Conference Session

Supporting Diversity in Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lyndsey Alyssa Wright, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara M. Moskal, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the hour. Below is a brief description of each day’sactivities for the summer of 2012.Day 1: Biology (recycling and conservation)The week started with an activity in which the students built planters out of newspaper. Duringthe activity, they engaged in a discussion about decomposition and the definition and merits ofbiodegradable substances. Students planted watermelon and bean seeds, and discussed theresponsibility involved in caring for their plants for the duration of the week. Later, studentsdiscussed the resources needed by people, animals, and plants. They explored the idea of limitedresources, including how resources become limited and the impact of that limitation. Thestudents participated in an activity about Prairie Dog

Conference Session

RET Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Pinnell, University of Dayton; Rebecca P. Blust, University of Dayton; Suzanne Franco, Wright State University; Renee Beach; Sandra M Preiss, Dayton Regional STEM Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

with the engineering students provided feedbackregarding their growth and experiences. Results from both qualitative and quantitativeassessment suggest that this program was successful at meeting the program objectives. Page 23.755.2IntroductionEngineering innovation and design is the cornerstone of economic success, globalcompetitiveness and wage and job growth in the United States (US).1-5 Additionally, engineeringinnovation is required to address critical issues that threaten both the environment and globalpeace.6,7 As a result, innovation remains at the top of government policy agendas today.1,6,7 In a2009 speech, President Obama declared

Conference Session

iSTEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mike Ryan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Tech - CEISMC; Fred Stillwell, Georgia Tech - CEISMC; Norman F. Robinson III, Georgia Institute of Technology; Brian Douglas Gane, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sabrina Grossman, Georgia Tech: Center for Integrating Science, Math, and Computing

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

understanding.Though some of the teachers come from traditional shop class backgrounds and have experiencewith “hands-on” instruction, most have never taught using either PBL or inquiry pedagogy. Page 23.775.3Experiential Learning and DesignThe level of experiential learning in science curricula is generally conceptualized as “levels ofinquiry”. A common scale of inquiry is shown below5,6. 1. Confirmation Inquiry—Students confirm a principle through an activity when the results are known in advance. 2. Structured Inquiry—Students investigate a teacher-presented question through a prescribed procedure. 3. Guided Inquiry—Students investigate a

Conference Session

K-12 Professional Development II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald H Rockland, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Levelle Burr-Alexander, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Howard S. Kimmel, New Jersey Institute of Technology; John D. Carpinelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Linda S Hirsch, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Thomas Michael Tylutki, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

assistant professor. He is currently the chair and professor of the Department of Engineering Technology, with a joint appointment in the Department of Biomedical Engineering. Previous to that he served as associate dean of Undergraduate Studies for the Newark College of Engineering of NJIT. His research in industry was in the area of pacemakers and defibrillation, and his research at Medtronic Inc led to five patents. He was a principal investigator for a three year, $1 million NSF grant entitled Medibotics: The merging of medicine, robotics and IT, and was a co-principal investigator for a $2.5 million grant on pre-engineering workforce enhancement from the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education, as well as a

Conference Session

iSTEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. David Burghardt, Hofstra University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Although Table 1 presents thumbnail sketches, it highlights the differences amongthese disciplines and can be used to help think about the overarching themes that defineengineering as both unique and interconnected to the other disciplines. Engineering within thiscontext can be considered either a noun or a verb. This means engineering can be either the Page 23.797.3discipline which solves challenges or the approach to solving challenges.Table 1. Comparison between different fields of thought. Social Sciences and Engineering Science

Conference Session

Computational/CS Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suxia Cui, Prairie View A&M University; Yonghui Wang, Prairie View A&M University; A. Anil Kumar, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

astronauts and get answers from space station. All kinds of activities fostered students to reachout, but none of the detailed computer programming or related skills were introduced in theircurricula or in after school club. Page 23.811.2Weather Balloon ProjectFor the past academic year, the school science teacher focused on a weather balloon launchingproject which will send balloon to the near space layer (65,000 to 325,000 feet above sea level)to collect real data. Fig. 1 shows a picture taken from near space layer, and Fig. 2 plots the airpressure changing with altitude. Fig. 1 A picture taken of the inky blackness of space and the

