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Displaying results 331 - 360 of 361 in total
Conference Session
Socially Responsible Engineering II: Pedagogy, Teamwork, and Student Experiences
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Larkin Martini, Colorado School of Mines; Jordyn MacKenzie Helfrich, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
stakeholderengagement plan. During that activity, the term CSR was used and discussed, making it an explicit teachingmethod. Students also completed a role play activity where they are asked to take on the role of stakeholdersin a project, such as community member, regulator, consultant, and engineer. Students then debated amining problem and discussed what their needs are. This activity takes a much more implicit approach toCSR. It emphasizes the importance of listening to stakeholders and recognizing their needs, however theterm CSR isn’t explicitly used. Similar role play exercises were used by Professors Edwards and Garcia asa way to teach ethics in their technical courses. Professor Edwards used a more implicit method ofstakeholder mapping, integrating it
Conference Session
Imagining Others, Defining Self Through Consideration of Ethical and Social Implications
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nathan E. Canney, CYS Structural Engineers Inc.
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
well-being, health, and quality oflife,” 2 forward-thinking innovators who “make a world of difference,” 3 and agents of technicalsolutions that can “ensure the sustainability of civilization and the health of its citizens, whilereducing individual and societal vulnerabilities and enhancing the joy of living in the modernworld” 4. Similarly, most engineering professional societies market themselves with statementscentered on their contribution to society like “Advancing Technology for Humanity” 5 and“ASCE stands at the forefront of a profession that plans, designs, constructs, and operatessociety’s economic and social engine…” 6. The relationship between engineers and “the public”sits at the very core of engineers’ professional identity and
Conference Session
Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part II
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Justin L Hess, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jessica Erin Sprowl; Rui Pan, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Melissa Dyehouse, Purdue University; Carrie A. Wachter Morris, Purdue University; Johannes Strobel, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
Conference Session
Engineering Education Culture: Mental Health, Inclusion, and the Soul of Our Community
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Lucy Elizabeth Hargis, University of Kentucky; Courtney Janaye Wright, University of Kentucky; Ellen L. Usher, University of Kentucky; Joseph H. Hammer, University of Kentucky; Sarah A. Wilson, University of Kentucky; Melanie E. Miller, University of Kentucky
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
involveintense identity exploration and a period of planning for the transition to a career and adulthood[1]. When coupled with the demands of rigorous academic coursework and requirements, thisperiod of development can present significant psychological challenges. Indeed, mental healthconcerns have been increasing on college campuses, as students report more symptoms of stress,depression, and anxiety [2], [3]. This is concerning given the evidence of the link betweenmental health during college and students’ academic achievement, retention, work-ethic, andsocial well-being [1], [4]. Perhaps more alarming is the fact that suicide is the second-leadingcause of death on college campuses [1], [5].Seeking help from mental health professionals is one way
Conference Session
Ethics, Mindfulness, and Reform During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Alexis Powe Nordin, Mississippi State University; Amy K. Barton, Mississippi State University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
used to understand or demonstrate your ethics framework. (You may also point to other real-life or hypothetical examples or scenarios that would help demonstrate your assigned ethicalframework.) ● Introduce your group members and explain the focus of your discussion. (Who are you, what is your topic, and what are the main points you plan to discuss?) ● Assume your audience, though educated, has never heard of your ethics framework and provide the necessary background information. ● Also assume that your audience has some basic knowledge of the Challenger, Columbia, Therac-25, and Theranos cases, but no prior knowledge of any other engineering case study you may choose to incorporate. Provide details/context/background
Conference Session
Governance, Diplomacy, and International Comparisons in Engineering Education
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Yi Cao, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Xiaoye Ma, Tsinghua University; Jennifer M. Case, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University at West Lafayette ; David B. Knight, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; William C. Oakes, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Xiaofeng Tang, Tsinghua University; Zheping Xie, Tsinghua University; Haiyan Zhao
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
. Knight is an Associate Professor in the Department of Engineering Education and Special As- sistant to the Dean for Strategic Plan Implementation at Virginia Tech. He is also Director of Research of the Academy for Global Engineering at Virginia Tech and is affiliate faculty with the Higher Education Program. His research tends to be at the macro-scale, focused on a systems-level perspective of how engineering education can become more effective, efficient, and inclusive, tends to leverage large-scale institutional, state, or national data sets, and considers the intersection between policy and organizational contexts. He has B.S., M.S., and M.U.E.P. degrees from the University of Virginia and a Ph.D. in Higher
Conference Session
'Diversity' and Inclusion? Pedagogy, Experiences, Language and Performative Action
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jenn Stroud Rossmann, Lafayette College; Mary A. Armstrong, Lafayette College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
engineering identities“must negotiate the roles they play within the community of engineering as a discipline, ingroups with their peers, and within the classroom.” Tonso [25] describes identity development as“a complicated process through which campus engineer identities (cultural knowledge learned oncampus) provided a lens of meaning through which to “recognize” (or not) performances ofengineer selves as engineers.” Particularly for women and students of color, engineering identitycan be very malleable and susceptible to change, with persistence and career plans able to be“strongly swayed” by even small interactions or experiences as undergraduates [29].Institutions themselves foster engineering identity development through displays of solidarity
Conference Session
Assessing Literacies in Engineering Education
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan McGrade, Indiana Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
Conference Session
Liberal Education Division Technical Session Session 12
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Danielle Corple, Purdue University; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Sean Eddington, Purdue University; Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Patrice Marie Buzzanell, University of South Florida
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
white andcontinuing generation students. In an education system predicated upon white, U.S., continuinggeneration students’ cultural norms, this can place FGC and URM students at a disadvantage.For instance, studies have demonstrated that FGC students “are less likely to utilize or have moredifficulty in recognizing university support resources because they have little practice in doingso” ([15], p. 823). Similarly, FGC and URM FGC students are less likely to receive assistance orsupport from family in college and career planning [16], [17]. Thus, they often lack family-related social capital important for choosing engineering as a major/career, especially if theirfamily members are not engineers. Educational norms of teaching and learning can
Conference Session
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kathryn Johnson, Colorado School of Mines; Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines; Jacquelene Erickson, Colorado School of Mines; Alyssa Miranda Boll, Colorado School of Mines; Stephanie Claussen, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara M. Moskal, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
versusassumption of whether an engineer should be responsible, and plan pedagogical approaches forthe classroom.Theme 4a) Spectrum from technical-social dualism to sociotechnical integrationTechnical-social dualism is the left half of the horizontal axis in Figure 5, encompassing studentresponses in the second and third quadrants. This perspective includes student responses thatcleanly divide social dimensions of engineering problems from technical dimensions ofengineering problems, and/or students who state or imply that a clean divide is always possible.In addition to the characteristic quotes above, student quotes displaying a dualistic perspectiveinclude:  “Technical considerations are the most important, than (sic) comes non technical” -F18
Conference Session
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Lachney, Michigan State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
donors—not from the school—adds a number oftechnocultural dimensions for considering these questions, including funding for upkeep, as wellas planned and unplanned obsolescence.Deborah and Jill also introduced Mindstorms by connecting it to other robotics technologies. Forexample, they both showed students a video of the DARPA funded Cheetah robot, made byiii iRobot sold off its military research and development branch in 2016. 12Boston Dynamics, alongside other examples of robots from industry, military, healthcare, and,most relevant to their case, education. During the Boston Dynamics video, students in Deborah’sclass laughed at the robot
Conference Session
Communicating Across Cultural and Epistemological Boundaries
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
insights about a problem space andknowing how to synthesize at just the right level of specificity to be maximally generativewithout becoming swamped by all the challenges of “making it work” [24]. Rather than seekinginsight through a systematic, precise analytic or synthetic framework, designers find insightthrough productive and continuous interplay between analytic and synthetic modes of practice.5. Fail Early, Fail OftenThis mantra is widely expressed across design thinking communities [25]. The premise is thatthere is much to be learned from low-risk failure, and that rather than striving to avoid failure bycareful planning and robust analysis, failing early in the design process will provide quicker,higher density learning so that success
Conference Session
Diversity and Inclusion
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mel Chua, Olin College; Tess Edmonds, Olin College
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
, andextracurricular activities. A potential future area of contribution is to develop more detailedlesson plans that integrate these practices into specific engineering courses. These architecturesare most beneficial during project phases of exploration and divergence, as well as moments ofreflection and feedback. They are less beneficial in situations where the goal is content-deliveryor fast decision-making; in these contexts, existing pedagogies may be more advantageous. Byexploring how these architectures work both within and against existing communicationpractices in engineering education cultures, we collectively develop our capacity to collaboratewithin complex problem spaces.References[1] ABET. “Accreditation Criteria.” Internet: http://www.abet.org
Conference Session
Liberal Education Division Technical Session Session 12
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Megan Keogh, University of Colorado, Boulder; Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Janet Y. Tsai, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
examined Fall 2018 late-semesterreflections (​n=4 women, n=6 men)​ that asked students to respond to a prompt asking: An underlying theme of the Engineering Projects classes is the opportunity to broaden and develop your skillset in engineering design and communication. During your first reflections, you described a design skill that you would like to work on during this class, how you would develop that skill, and your experiences/plan to incorporate this skill in your product development. For this last reflection, please go back to your original reflections and write about your progress this semester. Think about your personal skill development in manufacturing, electronics, programming and/or
Conference Session
Social Responsibility and Social Justice I: Pedagogical Perspectives
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jonathan Beever, University of Central Florida; Andrew O. Brightman, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
local context andbalanced out reflectively against competing needs for fairness and community autonomy. Usingthe four principles of common morality then as a shared point of reference will allow a broadrange of participants in the conversation to engage more fully and contribute together to thecritical process of specification.The primary goal of a common morality approach like Reflexive Principlism, “to promotehuman flourishing by counteracting conditions that cause the quality of people’s lives toworsen,” 27 aligns well with several statements of the goals and practice of the profession ofengineering (e.g., “Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan,build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to
Conference Session
Exploring Student Affairs, Identities, and the Professional Persona
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sherif Elmeligy Abdelhamid, Virginia Tech; Chris J. Kuhlman, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Madhav V. Marathe, Virginia Tech; S. S. Ravi, University at Albany - SUNY; Kenneth Reid, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
DTRA Grant HDTRA1-11-1-0016, DTRACNIMS Contract HDTRA1-11-D-0016-0001, and NSF NetSE Grant CNS-1011769.References [1] W. K. LeBold, R. Delauretis, and K. D. Shell. The purdue interest questionnaire: An interest inventory to assist engineer students in planning their career. annual Frontiers in Education Conference, 1977. [2] John P. Bean. Dropouts and turnover: The synthesis and test of a causal model of student attrition. Research in higher education, 12(2):155–187, 1980. [3] James A. Beane and Richard P. Lipka. Self-concept, self-esteem, and the curriculum. Columbia University, Teachers College, 1986. [4] Malene Rode Larsen, Hanna Bjornoy Sommersel, and Michael Søgaard Larsen. Evidence on Dropout Phenomena at Universities
Conference Session
Research on Diversification & Inclusion
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Lachney, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, New Engineering Educators, Student, Women in Engineering
engineeringscience requirements in higher education, but unlike the fundamentals-first approach, EiEstudents engage science content through a simple engineering design process. In this process,students are taught to iteratively “ask, imagine, plan, create, and improve” to meet the goal of arange of engineering design challenges.17 The design challenges in EiE work to engage studentsthrough real-world application of engineering design, often in cross-cultural contexts.Unit-by-unit, EiE students explore different science topics by applying engineering design toproblems that are contextualized in countries from Ghana to Denmark.18 In the physical science(iii
Conference Session
Non-Canonical Canons of Engineering Ethics
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xiaofeng Tang, Penn State University; Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering
, directly or indirectly, any gift, payment or service of more than nominal value to or from those having business relationships with their employers or clients; 5. Assist and advise their employer or clients in anticipating the possible consequences, direct and indirect, immediate or remote, of the projects, work or plans of which they have knowledge. ARTICLE IVEngineers shall, in fulfilling their responsibilities to the community: 1. Protect the safety, health and welfare of the public and speak out against abuses in these areas affecting the public interest; 2. Contribute professional advice, as appropriate, to civic, charitable or other non-profit organizations; 3. Seek to
Conference Session
Communication as Performance
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Caitlin Donahue Wylie, University of Virginia; Kathryn A. Neeley, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
theories for four sections of asenior-level course that includes engineering ethics. We assessed about 120 students, allmajoring in engineering. Two sections’ lesson plans included cartoons, which the instructorexplicitly led a discussion about and linked to the ethical theories. The other two sections did notsee or discuss cartoons. At the end of the class, all the students anonymously took a shortmultiple-choice assessment (see Appendix). Neeley then revealed and discussed the answers tothe assessment with her classes; Wylie did not reveal or discuss the answers. Then all the classesspent seven weeks studying other topics and did not discuss engineering ethics. In March 2016
Conference Session
Seeking Resilience and Learning to Thrive Through Engineering Education
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julianna Sun Ge, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Edward J. Berger, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
Conference Session
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 6
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Benjamin David Lutz, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Nathan E. Canney, CYS Structural Engineers Inc.; Samantha Ruth Brunhaver, Arizona State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
protocol covered questions about the student’s post-graduation career plans and job search related activities. If the student had professionalengineering co-op or internship experiences, they were asked to describe what these experienceswere like and how they may be informing students’ career-related thinking going forward. Eachinterview was approximately 45 minutes long, conducted by phone, recorded, and transcribed.Further details about the overall study and the interview data collection process are provided in[14] and [15]. Because the current analysis focuses on experiences within engineeringorganizations, the data set includes interviews with students who reported having engineering co-op or internship experiences, only.Data Set 2The second
Conference Session
Teaching Communication I
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brad Jerald Henderson, University of California, Davis
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
Conference Session
Ethical Perspectives on the Grand Challenges of Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Xiaofeng Tang, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
engineering, littleattention is paid in engineering education to the actual indices being optimized. Response time,productivity, cost are all worthy of making more efficient in general terms, but in specificevaluations, each index is abstracted from a complex socio-technical context wherein competingindicators exist. For example, is labor productivity to be measured by work-hour, by overalllabor cost, or by physical work extended by laborers? By opening technical efficiency toanalytic scrutiny, students might learn a more comprehensive way of planning, conducting, andassessing engineering projects. The easy distinction between technical and social facets ofefficiency calculations makes little sense through the lens of the lifelong-learning framework
