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Displaying results 61 - 90 of 385 in total
Conference Session
Global Engineering Education: Cross-cultural Awareness and Social Impacts
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Melany M. Ciampi, Safety, Health, and Environment Research Organization; Claudio da Rocha Brito, Science and Education Research Council
Tagged Divisions
International
Education Research Council 3 President of Pedagogic Council of University of Minho 4 President of Computer Graphics CenterAbstractThe study abroad experience described in this paper has showed as one of the most effectiveways to promote the retention rate in engineering programs. Among the outcomes are thedynamic addition to undergraduate career; the opportunity for long-lasting friendships; theenhancement of technical skills and knowledge; understanding the different cultures andhistories and an addition to life enrichment. The main goal of the program is to provide the futureengineers with tools and extra experiences to develop a career as engineers in a
Conference Session
Building and Engaging Communities for Scholarship, Advocacy, and Action for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Adrienne Robyn Minerick, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Topics
ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International, Minorities in Engineering
Adrienne Minerick is the Associate Dean for Research & Innovation in the College of Engineering and Assistant to the Provost for Faculty Development at Michigan Tech. She received her M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Notre Dame and B.S. from Michigan Tech. Adrienne’s research interests include elec- trokinetics, predominantly dielectrophoretic characterizations of cells, and the development of biomedical microdevices. She earned a NSF CAREER award and was nominated for Michigan Professor of the Year in 2014. Research within her Medical micro-Device Engineering Research Laboratory (M.D. – ERL) also inspires the development of Desktop Experiment Modules (DEMos) for use in chemical engineer- ing classrooms or as
Conference Session
They need more than technical skills!
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Feifei Zhong, Southwest Jiaotong University; Gene Hou, Old Dominion University
Tagged Divisions
International
career work. It is tightly embedded in the college education throughout the curriculum in 1the US. Consequently, almost every university in US offers courses on technical writing. Anengineering student can’t graduate without taking the required technical writing classes. Universities in China on the contrary, pay little attention to technical writing which is justa writing course irrelevant to any major. Many universities in China do offer English classeswhich however, emphasize more on vocabularies, sentence structures, grammars, etc. Thesecourses don’t teach English technical writing in general nor in their specific field. Only fewuniversities in China recognize the importance of technical
Conference Session
Global Engineering Education: Cross-cultural Awareness and Social Impacts
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Samuel James Boland, University of Iowa, IIHR: Hydroscience and Engineering; Michael V. Schaefer, University of Iowa, IIHR: Hydroscience and Engineering; Carmen M. Langel; Taryn Michelle Tigges, University of Iowa; Fabienne Bertrand, University of Iowa, IIHR: Hydroscience and Engineering; Marian Muste, University of Iowa, IIHR: Hydroscience and Engineering; Zachary David Hingst; Timothy James Middlemis-Brown, IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa
Tagged Divisions
International
connectengineering education organizations in different parts of the world is also made available.A 2010 two week course to the Netherlands and the United Kingdom presents a case study thatshowcases the introduction to concepts present in differing academic and professional cultures.The theme of “Learning to Live with Floods” provided students experience to cutting-edge floodmanagement and modeling techniques. This exposure enhanced students’ academic goals in afashion that would be impossible during the course of typical engineering curricula. The widevariety of lectures, presentations, and field trips are provided in a context that serves to acclimatestudents to a career that is increasingly likely to be multicultural and global. Surveys that
Conference Session
Educating Graduates in Engineering for a Flat World
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado at Boulder; Bernard Amadei, University of Colorado at Boulder; Robyn Sandekian, University of Colorado at Boulder
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2008-2430: COMMUNITY SERVICE ATTITUDES OF ENGINEERINGSTUDENTS ENGAGED IN SERVICE LEARNING PROJECTSAngela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado at BoulderBernard Amadei, University of Colorado at BoulderRobyn Sandekian, University of Colorado at Boulder Page 13.306.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Community Service Attitudes of Engineering Students Engaged In Service Learning ProjectsAbstractOne of the potential outcomes of incorporating service learning projects into engineeringcurriculum is that students may develop a greater sense of altruism and in their careers look foropportunities to use their skills to the benefit of society
Conference Session
International Division Poster Session
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julia Ziyatdinova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Artem Bezrukov, Kazan National Research Technological University; Anna Sukhristina, Kazan National Research Technological University; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