Conference Session

Computational/CS Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

A. Dean Fontenot, Texas Tech University; Richard A Burgess, Texas Tech University; Vinitha Hannah Subburaj M.S; Debra J Nash, Texas Tech University T-STEM Center

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

an iPad/iPhone applicationto simulate the environment inside the NASA Orion Mock-up Space Capsule, and to automatethe tasks manually performed by humans inside the space-craft. This project goal was achievedby introducing computational thinking activities to middle school, high school, andundergraduate students.Associated with the field of Computer Science, computational thinking can be described as amodern way of thinking and problem solving. With emerging science and technology,computational thinking helps one view a problem in terms of the nature of the computation Page 23.812.2involved rather than just programming and coding. Wing [1

Conference Session

K-12 Professional Development I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Reid, Ohio Northern University; Tyler J Hertenstein, Ohio Northern University; Morgan Sperry; Debra Kay Gallagher, Ohio Northern University; Stacy McClelland

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

programs interested in innovative activities to introduce engineeringinto K-12.IntroductionIEEE Teacher In Service Program (TISP)The IEEE Teacher In Service Program (TISP) is designed to train engineers to hold in-serviceworkshops for teachers who then take hands-on engineering projects into their classroom.Through the IEEE sponsored website, tryengineering.org, teachers are provided with lessonplans tied to United States national educational standards where applicable. Each activity isdesigned to be inexpensive (often less than $10 for a classroom)1. This program has beensuccessfully implemented throughout each IEEE region in the United States for over ten years

Conference Session

K-12 Professional Development II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

So Yoon Yoon, INSPIRE, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Yi Kong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

end of the Summer AcademyTPD program. Table 1 shows the number of participants at both sites by year.Table 1. Number of Participants of Summer Academy by Year and Location Group Year Total National On-site 2008 36 29 88 2009 40 36 96 2010 47 30 101 2011 34 50* 84 Total 157 145 302 *Note. Participation was mandatory.C. Survey DesignThe Summer Academy evaluation survey was designed to evaluate teachers’ satisfaction with theengineering TPD, including their attitudes and beliefs about engineering TPD and potentialapplication of their learning when they attempt to

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering: Research on Teachers' Perceptions, Attitudes and Impacts of Teacher PD

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anastasia Marie Rynearson, Purdue University; Kerrie A Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN). Page 24.9.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014 “Engineering teaches problem solving”: Teachers’ perceptions of student learning through engineering lessons (Research to Practice)IntroductionEngineering in elementary school classrooms is a growing trend. Standards and assessments atlocal, state, and national levels are increasingly incorporating engineering into existing subjectslike science or math or creating standalone engineering requirements 1, 2. Engineering practiceencompasses a

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shashank Shekhar, Vanderbilt University; Faruk Caglar, Vanderbilt University; Anton Dukeman, Vanderbilt University; Liyan Hou; Aniruddha Gokhale, Vanderbilt University; John S. Kinnebrew, Vanderbilt University; Gautam Biswas, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

building agent-based simulation models of vehicle operations using our toolcalled Computational Thinking in Simulation and Model-Building (CTSiM) [1]. Students modelvehicles slowing down and speeding up at STOP signs, and vehicle flow in traffic on city streetsthat may include traffic lights and turns by applying Newton’s laws and calculus concepts. Oncethey demonstrate proficiency in building and simulating these models, they move on to oursecond tool called the Cloud-based, Collaborative, Scaled-up Modeling Environment (C2SuMo)to model and work on larger, complex problems that are more realistic, real-world scenarios.They include flow of traffic on multiple city streets, sets of traffic lights, and the occurrence ofdifferent traffic patterns

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Denson, North Carolina State University; Matthew D. Lammi, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

appropriate engineering design challenges and assessing theengineering design experience. It is our contention that proper attention to these four areas willsupport the infusion and investigation of proper curricula and pedagogy needed to providesuccessful engineering design experiences for high school students.Keywords: framework, engineering design, and high schoolIntroductionNot all students will become engineers or pursue engineering careers after completing highschool but all students can benefit from having engineering design experiences in high school 1-3.The teaching of engineering design at the secondary level can help students develop criticalthinking skills, teambuilding skills and provides a platform for the integration of science

Conference Session

K-12 Computer Science and Computational Thinking Initiatives

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Afrin Naz, West Virginia University Inst. of Tech.; Mingyu Lu, West Virginia University Inst. of Tech.