Conference Session
Rethinking Engineering Writing
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brad Jerald Henderson, University of California, Davis
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
). Afterengineering analysis and computation for the models against the baseline, we recommend ModelB as the best automated alternative as it has the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of Model Awith added quality assurance features.INTRODUCTIONIn preparation for the Las Vegas Automation Tradeshow, Maverick Robotics Corporation(MRC) plans to showcase a small-scale turn-key solution, high-speed, synchronous,manufacturing module (THSMM). Management has given manufacturing the task of designing aTHSMM production line that automatically assembles LEGO miniature sports cars (model#9480). The objective is to design the line to efficiently and economically manufacture onemillion (1M) LEGO sports cars, replacing a factory worker who works a 40-hour week and ispaid
Conference Session
Creative and Cross-disciplinary Methods Part I
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jean Hertzberg, University of Colorado, Boulder; Bailey Renee Leppek, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kara E. Gray, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
have already resulted in planned changes to the survey. Details ofthe interviews are presented in the next section. Flow Vis/Fluid Perception of Design Sustainable Energy Mechanics1 I want to study fluids. I want to study design. I want to study sustainable energy.2 The study of fluids is The study of design is useful The study of sustainable useful to society. to society. energy is useful to society.3 Visualizations of fluid Visualizations of fluid flows Sustainable energy flows are very
Conference Session
Making Students Aware of Their World: Five Perspectives
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cherrice Traver, Union College; Douglass Klein, Union College; Borjana Mikic, Smith College; Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Steven B. Shooter, Bucknell University; Ari W. Epstein, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; David Gillette, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
with real-world impact in partnership with local community organizations. Union College (Hal Fried, Ron Bucinell): Engineering and liberal arts student form design teams based on engineering senior projects. Teams explore the potential for commercialization and social entrepreneurship, and participate in business plan competitions.18The integrated approach to capstone and extracurricular projects requires students to understanddifferent perspectives and apply them to solve complex problems. Students should alsodemonstrate interpersonal, leadership, and cross-disciplinary communication skills when theyinteract on diverse teams. Projects that focus on entrepreneurship require that studentsunderstand what it means to be an entrepreneur and
Conference Session
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jay Patrick McCormack, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Ashley Ater Kranov, Washington State University; Patrick D. Pedrow P.E., Washington State University; Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, Norwich University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
, multidisciplinary engineering issues. Toinitiate the 45 minute long discussion, student participants first read a short scenario that presents Page 24.1070.2some technical and non-technical details of the topic. To guide the discussion after reading thescenario, students are given a discussion prompt in the form of a series of questions that directthe participants to identify problems, consider stakeholder perspectives, and outline a plan tolearn more about the problems. McCormack et al. explored best practices for administering andusing the EPSA rubric [3].Student performance with respect to the set of ABET professional skills is determined by
Conference Session
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maggie Swartz, Colorado School of Mines; Jon A. Leydens, Colorado School of Mines; Jacquelene D. Walter, Colorado School of Mines; Kathryn Johnson, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
will enjoy the challenge of working with difficult technical issues in the context of advanced technology. The results of our study, particularly the relatively small proportion of time devoted to solitary technical work, have helped to explain some of the frustrations I have so frequently encountered among engineers. Many felt frustrated because they did not think that their jobs provided them with enough technical challenges. Others felt frustrated because they thought that a different career choice might have led to a job that would enable them to make more use of the advanced technical subjects they had studied in their university courses. Many of them were actually planning to leave their
Conference Session
Undergraduate Peer Educators: Mentoring, Observing, Learning
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Chandra Anne Turpen, University of Maryland, College Park; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Jennifer Radoff, University of Maryland, College Park; Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park; Hannah Sabo; Gina Marie Quan, University of Maryland, College Park
Tagged Topics
ASEE Board of Directors, Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
, and responding to students’ ideas in ways that help students build on their priorknowledge (Richards & Robertson, 2016; Sherin, Jacobs, & Philipp, 2011). As Ball & Cohen(2013, p. 16) put it, “Examining student thinking is a core activity of [teachers’] practice.” Inorder to help teachers develop their responsiveness, teacher educators and teacher professionallearning communities typically rely on artifacts of classroom practice (i.e. examples of studentwork, video or audio recordings of classroom events, or field notes on classroom events) toanalyze pedagogical moves/approaches, to investigate the possible consequences of theirpedagogical approach for students’ learning, and to consider intentions and plans for futurepedagogical
Conference Session
Myths About Gender and Race
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jordana Hoegh, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering