan [7], a global shortage of 1.8 millioncybersecurity professionals is projected by 2022. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projected 37%of information security job growth from 2012 to 2022 and announced that more than 200,000cybersecurity jobs in U.S. are not filled every year.Education in cybersecurity draws more attention from K-12 to adult. Recently, U.S. Congresshas urged to develop high-quality educators to cybersecurity education [8]. Many researchersstudied teaching methodologies to maximize the student learning. One of the key components inengineering and science education is a laboratory-based course, which includes a practical hand-on exercise. Many academic institutes developed

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saleh Sbenaty, Middle Tennessee State University; Stan Mitchell, LogicForce Consulting, LLC; Hugh Berryman, Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Advanced Technological Education grants over an eight-year period. He also served as the Coordinator of the Computer Engineering Technology program for more than six years. Dr. Sbenaty published and presented over 30-refereed national and international articles and attended/conducted over 60 workshops. He is also conducting research in the area of mass spectrometry, biosensors, electrical characteristics of concrete, and instrumentation. Dr. Sbenaty has several years of industrial and research experiences with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Lockheed-Martin, and TVA. Dr. Sbenaty served as a Guest Editor and on the Editorial Board, Journal of SMET Education: Innovations and Research. He is

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale H. Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University - Berks

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

used to formfluid level measurement devices. Instrument performance was predicted from elementaryequations for the capacitive probe geometry, fluid properties, and 555 timer specifications. 4,5,6Student team designs were then tested using a laboratory vessel containing lightweight mineraloil. Data collected during testing was then used to create a calibration curve for each design. Oneyear later in a microcomputer interfacing course, the capacitive fluid level probes were againused by the same teams of students as the basis for an enhanced instrument design which nowadded an embedded microcontroller. The students incorporated the previous year’s test vesselcalibration data into their embedded software to provide a complete solution with a

Conference Session

Developing New Instrumentation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narciso Macia, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Electronics and Computer Engineering Technology Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campusAbstractThis paper presents a closed-loop, position control system, using two interconnected, DCsolenoids in a pull-pull arrangement, and controlled by an Allen-Bradley, MicroLogix 1500LRP, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). This PLC, and similar equipment possessing A/Dand D/A modules, are excellent vehicles for teaching closed-loop control, since they are easy toprogram and do not require a substantial background in programming. This feature makes it veryattractive since our control classes and laboratories are populated by students from mechanical

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Andrew Smith P.Eng., Ryerson University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

basic instrumentation systems, including both analog anddigital aspects. The laboratory component focuses on the development of a microcontroller-based instrumentation system that can provide readings to a PC and an onboard LCD fromswitches, accelerometers and load cells.The course is heavily-focused on hands-on work in the laboratory. From student feedback in2009 and 2010 it became apparent that there was a mismatch between the theoretical backgroundprovided in class and the practical work being undertaken in the laboratory. This is reflective of Page 24.739.3the general approach taken in Engineering classes. Engineering instructors are

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Patrick McGuire P.E., Lafayette College; Jeffrey David Helm, Lafayette College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

separated for convenience ratherthan some requirement of mechanics. Constitutive stress-strain relationships can be skillfullyapplied in a numerical model developed using the finite element method or finite differencemethod to reasonably predict the behavior of soil and soil-structure interaction1; however, astudent needs to believe what they are seeing is “true” in order for the teaching tool to beeffective. Soil behavior previously observed in the field or in the laboratory can be expressed in avariety of ways including charts, as shown in Figure 1, and photographs, as shown in Figure 2.These ways of illustrating soil behavior can help student appraise the reasonableness of theories