and Trends for the Development”. She also received additional minor degrees in Management (1998) and Psychology (1999) in Kazan State Technological University. Julia joined the team of Kazan State Technological University as an instructor at the Department of For- eign Languages and the School of Foreign Languages ”Lingua” in 1999 and was rapidly promoted to the position of Associate Professor at the Department of Foreign Languages in 2003. Her teaching career was perfectly balanced by the experience of a translator and an interpreter. She is a well-known person at Kazan international conferences and other events for her high quality consecutive and simultaneous interpreting, such as interpreting for the
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea M. Ogilvie P.E., Virginia Tech; David B Knight, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Thomas Carl Long, Virginia Tech; Stephanie G. Adams, Virginia Tech; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Nicole P. Sanderlin, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
, Andrea served as the Director of the Equal Opportunity in Engineering (EOE) Program at The University of Texas at Austin for 11 years. Andrea joined UT in 2001 after six years in industry, where she had a successful career as a structural engineer for Kellogg Brown & Root and HDR Engineering, Inc. As EOE Director, Andrea led Cockrell School of Engineering efforts to recruit and retain ethnically underrepresented students as well as students with backgrounds or experiences that contributed to the overall diversity of the School. During her term, Andrea raised more than $3.7 million in private and public grants to support the EOE program and its mission. While EOE was under her direction, UT Austin ranked as
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Irene B Mena, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Thomas A. Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sarah E. Zappe, Pennsylvania State University, University Park
Tagged Divisions
International
and support/supportive environment: This scale, consisting of seven items, sought to learn about students’ relationships with instructors and students, and their perceptions of how supportive their instructors were. 3) Value: The four items in this scale asked students about their perceptions of the value of the topics covered in their courses, specifically regarding how interesting, challenging, and relevant to their future careers they considered these topics to be. 4) Self-efficacy: Similar to the self-efficacy scale used in the first-year survey, this five- item scale had the goal of revealing students’ levels of confidence in their abilities to succeed in engineering and in their courses. 5
Conference Session
Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace and Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Zappe, Pennsylvania State University; Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University; Hien Nguyen, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Divisions
International
global awareness while an undergraduate. The results indicated thatapproximately one-third of the freshmen felt that global awareness was very important to thempersonally while over one-half believed global awareness to be very important to themprofessionally. Over half of the students hoped to greatly improve their global awareness duringtheir undergraduate career. When asked how students anticipated increasing their globalawareness, the most frequently endorsed responses included interacting with internationalstudents in and out of the classroom, completing assignments that focused on internationalissues, and studying abroad.Penn State University has begun to take steps to provide students with non-travel basedinternational experiences to help
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ning Xuan Yip, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Melissa Loren Ullmer, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer L. Groh, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Darshini Render, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
. In addition, she is currently assisting the faculty in the School of Chemical Engineering with the metabolic engineering and flux analysis of photosynthetic organisms.Miss Melissa Loren Ullmer, Purdue University, West Lafayette Melissa Ullmer is a fourth year student at Purdue University pursuing an bachelors of science in Biomedi- cal Engineering. She grew up in Kokomo, IN. Currently she serves as the ”Diversity Chair” of the Purdue Women in Engineering Leadership Team to aid international students during their college careers. Her other activities include serving on the Leadership Team of the Innovation to Reality team which teaches middle school students about engineering, serving as a member of Timmy Global
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Geoff Wright, Brigham Young University; Steven L Shumway, Brigham Young University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
different language.Additionally, a summary of the development of the educational program in the Dominican Republic,including organization of content, selection and admission procedures and the general goals of theprogram will be presented. Finally, data based on a pre post survey instrument evaluating students’engineering self-efficacy and understanding and interest in engineering content and concepts, futureeducational and career opportunities, as well as satisfaction of the program will be presented. Additionaldata regarding the tracking of those Dominican students who have graduated from the program will alsobe shared to highlight the potential benefits of building a similar program.General findings include that Dominican students participating
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ivan E. Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University; Uladzislau Ivashyn, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
“cooperation and partnerships among member institutions in the area of engineeringeducation, research, and technology advancement with emphasis on: • Faculty and student exchange • New and/or higher level academic programs • Dual/joint degree and certificate programs • Distance, continuing and e-education • Laboratory development, including higher degrees • Industry internship, cooperative programs and career development • Joint training and research programs, and solicitation of funds • Development, commercialization and transfer of technology • Dissemination of scholarly achievement and other accomplishments by member institutions”5.The LACCEI’s intensive program serves as a basis for
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 9
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven H. Billis, New York Institute of Technology; Nada Marie Anid, New York Institute of Technology; Marta A Panero, New York Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
International
guided by its mission to provide career- oriented Page 24.644.2professional education, offer access to opportunity to all qualified students, and supportapplications-oriented research that benefits the larger world. Its students represent nearly all 50U.S. states and 109 countries, with 1400 international students at the New York campuses, themajority of whom are School of Engineering and Computing Sciences (SoECS) students.Following the creation of a Master Strategic Plan, a key initiative revisited the university’s corecurriculum which resides in the College of Arts and Sciences.The new Discovery Core Curriculum utilizes a progressive approach
Conference Session
Engineering Education in the Arab World / Mid-East Region
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bethany Jones, James Madison University; Russel Jones, World Expertise LLC
Tagged Divisions
International
State University , and then served as Vice President for Academic Affairs at James Madison University in VirginiaRussel Jones, World Expertise LLC RUSSEL C. JONES is a private consultant, working through World Expertise LLC to offer services in engineering education in the international arena. Prior to that, he had a long career in education: faculty member at MIT, department chair in civil engineering at Ohio State University, dean of engineering at University of Massachusetts, academic vice president at Boston University, and President at University of Delaware. Page 12.1214.1© American
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Scott I. Segalewitz, University of Dayton
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
translation, butother projects have utilized students with no experience speaking Chinese. In one project,students traveled to China at the beginning of the semester to assess client needs by interviewingworkers, and on two projects, students did the bulk of the research, modeling, analysis, andprototyping at UD, but then traveled to the company location in Suzhou, China, to implement thesolution. In the case of students traveling to China, all expenses were covered by the industrypartner.Finding the right talent for employment at industry partners in China is especially challenging.During UDCI’s first year, a company information session and career fair was organized to bringtogether some of UDCI’s industry and education partners. About 150 students
Conference Session
Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fazil Najafi, University of Florida; Micheal Dreznes, International Road Federation; James Ekberg, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
International
once the Fellows return Page 12.1464.8home.Many of the Fellows use their educational experiences to enhance their careers once they returnhome. Their contributions have helped to develop the road networks in their home countries.While it is difficult to determine the exact monetary value of these contributions to society, it isclear that the technology transferred and the relationships developed during these Fellowshipshave significantly affected the growth of the infrastructures of these home countries. Thefollowing individual examples clearly demonstrate how important these Fellowships have beento a variety of different countries around the
Conference Session
Preparing Engr Students for International Practice
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gunter Heitmann, Technical University-Berlin
Tagged Divisions
International
developments at Universities attempting tostrengthen internationalisation and global education.The demand for global educationFor engineers to work in an international context will become a common if not predominantdimension of their professional life. In the majority of cases it will not even require to goabroad. It can take various forms: working with international companies, collaboration ininternational teams ( increasingly web-based), designing, manufacturing and marketingproducts and services for international markets, dealing with customers from foreigncountries, managing international projects or an international workforce. Applying for a joband professional career in a foreign country may become an option for many professionalengineers. In
Conference Session
Introducing New Methodologies and the Incoming Students to Engineering Programs
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zhang Lei, University of Florida; Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
International
Pi. His research on passive radon-resistant new residential building construction was adapted in HB1647 building code of Florida Legislature. Najafi is a member of numerous professional societies and has served on many com- mittees and programs, and continuously attends and presents refereed papers at international, national, and local professional meetings and conferences. Lastly, Najafi attends courses, seminars and workshops, and has developed courses, videos and software packages during his career. His areas of specialization include transportation planning and management, legal aspects, construction contract administration, and public works
Conference Session
International Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alireza Rahrooh, Daytona State College; Walter W. Buchanan P.E., Texas A&M University; Robert De la Coromoto Koeneke, Daytona State College
Tagged Divisions
International
Science from Santa Clara University in 1982. His 34 years of professional career covers: teaching at undergraduate and graduate level, planning, developing and managing project in the areas of Telecommunications and Information Systems. His research interest include embedded systems, digital programmable devices and computer communications. He is a member of IEEE, ASEE and ACM. Page 23.825.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013Introduction of New Technologies in the Engineering Technology CurriculumAbstractClosed-loop feedback control system is an important component of a
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Martin Edin Grimheden, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
Tagged Divisions
International
fiveyear program is taken. At the moment, the five year national degree is the prioritized degree,and the students get the additional to degrees (BSc and MSc) as a bonus and to facilitateinternational careers. The trend is however to move towards the European degrees and reducethe importance of the five year degree. For the rest of this paper, the five year programs arereferred to as the “national engineering programs”.A student that starts at KTH therefore chooses between nine three year engineering programsand seventeen five year national engineering programs. All programs (except one) are givenin Swedish for the first three years and in English for the last, meaning that all BSc programs(except one) are in Swedish and all MSc programs are in
Conference Session
Measuring the Impacts of Project-Based Service Learning on Engineering Education
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shi-Jer Lou, National PingTung University of Science and Techno; Shun-Yuan Chuang, National Kaohsiung Normal University; Hsiang-jen Meng, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology; Ron Chuen Yeh, Meiho Institute of Technology, Taiwan; Kuo-Hung Tseng, Meiho Institute of Technology; Chi-Cheng Chang, National Taipei University of Technology
Tagged Divisions
International
Page 15.98.2understand the possibilities for their future career paths3. In Taiwan, since the pressureof high school and college entrance exams still exist, learning and instruction are stillbased on cognition. As to secondary education, with limited instructional hours,teachers can only briefly describe the teaching materials. Although the lecture-basedinstruction allows students to acquire knowledge, it cannot enhance their skills andabilities to apply the knowledge to problem-solving. There are few STEM programs inpublic K-12 schools even that teachers think STEM lessons are required andimportant4.Project-Based Learning (PBL) is a model that organizes learning with projects5. PBLis a systematic approach which allows students successfully to
Conference Session
Opportunities and Challenges in Developing International Engineering Research
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shih Kuang Hou, National Taiwan Normal University; Ching-Ho Huang, Nangang Vocational High School; Jin-Fu Chen, NTNU
Tagged Divisions
International
competiveness.Survey method was mainly used in this study to collect the individual personality trait data of 80respective competitors and their instructors who participated in skills competitions, and statisticalanalysis was then employed to understand their unique personality traits. For skills competitioncompetitors and instructors, the study adopted Leader Attributes Inventory (LAI) Scale andAdult Career Cognitive Scale respectively as the research tools. Through statistical analysis, theskills competition competitors have shown such unique characteristics as “rhathymia,” “cyclictendency,” “inferiority feeling,” “depression,” “objectivity,” and “cooperativeness.” On the otherhand, the instructors have demonstrated better than average norms in dimensions
Conference Session
International Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Julia Ziyatdinova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Jacek Kropiwnicki, Gdansk University of Technology, Poland; Phuc Van Nguyen, Purdue University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
Piedmont Megalopolis from South Carolina, North Carolina, Geor- gia and Tennessee utilizing this university-based product-development center to grow the economy and enhance the educational experience. Before Dr. Sanger entered the academic world, he had a very suc- cessful 25 year career in industry developing, launching and commercializing new technologies. Many of these technologies are now taken for granted: superconducting magnets for magnetic resonance imaging, high performance accelerator magnets for the Superconducting Super Collider, low cost power electronics for electric automobiles, high temperature power conditioning for the next generation Army tank, high power SiC switches for power utility energy
Conference Session
Engineering Education in the Mid-East / Asia
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Russel Jones, World Expertise LLC
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2008-386: STRATEGIC ENERGY DIRECTIONS - A CASE STUDYRussel Jones, World Expertise LLC Russel C. Jones is the founding president of the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. His previous academic career included serving as a faculty member at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, department chair at the Ohio State University, dean of engineering at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, academic vice president at Boston University, and president at the University of Delaware. Page 13.1100.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008
Conference Session
Global Engineering in an Interconnected World
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cesar Guerrero, University of South Florida; Miguel Labrador, University of South Florida; Rafael Perez, University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
International
particular themeor topic. Instead, it gives students a broad range of research project options in computer scienceand engineering. For example, the program includes research projects in robotics, computernetworks, transportation, computer architecture, data mining, artificial intelligence, real-timesoftware verification, game programming and digital image processing. The second distinctiveaspect is that the program is committed to recruiting the majority of the students from minoritygroups, and Hispanics in particular, mainly from Puerto Rico and Florida. This is motivated bywell published statistics that show very low participation of under-represented minority groups,especially Hispanics, in careers in engineering and computer science, in tenure
Conference Session
International Division Poster Session
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jeff Scott Thomas; Nick M. Safai, Salt Lake Community College; Christopher F Thompson S.M.ASCE, Salt Lake Community College
Tagged Divisions
International
attending SLCC, he has been involved in extracurricular activities. He is the student president for the American Society of Civil Engineers student chapter at SLCC, and the vice president of Leadership for Phi Theta Kappa. He served as an event manager and the head state referee for the 2012 Utah FIRST LEGO League season. He looks forward to graduating with an A.S. in General Studies in the spring of 2014 followed by an associate’s of pre-engineering degree in Chemical/Civil/Environmental Engineering in the fall of 2015. He chooses to study civil/environmental engineering as a way to grow within his already existing career field. For the past six years, he has worked in the civil engineering profession as a designer
Conference Session
Engineering Education in India, the Far East, and Central Asia
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Junqiu Wang, Purdue University; Nathan McNeill, Purdue University; Sensen Li, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
International
low rank oftechnical professions in the social hierarchy, the motivation for pursuing such a career intraditional China was very low 7.The apprenticeship training system. Members of the technical professions, or artisans, weretrained through a hands-on apprenticeship system. In carpentry, for example, an apprenticelearned carpentry skills by working with a master carpenter. The apprentice watched and helpedthe master work. The master explained every move he made to the apprentice. Normally, themaster would provide accommodation and food for his apprentices, and in exchange, theapprentices would work for the master for free until they achieved enough skills to workindependently. After that, the former apprentice would become a master and take
Conference Session
Towards Global Competency for Engineering Education
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vukica Jovanovic, Trine University; Thomas H. DeAgostino, Trine University; M. Brian Thomas P.E., Trine University; R. Thomas Trusty II, Trine University
Tagged Divisions
International
AC 2012-3195: EDUCATING ENGINEERING STUDENTS TO SUCCEEDIN A GLOBAL WORKPLACEDr. Vukica Jovanovic, Trine University Vukica Jovanovic, Ph.D., began her academic career in 2001 when she graduated with her dipl.ing.- M.S. degree at University of Novi Sad, majoring in industrial engineering and focusing on mechatronics, robotics, and automation. She lectured various courses at departments of Industrial Engineering, Me- chanical Engineering, and Mechatronics from 2001 until 2006. She was an active member of a Euro- pean organizing committee of the student robotic contest Eurobot and chief of the Eurobot organizing committee of the Serbian student national competition in robotics. In the summer of 2002, she had an
Conference Session
Opportunities and Challenges in Developing International Engineering Research
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Josef Rojter, Victoria University of Technology
Tagged Divisions
International
engineering graduates is inadequate for replacing professionalengineers leaving the profession for other careers or due to retirement as well as meetingprojected demand. It is thus not surprising that the recent growth of domestic enrolment inengineering courses at Australian universities had a positive impact on engineering schools,and faculties, government agencies and industry bodies2. Yet, despite the optimism amongengineering educators, the reality is that the domestic enrolment in engineering representsonly 6.8 percent of the total commencing university enrolment in Australia. This enrolmentfigure does not reflect sudden interest in engineering and represents the middle of historicalfluctuations in engineering enrolment which have traditionally
Conference Session
International Research Experiences Intl Div Tech Session 8
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Nicole P. Sanderlin, Virginia Tech; Kirsten A. Davis, Virginia Tech; David B Knight, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International
) (Public) (Public) (Public) (Private) (Public) (Public HBCU) US Southeast Southeast Southeast Midwest West Southeast Northeast Southeast Southeast University - Region Country China UK Australia South Portugal Germany Japan Germany Ghana AfricaData collection focused on the following topic areas: 1) Impact on Student Researchers ● How has IRES influenced students’ career plans and motivation to participate in