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

between us and a large number of local high schools, which greatly facilitated our2013 Google workshop.ObjectivesThe goal of this workshop is to promote high school education on computing in the State of WestVirginia. It aims to achieve six (6) specific objectives, as detailed in the following.Objective 1: Provide professional development opportunity for high school teachersThe workshop is closely aligned with CSTA standards10. The broad range of topics delivered atthe workshop are applicable to curricula at grades 9 – 12. After attending the workshop, the highschool teachers are anticipated to gain knowledge to better prepare high school students for WestVirginia statewide assessments.Objective 2: Train high school teachers to integrate modern

Conference Session

Addressing the NGSS, Part 2 of 3: Supporting K-12 Science Teachers in Engineering Pedagogy and Engineering-Science Connections, Part 2 of 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Schnittka, Auburn University; George Edward Turner Jr., Auburn University; Randall William Colvin, Auburn University; Mary Lou Ewald, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

in addition to improving their science content knowledge when thecurriculum is specifically designed to target science concepts, and when the design challenge Page 24.106.2directly utilizes science concepts (Schnittka, 2011). However, teachers must first overcome   1  implementation hurdles, which include a lack of domain-specific content knowledge, a lack ofself-efficacy, and a lack of experience using engineering design as a vehicle for scienceinstruction (Yasar, Baker, Robinson-Kurpius, Krause, & Roberts, 2006; Yoon, Kong, Diefes-Dux

Conference Session

Computational/CS Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nikunja Swain P.E., South Carolina State University; Wanda Moses, South Carolina State University; James Allen Anderson, South Carolina State University; Cynthia T Davis, SC State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

% over the last 4 years. Technology companies are facing a common challenge:finding a diverse, well-trained workforce. Enrollment of minorities and women in computer science inthe United States is well below other ethnic and gender groups when compared to their percentages inthe general population. Enrollment trends tracked by organizations like the National Center for Womenand Information Technology, the Anita Borg Institute for Women and Technology and The Associationfor Computing Machinery (ACM) all report similar stories 1, 2, 3. There is a steady decline in the numberof university students graduating with Computer Science degrees over of the last ten years. Morealarming is that enrollment and graduation rates in Computer Science are much

Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Muldoon, Polytechnic Institute of NYU; Paul T Phamduy, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Raymond Le Grand, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Interdisciplinary Studies. His scholarly activities have included 3 edited books, 6 chapters in edited books, 1 book review, 51 journal articles, and 100 conference papers. He has mentored 4 doctoral students, 11 masters students, 25 undergraduate research students, and 11 undergraduate senior design project teams; over 300 K-12 teachers and 95 high school student researchers; and 18 undergraduate GK- Page 23.329.1 12 Fellows and 53 graduate GK-12 Fellows. Moreover, he directs K-12 education, training, mentoring, and outreach programs that currently enrich the STEM education of over 2,000 students annually.Dr. Magued G

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joyce Allen, National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and Southwest Georgia workshops external evaluatorsconducted evaluations. Table 4 shows a sample of survey and interview results from these threeworkshops (Additional data is available).Table 4 Page 23.332.4RESA Area Data Collection Survey Question Pre Results Post Results ToolOconee Survey Nanotechnology Activities (Scale 1 Not at All 4 Very Much) Informative 3.71

