Conference Session

Developing New Instrumentation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College; Yakov Cherner, ATeL, LLC; Edward Bigos, Springfield Technical Community College; Ted Sussmann, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

context for science, engineering and technology investigations. He also proposed and implemented the pioneering concept of integrated adjustable virtual laboratories and designed easy-to-use authoring tools to create such labs. Dr. Cherner holds an MS in Experimental Physics, and Ph.D. in Physics and Materials Science. He has published over 80 papers in national and international journals and made dozens of presentations at various national and international conferences and workshops. Dr. Cherner has served as a Principal Investigator for several government-funded educational projects.Edward Bigos, Springfield Technical Community College Edward Bigos, a professor of Electronics/Computer Systems

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

El-Sayed Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sven Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Stevens, an Honorary Master’s Degree from Stevens Institute of technology, and the Tau Beta Pi Pi Academic Excellence Award. He has been an active member in ASME, and SPE. Page 11.175.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 An Architecture for Virtual Laboratory ExperimentationAbstractThis paper presents a software architecture for the rapid development of virtual laboratories thatsupport a flexible online collaborative learning environment. The experimentation systemintegrates Java, Python and Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) to provide multipleusers with virtual laboratories over the

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruiqing Jia, China University of Mining and Technology; Shanjun Xu, China University of Mining and Technology; Songyun Gao, China University of Mining and Technology; El-Sayed Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sven Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

2006-1991: A VIRTUAL LABORATORY ON FLUID MECHANICSRuiqing Jia, China University of Mining and Technology Dr. Ruiqing Jia currently holds a position as Visiting Professor at Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, USA. From 1992 to 2004, he was a Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at China University of Mining and Technology (CUMT) in Beijing. He received a Bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Taiyuan University of Technology in 1982 and a Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from CUMT in 1992. His research interests are fluid mechanics and virtual environments.Shanjun Xu, China University of Mining and Technology Mr. Shanjun Xu received a

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session III

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #6737A Simple Laboratory Exercise Introducing PhotovoltaicsDr. Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow Herb Hess received the PhD degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1993. He then joined the Uni- versity of Idaho where he is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. His interests are in power electronics, broadly construed, to benefit the people of the Inland Pacific Northwest. Page 23.104.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 A

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain, Purdue University Northwest; Mohammad A. Zahraee P.E., Purdue University Northwest

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #25978Experiential Learning of Students through Prescriptive Laboratory Experi-ments Versus Open-ended Laboratory AssignmentsProf. Akram Hossain, Purdue University Northwest Akram Hossain, Purdue University Calumet Akram Hossain is a professor in the department of Engi- neering Technology and Director of the Center for Packaging Machinery Industry at Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, IN. He worked eight years in industry at various capacities. He is working with Purdue University Calumet for the past 27 years. He consults for industry on process control, packag- ing machinery system design, control and related

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rafic Bachnak, Texas A&M International University; Ramya Chakinarapu, Texas A&M Corpus Christi

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2008-283: EXPERIMENTS AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN AMICROCONTROLLER LABORATORYRafic Bachnak, Texas A&M International University Dr. Bachnak is Professor of Systems Engineering at Texas A&M International University. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Ohio University in 1983, 1984, and 1989, respectively. Prior to joining TAMIU in 2007, Dr. Bachnak was on the faculty of Texas A&M-Corpus Christi, Northwestern State University, and Franklin University. His experience includes several fellowships with NASA and the US Navy Laboratories and summer employment with Koch Industries. Dr. Bachnak is a registered Professional

Conference Session

Instrumentation in Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University; Craig J. Scott, Morgan State University; Kenneth A. Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Jumoke O. Ladeji-Osias, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Laboratory and the universities of Texas and Wisconsin in the U.S., Ky- oto, and Nagoya Universities in Japan, the Ioffe Institute in Russia, and Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology in Ukraine. He was ECSE Department Head from 2001-2008 and served on the board of the ECE Department Heads Association from 2003-2008. He is presently the Director of Education for the SMART LIGHTING NSF ERC.Dr. Jumoke O. Ladeji-Osias, Morgan State University Page 25.1003.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Electric Circuits Online – Online Delivery of

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth E. Dudeck, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus; Wieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #5846Portable Photovoltaic Laboratory for In-Service Teacher WorkshopsProf. Kenneth E. Dudeck, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus Kenneth Dudeck is an associate professor of Electrical Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University located in Hazleton, Pa. He has been teaching Electrical, Computer, and Electrical Technology Engineer- ing Courses for the past 25 years.Dr. Wieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus Page 23.971.1 c American Society