Conference Session

iSTEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth A Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Page 23.346.2county, as advised by this committee, is below. Priority 1: Integrate STEM throughout all curricula. Goal 1 : Create a section in CMAPP *devoted to Integrated STEM curriculum for K-12 teachers across disciplines to implement regularly in their classrooms.Strategies1.1 Utilize a common language of the Engineering Design Process throughout STEM schools1.2 Access a bank of activities that support STEM learning1.3 Construct student learning activities using Understanding by Design and Project Based Inquiry Success Measures after 3 Years Learning Frameworks • Integrated STEM units aligned with the Grand Challenges of1.4 Professional Learning Teams will focus on STEM

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Hull Seale, UCSB; Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University; Lelli Van Den Einde, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

time consuming toset up. Two years ago, a new device became available that made MYOE portable and easy touse. A new MEMS accelerometer with a USB port can plug into any laptop computer. Thedevice, shown in Figure 1 and developed by the Quake-Catcher Network (QCN)2, is small,lightweight, and inexpensive (around $50). MYOE software is free and downloads easily fromthe internet. Through outreach efforts, many more teachers and schools are able to run MYOE ontheir own. Figure 1. The QCN USB sensor, available from http://qcn.stanford.edu/sensor/MYOE engages the participants in earthquake science by having them simulate an “earthquake”by jumping for 10 seconds. The QCN sensor records the earthquake and displays it on thescreen, which is

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Hull Seale, UCSB; Amir Muhsin Abo-Shaeer, Dos Pueblos Engineering Academy

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-length class)All classes apply project-based learning, i.e., the use of classroom projects to facilitate learningand assess student competence. This instructional method provides students with complex tasksbased on challenging questions or problems that involve the students’ problem-solving, decision-making, and investigative skills. Students develop valuable research and design skills. Project-based learning promotes new learning habits that emphasize creative thinking.During their first three years of study, 100 students per grade are enrolled in an integratedproject-based curriculum that collectively covers, in an interdisciplinary fashion, the contentcontained in 1) a standard laboratory science physics course, 2) a standard visual and

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Hull Seale, UCSB; Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

. Page 23.357.2Visualization ResourcesFour videos and visualizations are targeted to specific audiences: (1) Grade 6 – 16 students. Animations8 compare the response of two model buildings to two earthquakes. The model buildings are very simple one-story structures with steel columns and a concrete roof; one structure has diagonal braces and the other doesn’t. These models were designed to study the passage of waves through the soil column below the structure, up through the foundation and into the structure. Often the observations of ground shaking recorded on the foundation of structures are not the same as those recorded on open ground due to the interaction between the soil and foundation. Understanding these

Conference Session

CEIII Wrapup

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Bates Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin; Christina Kay White, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

concern – sustainability,health, vulnerability, and joy of living – and generated 14 specific Grand Challenges that await Page 23.360.3engineering solutions, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: 21st Century Engineering Grand Challenges12.The curriculum and pedagogy of our program have evolved over the years to shift with thedynamic nature of engineering education. Our curriculum evolution now incorporates the GrandChallenges as the framework for designs. The curriculum described in this paper focuses on thechallenge of “Making solar energy affordable”.Curriculum ElementsThe curriculum includes the detailed structured LEGO® builds

Conference Session

Engineering in K-12 Science and Mathematics Standards

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth A Parry, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

align goals for knowledge and definitions standards in NC skills statements Convene reviewers and Obtain Department of revise Public Instruction approval Offer series of professional development Figure 1: Flow chart of development processHistory of defining engineering for K-12A brief summary of the historical publications/efforts that informed North Carolina’s work isincluded in this section. One of the driving motivators for curricular reform

Conference Session

Curriculum Development

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

MD B. Sarder, University of Southern Mississippi

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

provide a large socio-economic impact by encouraging a diverse population ofyoung students to pursue careers in scientific disciplines.Need of logistics profession in the USAs mentioned earlier that USdomination in manufacturing in the1980s are declining steadily since thendue to the mass outsourcing of USproducts and services to overseascountries (see chart 1). On the otherhand the logistics transportation sectoris booming in the US (see table 1)4.Even though mass outsourcing isblamed for manufacturing job losses, Page 23.381.3it also helps companies achieve an endproduct or service by providing an input that is outside the company’s present

Conference Session

It's Elementary

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Ann Marasco, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary; Laleh Behjat P.Eng., University of Calgary

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

second module explores applications of these concepts through hands on experience.The third module consists of a final creative design project where students will demonstrate theirunderstanding through the creation of “circuit art”. Each module includes an observational labbook, as well as additional questions to reinforce the lesson concepts. All of the projects aredesigned for a standard 40 minute class period, but could be expanded with additional material.Description of Module ProjectsModule #1 – Project #1: Going with the Flow: Students will learn about electron movement,continuous current, switches, and energy transformation through physical activity. Working as ateam, students will gather in one area designated as the “battery”. One

Conference Session

K-12 Robotics

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Selin Frances Sirinterlikci, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

are shown in Figure 1 and 2. While Figure 1 depicts an ALF (TV character)and Star Wars hybrid type of robot, Figure 2 is a monster designed and built by a middleschool student. The hybrid was radio-controlled and the monster was autonomouslydriven by using ROBOT C programming language. In the meantime, a new concept was Figure 1. Product of a 2012 Summer Animatronics Camp3 Figure 2. An autonomous monster built in summer 2012 Page 23.425.3also being developed to shift summer experiences from open-ended cross-disciplinaryanimatronics projects to more research-based direction. New developments within therobotics actuation field were

Conference Session

Outreach to K-12 Females

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chrysanthe Demetry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Suzanne Sontgerath, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

home during the program; and  Sustained contact and additional opportunities in grades 7-12, through project follow-up activities, biannual reunions, newsletters, and the opportunity to be a staff member after completion of their sophomore year of high school. Page 23.441.3Previous Research on Camp ReachIn 2009, results from the first five years of the program (1997-2001) were published,12representing 176 study participants and a 70% response rate. Four study groups were created inorder to capture varying levels of participation in Camp Reach: 1. Camp Reach Partial: Girls who attended the two-week summer program after sixth

Conference Session

It's Elementary

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica E S Swenson, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Merredith D Portsmore, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

engineering problems. The engineering designprocess is a representation of the practices engineers engage in when solving design problemsand is commonly included as part of K-12 engineering education activities. Service learningprojects are used in undergraduate engineering education to motivate students and give them realworld experience [1]. Following this style of curricula we piloted an engineering service learningcurriculum in one 5th grade classroom. Students’ were asked to find a problem in their school andsolve it using the engineering design process. We were interested in two things. First, what typesof problems do students choose to pursue? Second, how do students go about evaluating theirsolution? In this paper, we will characterize the

Conference Session

It's Elementary

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Higgins, Engineering is Elementary, Museum of Science; Jonathan Hertel, Engineering is Elementary

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Page 23.464.3wands they designed. The crowd “oohs” and claps as the first giant bubble is released (figure 1). Figure 1. A bubble show at Girls Inc. in Lynn, MACritical ComponentsAs evinced by the Bubble Bonanza show at Girls Inc., successful engineering curricula for OSTempowers kids to feel that they are engineers and guides them to effectively use the engineeringdesign process as a tool. Perhaps most importantly, successful OST engineering activities are funand engaging for the participants. Development of the first EA units led to the creation of criticalbeliefs and learning goals about effective engineering materials for OST (Table 1). AllEngineering Adventures units are developed, and then later evaluated, based on these criteria.Table 1

Conference Session

K-5 Teacher Transformation

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela S. Lottero-Perdue Ph.D., Towson University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

identity. The findings section isdivided into six major sections: 1) Teaching Roles; 2) Sense Making about Teacher-of-Engineering Identity; 3) Competence and Career Goals; 4) Describing Engineering andElementary Teaching Professions; 5) Frequency of Social Interaction; and 6) TeachingEngineering: Similar to or Different From Any New Curriculum? Following the findings section,the paper concludes with a four key assertions from the study, and implications for them. Page 23.473.2Theoretical Background Identity refers to the ways that individuals enact, voice and embody certain ways ofbeing. Gee associates this concept quite closely with (big “D