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David M. Beams P.E., University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

electrical characteristics of basic electronic devices (diodes,Zener diodes, MOSFETs, and BJTs). The accompanying laboratory includes experiments onmeasurement of the IV characteristics of these devices and derivation of small-signal modelsfrom those characteristics. Experimental procedures for measurement of I-V characteristics havebeen in place at the University of Texas at Tyler for a number of years, but the development of“lab-in-a-box” solutions (such as the National Instruments myDAQ) has provided impetus toredesign these experiments to be compatible with that paradigm. To that end, the University ofTexas at Tyler has designed a curve-tracer module that is compatible with the myDAQ andwhich allows students to make direct measurements of I-V

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David R. Loker, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Stephen A. Strom, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #25526Innovative Laboratory Projects for a Measurements and InstrumentationCourseProf. David R. Loker, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College David R. Loker received the M.S.E.E. degree from Syracuse University in 1986. In 1984, he joined General Electric (GE) Company, AESD, as a design engineer. In 1988, he joined the faculty at Penn State Erie, The Behrend College. In 2007, he became the Chair of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Program. His research interests include wireless sensor networks, data acquisition systems, and communications systems.Mr. Stephen A. Strom, Penn State Erie, The Behrend

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David M. Beams P.E., University of Texas, Tyler; Hector A. Ochoa, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #12799An Inexpensive Curve Tracer for Introductory Electronics Laboratory CoursesDr. David M. Beams, University of Texas, Tyler Dr. David Beams first became interested in electrical engineering through a passion for amateur radio in high school. He earned BSEE and MS degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1974 and 1977, respectively, with two years of industrial experience separating the two. He then spent over fourteen additional years in industry before returning to graduate study, receiving the PhD from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1997. In 1997, he became one of the founding

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho; Sean Gordon Daniel, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #21922LED Timing Light Upgrade for Synchronous Machines Laboratory Equip-mentDr. Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho Herb Hess is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Idaho, where he teaches subjects in He received the PhD Degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1993. His research and teaching interests are in power electronics, electric machines and drives, electrical power systems, and analog/mixed signal electronics. He has taught senior capstone design since 1985 at several universities.Mr. Sean Gordon Daniel, University of Idaho I am an Electrical Engineering student at the

Conference Session

Modern Software Measurement Techniques

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gangbing Song, University of Houston; Claudio Olmi, University of Houston; Richard Bannerot, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2007-954: ENHANCING VIBRATION AND CONTROLS TEACHING WITHREMOTE LABORATORY EXPERIMENTSGangbing Song, University of Houston Gangbing Song is an Associate Professor in the the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston and Director of the Smart Materials and Structures Laboratory.Claudio Olmi, University of Houston Claudio Olmi is a Graduate Student in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of HoustonRichard Bannerot, University of Houston Richard Bannerot is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston. He is a registered engineer in the state of Texas

Conference Session

Developing New Instrumentation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Braley, University of Idaho; Paul Anderson, University of Idaho; Tracey Windley, University of Idaho; Kevin Buck, University of Idaho; Herbert Hess, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2007-1108: ACCURATE CRYOCHAMBER FOR A SMALL LABORATORYWITH SMALL BUDGETMatthew Braley, University of IdahoPaul Anderson, University of IdahoTracey Windley, University of IdahoKevin Buck, University of IdahoHerbert Hess, University of Idaho Page 12.164.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 ACCURATE CRYOCHAMBER FOR A SMALL LABORATORY WITH SMALL BUDGETAbstract Development of electronic devices for cryogenic temperatures requires specializedenvironmental chambers. The Microelectronics Research and Communications Institute requireda low-cost alternative to the readily available environmental chambers. The solution was asimple aluminum

Conference Session

Computer-based Measurements

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farid Farahmand, Sonoma State University; Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford; Harika Kuppuru P.E., Sonoma State University; Swathi Matsa, Sonoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Kuppuru P.E., Sonoma State UniversityMrs. Swathi Matsa, Sonoma State University Page 25.837.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012Introducing a Remotely Accessible Optical Laboratory for Undergraduate Students1. IntroductionToday, online (web-based) learning is receiving more attention than ever before. A key advantageof online learning is that it can provide direct delivery of education at anytime from anywhere toanyone, and thus, enhancing institutional learning to wider student population when resourcesare limited. Furthermore, online learning can be offered

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurement Innovation

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University, Berks

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

. Hands-on experience with these devices yieldssome unusual behavior (in both the students and the devices). This is the students’ firstencounter with electronic devices that are sensitive to their position on the laboratory bench.Simple apparatus are used to characterize and verify performance of the devices. This paperpresents the laboratory apparatus and software as well as examples of assignments and studentdata analyses.IntroductionAccelerometers have many practical uses in common consumer electronic devices. Microelectro-mechanical system (MEMS) manufacturing techniques have made accelerometers veryinexpensive, compact and easy to incorporate into products. Game systems such as theNintendo® Wii use accelerometers in the handheld controller

Conference Session

Great Ideas for Projects that Teach Instrumentation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

El-Sayed Aziz, Stevens Institute of Technology; Zengqian Wang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Sven K. Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology; Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

plasticity theory, structural design and analysis, engineering analysis and finite element methods and has interests in remote laboratories, project-based learning and student learning assessment. His research is in the areas of remote sensing and control with applications to remote experimentation as well as modeling of microstructure changes in metal forming processes. He publishes regularly in peer-reviewed conference proceedings and scientific journals. At the 2006 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition in Chicago, USA, he received the Best Paper Award for his article ’A Virtual Laboratory on Fluid Mechanics’.Constantin Chassapis, Stevens Institute of Technology

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mingshao Zhang, Stevens Institute of Technology; ZHOU ZHANG, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Engineering and Science); Sven K. Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #6364Universal Range Data Acquisition for Educational Laboratories Using Mi-crosoft KinectMr. Mingshao Zhang, Stevens Institute of TechnologyMr. ZHOU ZHANGDr. Sven K. Esche, Stevens Institute of Technology Page 23.1282.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Universal Range Data Acquisition for Educational Laboratories Using Microsoft KinectAbstractMany experiments conducted in engineering and science laboratories involve the acquisition ofrange data such as linear or angular position

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Martha L. Torres, University of Texas at El Paso; Virgilio Ernesto Gonzalez, University of Texas at El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #33215Work in Progress: Online Electrical Engineering Laboratories Sessions:Analysis, Challenges, and Border EnvironmentMartha L. Torres, University of Texas at El Paso Martha Torres is a PhD student from University of Texas at El Paso, Tx (UTEP). She is Electrical En- gineering and MSc in Electrical Engineering major in Telecommunications. Her research is focused on Wireless sensor network technologies. Currently, she is a teaching assistant at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at UTEP on Circuits Laboratories for Summer and Fall 2020.Dr. Virgilio Ernesto Gonzalez, University of Texas at El Paso

Conference Session

Contemporary Instrumentation Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Hossain

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Determining Process Capability of an Industrial Process in Laboratory Using Computer Aided Hardware and Software ToolsAbstractQuality means suitability for use and it is inversely proportional to variability of product, service,people, processes, and environment. However, it is the dynamic state that is associated with eachof the above and that meets or exceeds expectations of a customer. Quality improvement istherefore the progressive reduction of variability. The gradual reduction of process and productvariability can be done by successive determination and removal of the causes responsible for thevariability.For a process industry, causes of product variability happen generally

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurement: Innovative Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gurinder Singh, Future Technology Devices International Ltd. (USA); Lakshmi Munukutla

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2008-1386: ENHANCING LABORATORY EXPERIENCE TO STUDENTS BYINTRODUCING USB CONNECTIVITY INTO LAB ENVIRONMENT USING FTDIGurinder Singh, Future Technology Devices International Ltd. (USA) Lakshmi Munukutla received her Ph.D. degree in Solid State Physics from Ohio University, Athens, Ohio and M.Sc and B.Sc degrees from Andhra University, India. She has been active in research and published several journal articles. She is the Chair of the Electronic Systems Department at Arizona State University at the Polytechnic campus.Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University Gurinder Singh brings almost a decade of experience in the electronics industry to his position as Senior Field Applications Engineer

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Business Meeting

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kayode P. Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo University; Olutola Jonah; Olusoji Ilori, Obafemi Awolowo University; E.O.B. ajayi, Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria; Oladipo O. Osasona, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2008-1098: DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER VIRTUALLABORATORY BASED ON ILAB ARCHITECTURE AND NI ELVISKayode P. Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo UniversityLawrence O. kehinde, Texas Southern University, Houston, TexasOlutola Jonah, Obafemi Awolowo UniversityOlusoji Ilori, Obafemi Awolowo UniversityE.O.B. ajayi, Obafemi Awolowo University, NigeriaOladipo O. Osasona, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Page 13.426.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Development of an Operational Amplifier Virtual Laboratory based on iLab Architecture and NI ELVISAbstractWe have developed and deployed ‘OpAmp Lab’, a pedagogic operational

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurement: Innovative Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Marshall, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

AC 2008-1898: THE ULTIMATE CAP STONE COURSE: A LABORATORY BASEDPROBLEM SOLVING DESIGN PROJECTJohn Marshall, University of Southern Maine JOHN MARSHALL’s specialization is Industrial Power and Automation, focusing on active/intelligent materials and advanced control systems. Grants have enabled him to design and equip a state-of-the-art power and control problem solving learning environment. Page 13.1276.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 The Ultimate Capstone Course: A Laboratory Based Problem Solving Design ProjectIntroductionThe purpose of this paper is to provide

Conference Session

Novel Measurement Experiments

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale Litwhiler, Pennsylvania State University, Berks; Barbara Lombardi, Universidad Simón Bolívar

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

investigated. These gases were chosen for thiswork because of the materials used in the sensors and their importance in environmental testingand monitoring applications, both indoor and outdoor. The work was performed in an electricalengineering laboratory facility which lacked sophisticated chambers for testing gas sensors.Homemade chambers were constructed from readily available components. Commerciallyavailable probes for the measurement of CO and CO2 were purchased and used as the referencedevices for the testing and calibration of the sensors under test. Gases for testing each sensorwere obtained from common sources. Conditioning electronics for each sensor were constructedper the manufacturer’s datasheets and applications notes. Data acquisition

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Measurements: Innovative Course Development

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Farrow, University of Tennessee-Martin

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

2006-38: DEVELOPMENT OF AN INSTRUMENTATION AND EXPERIMENTALMETHODS COURSE AND LABORATORY FOR A BSE PROGRAMDavid Farrow, University of Tennessee-Martin David Farrow is an Assistant Professor at the University of Tennessee at Martin. He received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1989, 1990, and 1995, respectively. Dr. Farrow has taught courses in solid modeling, mechanical vibrations, automatic controls, automated production systems, and instrumentation and experimental methods at the University of Tennessee at Martin for three and a half years

Conference Session

Developing New Instrumentation

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian Belu, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

, 2006 Development and Implementation of a Cooperative/Distributed Instrumentation and Measurement Laboratory for Diverse-Student Population1. IntroductionThe foundation for quality in product design and manufacturing is instrumentation andmeasurement, so it is somewhat surprising that Instrumentation and Measurements(I&M) has never been a major curriculum at universities1-7. Ideally, a properly trainedworkforce of engineers and technicians should have expert skills in measurements andinstrumentation to maintain higher productivity, and to improve safety standards in theindustry. There is evidence [1-12] that the complexities inherent in the new era ofautomation and intelligent systems require higher degree of

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Avimanyu Sahoo, Oklahoma State University; Young Chang, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

power plant components, mainly related to the safety of pressurized-water reactors. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Laboratory Activities of the Fundamentals of Mechatronics Course for Undergraduate Engineering Technology StudentsAbstractA mechatronics course was developed as a multidisciplinary course for undergraduate students inMechanical Engineering Technology (MET) and Electrical Engineering Technology (EET) atOklahoma State University. The Fundamentals of Mechatronics course serves as the foundationalcourse for three other Mechatronics courses, which will be the core of the proposed minor andgraduate programs at the Division of Engineering Technology. It is a three credit hour

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tae-Hoon Kim, Purdue University Northwest; Ricardo A. Calix, Purdue University Northwest; Dhruvkumar Patel

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #25987Low Cost System for Laboratory-based Course in IT Education using Rasp-berry PiDr. Tae-Hoon Kim, Purdue University NorthwestDr. Ricardo A. Calix, Purdue University NorthwestDhruvkumar Patel c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019Low cost system for laboratory-based course in IT Education using Raspberry PiAbstractIn Information Technology (IT) education, hands-on experience through the lab is crucialbecause students tends to learn thing better when observing how practically it’s been applied inreal system. In general, the lab in IT education requires a variety of equipment such as

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bradley Lane Kicklighter P.E., University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

Paper ID #31442Design and Development of a Sensor/Actuator Module to EnhanceProgrammable Logic Controller (PLC) Laboratory ActivitiesMr. Brad L. Kicklighter P.E., University of Southern Indiana Brad holds a BS in Electrical Engineering from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (1989) and an MS in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Purdue University (2001). His past work experience includes eleven years at Delphi (formerly Delco Electronics) as an Advanced Project Engineer, eleven years at Whirlpool Corporation as a Lead Engineer/Solution Architect, and three years at Ivy Tech Community College as an Instructor/Program

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ali Alavizadeh, Purdue University Northwest; Maged Mikhail, Purdue University Northwest

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation