Conference Session

Materials Selection & Design

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Olshefsky, ASTM International

Tagged Divisions

Materials

in the laboratory or in the field.Additionally, students must know enough about the details of technical standards to specifytesting for a project and potentially supervise testing in a laboratory management situation.Key Examples from Accredited UniversitiesFollowing are summaries of how professors have successfully used technical standards in theclassroom. The overviews and syllabi of selected courses are available in their entirety on the“Peer-to-Peer Resources” page of the ASTM International Students and Professors website.10Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute’s “Properties of Engineering Materials II”11 is offered as a thirdyear second semester course within the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Thiscourse teaches the

Conference Session

Curriculum Implementation of Materials Advances

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Santosh Kurinec, Rochester Institute of Technology; Surendra Gupta, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

• Plasma processes • Electrochemistry • Chemical Mechanical Planarization • Materials Analysis • Optical properties and lithographyThe program encompasses capstone senior design project that involves design and developmentof integrated device, component, process or capability at RIT. Students publish their seniorproject papers in proceedings published each year. The trend over the last several years showsthat ~ 30-50% of senior projects entail materials process development. In addition, students getopportunities during their co-op experience to engage in materials/process development projects.Further graduate coursework in materials science and engineering will provide deeperunderstanding of materials engineering fundamentals

Conference Session

Innovations in Materials Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Johnson, Central Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

this learning curve resulting in a series ofshort videos with subsequent incorporation into the curricula.In this study, the use and effectiveness of video in a modified ‘traditional’ introductory castingcourse is explored. First, specific video equipment is listed, and the creation and editingprocesses described. Then the videos were used in casting classes, and the students wereallowed access outside of class.A positive educational impact due to the videos was evidenced by instructor and studentfeedback. A casting operations metric was presented, with measures including time-on-taskanalysis. A more rigorous assessment of educational impact was implemented in a spring course.IntroductionMotivation for this project was to improve both the

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cheng-Wei Lee, Univ of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Andre Schleife, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Dallas R. Trinkle , University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jessica A. Krogstad, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Robert Maass, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Pascal Bellon, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jian Ku Shang, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Cecilia Leal, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Matthew West, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Timothy Bretl, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Shengchang Tang, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Laboratory on a project that aimed at a description of non-adiabatic electron ion dynamics. He received the NSF CAREER award, the ONR YIP award, and the ACS PRF doctoral new investigator award.Prof. Dallas R. Trinkle , University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Dallas R. Trinkle is a professor in Materials Science and Engineering at Univ. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. He received his Ph.D. in Physics from Ohio State University in 2003. Following his time as a National Research Council postdoctoral researcher at the Air Force Research Laboratory, he joined the faculty of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Univ. Illinois, Urbana-Champaign in 2006. He was a TMS Young Leader International Scholar in 2008

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suzanne Lane, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Andreas Karatsolis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Donald R. Sadoway, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

in projects related to the design, implementation and assessment of learning technologies, especially in the domains of language learning, health communication and public discourse.Prof. Donald R. Sadoway, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Donald R. Sadoway is the John F. Elliott Professor of Materials Chemistry in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He obtained the B.A.Sc. in En- gineering Science, the M.A.Sc. in Chemical Metallurgy, and the Ph.D. in Chemical Metallurgy, all from the University of Toronto. After a year at MIT as a NATO Postdoctoral Fellow, Dr. Sadoway joined the faculty in 1978. The author of over 150 scientific papers and holder

Conference Session

Micro-/Nano-Technology Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa Jaksic, Colorado State University-Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Materials

laboratory experiments are typical examples of active learning.Depending on the course objectives, the laboratory experiments are either of a cookbook typewhere students follow a set of instructions and all produce similar results, an organized projecttype where the instructions are not precise and allow for some creativity, an open-ended projecttype where the course instructor has a reasonable knowledge of the final outcome, or researchwhere neither the students nor the instructor know the final outcome of the experiments. Thedescribed experiment falls in the organized project type category since the given instructions arenot precise. In addition, the steps whereby students analyze the obtained results, compare themwith the results obtained by

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert A Heard, Carnegie Mellon University; Christiaan Job Nieman, Universidad de los Andes

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Paper ID #21452Exploration and Innovation in Creative Material EducationDr. Robert A Heard, Carnegie Mellon University Dr. Heard holds a Teaching Professor in the Materials Science and Engineering Department at Carnegie Mellon University. Past work includes activities as an industrial consultant, entrepreneur/president of two companies, and vice president positions in several engineering companies. His experience lies largely in the development and application of specialized new technologies and business opportunities, having significant international business and project experience. He has served on the Board of

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claes Fredriksson, Granta Design, Ltd.; Hannah Melia, Granta Design, Ltd.; Justinas Cesonis, University of Cambridge

Tagged Divisions

Materials

appear central to the learning objectives of Materials Science andEngineering. Among the top candidates were: characteristic material properties of the mainmaterial groups, modification of microstructure by various (thermal/mechanical) processes,binary phase diagrams, micrographs and materials characterization and testing.Working in a project involving students of engineering and Materials Science, databases weredesigned containing facts and visual information for the purpose of introductory materialsteaching. A non-exhaustive review of existing teaching resources for these areas reveal thatmany are highly specialized on one topic (e.g., crystallography) or one group of materials (e.g.,metals). We are therefore exploring the ways to integrate

Conference Session

Outreach Activities and Introductory Materials Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J. Krause, Arizona State University; Alexander Sterling; Jacquelyn E. Kelly, Maricopa County Education Service Agency; Danny Stehlik, Arizona State University; Omowunmi Isaacs-Sodeye, Arizona State University; Dale R. Baker, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

in manyengineering disciplines. In material science and engineering, it is a critical skill for understandingand modeling relationships between materials structure at the microscopic structural level andthe macroscopic property level. An important microstructural feature of materials is their crystalstructure, which plays an important role in determining some of a material's macroscopicproperties, such as yield and tensile strength. As such, it is quite useful to be able to visualizetwo-dimensional projections of atom locations on different planes for a given crystal structurefor which deformation mechanisms in metals can be described with simple sketches of planaratomic packing diagrams. However, this critical spatial visualization skill is

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Grace M. Lu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Dallas R. Trinkle , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Andre Schleife, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Cecilia Leal, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Jessica Krogstad, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Robert Maass, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Pascal Bellon, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Pinshane Y. Huang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Nicola H. Perry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Matthew West, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Timothy Bretl, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Geoffrey L. Herman, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Illinois in 2015. His research focuses on defects in materials using density-functional theory, and novel techniques to understand problems in mechanical behavior and transport.Prof. Andre Schleife, Andr´e Schleife is a Blue Waters Assistant Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineer- ing at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He obtained his Diploma and Ph.D. at Friedrich- Schiller-University in Jena, Germany for his theoretical work on transparent conducting oxides. Before he started at UIUC he worked as a Postdoctoral Researcher at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory on a project that aimed at a description of non-adiabatic electron ion dynamics. His research revolves around

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Spencer Seung-hyun Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology (CAST)

Tagged Divisions

Materials

- ing award at RIT. Dr. Kim has directed numerous undergraduate research projects and several students won the first place in the undergraduate and graduate research competitions at the 2012 and 2013 GPEC (Global Plastics Environment Conference; Division of Society of Plastics Engineers). c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Development of a Materials Laboratory Module in 3D Printing Abstract The goal of the study was to develop a laboratory module in the mechanical and thermalcharacterizations of the 3D printed specimens by the ASTM standard test-methods in order toimprove an undergraduate materials laboratory course utilizing Extrusion

Conference Session

Materials Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barry Dupen, Indiana University Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials

grades as a function of time. The current grade is the sum of the student's earned Page 26.1665.2points to date, divided by the sum of the point values of those assignments.This grade-plotting assignment occurs towards the end of the semester, when only half a dozenassignments and projects remain (listed below the red line in the table). The students must alsoplot their projected course grades for the remainder of the semester, under two scenarios: [1]assuming a perfect score on all remaining assignments, and [2] assuming a zero grade on allremaining assignments. The first step is to create a table with the data:Assignment Date

Conference Session

Teaching Methods for the 21st Century: Part 2

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Vollaro, Western New England College

Tagged Divisions

Materials

andimprovement in the technical content of subsequent projects. Students began to see theconnections between the public concerns and opinions, and their role as engineers in the design,development or manufacture of a product. The possibilities for media examples are endless andprovide students and faculty with a wide range of ideas to promote interest, motivation and alearning opportunity for today’s engineering student.IntroductionDo we take the material of a product for granted, or do we look at a product and remember whatit used to be made of? Do we ever stop to think about what our daily lives would be like ifscientists hadn’t explored the properties of silicon or polymers? Do we realize materials and theimportance of materials selection touches our

Conference Session

Creating 'Materials' Awareness

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence Genalo, Iowa State University; Scott Chumbley, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

.” The report proposes scholarships to put 25,000 more science andengineering majors into the pipeline each year. Despite a growing, critical need forengineers, "the number of bachelor's degrees awarded in engineering began declining in1987 and has continued to stay at about the same level through much of the 1990s. Thetotal number of graduates from engineering programs is not expected to increasesignificantly over the projection period (2000-2010).”2 In the year 2000 an estimated400,000 engineering jobs were unfilled; projections indicate that number will grow to Page 12.233.21.75 million by 2008.3More locally, at Iowa State University in the early to

Conference Session

Materials Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nitin Sukhija, Mississippi State University (Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems and Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering); Tomasz A. Haupt, Mississippi State University; Mark Fredrick Horstemeyer, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

, model calibration, and modelvalidation as well as failure prevention in the context of a diverse set of real world case studies.The emphasis of this course is to teach students in a modular fashion7 the essential concepts ofcomputational tools describing phenomena at different length scales, to perform simulations atdifferent scales, and to bridge all this information together to determine process-structure-properties-performance relations of materials. On successful completion of the assignedcollaborative projects, all students are required to update their learning contributions on theICME CI portal Wiki8, facilitating easy assessment of student achievements. Moreover, using theexample case studies, PowerPoint lectures, computational tools and

Conference Session

Teaching Materials Science Using Innovative Methods

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University; Dale R Baker, Arizona State University; Adam R Carberry, Arizona State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Bill Jay Brooks, Oregon State University; Debra Gilbuena, Oregon State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Casey Jane Ankeny, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

research project on more effective teaching in core materials classes, the research questionhere is, "What is the effect on student learning and attitude of differing modes of feedback fromstudents' Muddiest Point reflections?" One method is to restructure the notes from a given classand place the set on Blackboard so the new notes respond to student issues raised in MuddiestPoints. This can reinforce class learning, clarify muddy points, and potentially assist in solvinghomework problems. A second method is with Class Warm-ups, which consist of a slide or twofor discussion at the beginning of the next class which can help clarify confusing or difficult-to-grasp concepts. Another method is to create Muddiest Point YouTube tutorial screencasts

Conference Session

Outreach and Hands-on Materials

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Bahr, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

visiting high schools topresent a one hour seminar about MSE to building a small impact tester for the local sciencecenter (the “Breakinator”) for children in grades 3-5 to explore the difference between brittle andductile materials. After carrying out activities for high school and grade school students, theWSU MA chapter decided to focus on developing an outreach program to middle schools inWashington; the choice of focusing on middle school has been shown to be an effective point inoutreach4. It should be noted that these were not mandatory service learning projects, butvoluntary activities driven by undergraduate and graduate student interest

Conference Session

Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gangbing Song, University of Houston; Richard Bannerot, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston. Among these are twointeractive demonstrations housed in an acrylic display case intended to facilitate theunderstanding of SMAs and their possible applications. The demonstrations have been designedto show SMA wire actuation displacement and force in an interactive, easy-to-use fashion.To further enhance undergraduate learning in the area of smart materials, the development ofthis interactive demonstration was assigned as a senior capstone design project allowing fourstudents in mechanical and electrical engineering to gain hands-on experience in designing anintelligent system.The Interactive SMA DemonstrationGeneral Description of the Interactive SMA DemonstrationFour undergraduate senior

Conference Session

Materials Education Perspectives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajiv Asthana, University of Wisconsin-Stout

Tagged Divisions

Materials

, 2008 Writing a Book on the Role of Materials Science in Manufacturing for Instruction and Research: Lessons LearnedAbstractIn 2006, the author and two colleagues published a materials science book that tried to integratebasic elements of processing science and manufacturing technology from a materials scientist’sviewpoint. The book project essentially evolved as a scholarly experiment designed to 1) addressopportunities and challenges faced over a decade of instructing students from diverse disciplines,and 2) create a cross-over instructional resource that emphasized the solid role of materialsscience in manufacturing for use chiefly by students of engineering studying manufacturingprocesses and materials science. The goal

Conference Session

Advanced Materials Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ajit Kelkar, North Carolina A&T State University; Ronnie Bolick, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

, strength etc. Furthermore, it is also stressed that the cost ofmaterials and manufacturing, is comparable to the parts that are being reengineered.Session 3: Reengineering of an actual engineering component made out of AluminumIn the lectures 1 and 2 of Session 3, a replacement for a typical aerospace part made out ofAluminum 2024- T3 is considered as a reengineering project. First students are provided withphysical properties of the aluminum and fiberglass/carbon composites. In general students followthe following procedure for reengineering the component using composite materials.Reengineering procedure≠ Tape properties are calculated using classical micro-mechanical theory for S-Glass fibers and Carbon fibers with Epoxy resin system

Conference Session

Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Otto Wilson, Catholic University of America

Tagged Divisions

Materials

. 2.) Students can synthesize the nanoparticles as part of the demonstration 3.) Surfactant and colloid stability effects can be incorporated into this demonstration by using PEI and/or gum Arabic. Figure 3 shows a picture of a well dispersed hydroxyapatite suspension that contains gum Arabic (left hand bottle) and an unstable hydroxyapatite suspension with no additive (on the right). 4.) This demonstration can be performed using a Petri dish or glass microscope slide and projected onto a screen with an overhead projector for large audiences.Figure 3 Influence of gum Arabic surfactant on the colloid stability of hydroxyapatite. Thebottle on the left contains hydroxyapatite and gum Arabic and

Conference Session

Active Learning and Demonstrations in Materials Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Spencer Seung-Hyun Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Dell, Rochester Institute of Technology; Mario H. Castro-Cedeno, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Page 25.916.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 Materials Education for Green Plastics Manufacturing Technology (GPMT)IntroductionA recent campaign, "Green Solutions for the Future,” identified the creation of green jobs,infrastructure projects, renewable energy research and development, and education as majorissues and challenges facing the nation.1,2,3 From using eco-friendly products to driving electriccars, there are many opportunities for consumers to lower their carbon footprints and energyconsumption. According to the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE), over 200 million tons ofplastics are manufactured annually around the world. Of that, 26 million tons are manufacturedin the United States

Conference Session

Clearing up Student Misconceptions in Materials

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Heckler, Ohio State University; Rebecca Rosenblatt, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

project to identify and address student difficulties in learning materials science.Rebecca Rosenblatt, Ohio State University Rebecca Rosenblatt is a graduate research associate in the physics department working towards a PhD in physics education at The Ohio State University. She is currently investigating the evolution of student understanding of force, velocity, and acceleration, and she is working on this project to identify and address student difficulties in learning materials science. Page 15.1124.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Student Understanding

Conference Session

Introductory Materials Science for the 21st Century

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn Skurla, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

their major in mechanical engineering has risen sharply. The number ofjuniors enrolling in Materials has doubled in the last three years and is projected to see anadditional 30% or more increase in enrollment in Spring 2008. While growth is exciting, it hasstretched the capacity of our teaching laboratory facilities and the capacity of the instructor tograde the increased volume of laboratory reports with the same degree of rigor. However, therecent addition of a masters program made teaching assistants available to assist duringlaboratory sessions.Keeping a larger group of students engaged in active learning activities during a laboratoryexercise that requires students to take turns using a single, major piece of equipment (e.g., thesingle

Conference Session

Hands-on Materials Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mir Atiqullah, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Materials

impact properties are studied as part of overall materials education within anundergraduate curriculum. Materials and mechanical design are interrelated which wasorchestrated by this project. A student group designed and built a bench top tensile impact testerfor polymers. The prototype is successfully tested. Experimental procedure has been laid outclearly for easy experimentation. The quality of data and confidence in procedure can beimproved by using standard and accurately produced specimens. The design can be scaled up fortesting stronger or larger specimens as energy is limited by the arm length and weight of thependulum. However, it is not practical to keep building new testers but a well calibrated testerand carefully designed laboratory

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Cavalli, University of North Dakota

Tagged Divisions

Materials

same coursereported doubts about freshmen and sophomore students possessing the maturity needed tosucceed in the flipped format. Prust et al.10 reported student enthusiasm for the flipped modelbut few tangible gains in performance. They hypothesize this is due to a lack of studentengagement with the required materials outside of class.SCALE-UP classrooms are the outgrowth of the Student-Centered Activities for LargeEnrollment Undergraduate Programs Project, funded by the National Science Foundation andvarious commercial partners11,12. SCALE-UP classrooms are configured into groupworkstations, typically including whiteboards, displays, and circular or oval tables. Studentscome to class having completed preparatory learning and ready to work

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Joseph Stuart P.E., Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

that an NSFteam had fine-tuned over several years. The 3 credit course in Advanced Compositematerials consists of two lectures and a lab where hands on selection and application ofcomposite materials focuses on students designing and building projects in a compositematerials lab environment. ‘Just in time feedback’ mechanisms are used that providerapid formative feedback and reinforcement of a positive learning experience to enhancethe learning process such as: 1) ‘muddiest points’ and ‘most interesting points’identification and next lecture clarification, 2) three to five minute PPT and videosegments used in class to fortify concepts that have proved to be confusing or complex inthe past or in current lectures, 3) online postings of short

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kaitlin Tyler, ANSYS Inc.; Claes Fredriksson, ANSYS Granta; Hannah Melia, ANSYS Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Materials

Railway Lightweighting Water Containers and Plastic Waste The Built Environment Material Properties and Structural Sections Electric Cars—Sustainability and Eco DesignFigure 6: The Five Step Method developed by Professor Ashby and coworkers [25]1. Unpacking the proposal—identifying timeline, objectives, and other key project objectives2. Stakeholder analysis—Identifying stakeholders and their influence on the project outcomes3. Fact finding—researching project and stakeholder needs4. Forming a judgement—analyzing impacts of facts on the three capitals of sustainability5. Reflection—looking at the outcome of fact analysis and determining if objectives

Conference Session

Curriculum for Green Materials

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen McLachlan, Granta Design; Patrick Coulter, Granta Design; Mike Ashby, University of Cambridge

Tagged Divisions

Materials

example is selecting the material for use as a container for a liquid: it illustrates themethod and the tools needed to implement it, and makes an excellent introduction for studentsbefore they move on to working on more complicated problems either as homework assignmentsor as projects. The student will need an introduction to the concepts outlined above and willneed to have some knowledge of the EduPack software.On the left of Figure 4 is an inventory of the principle materials, manufacturing methods and useand disposal information about a milk container. On the right is list of the additional informationrequired to allow an approximate energy audit. The need, then, is for a tool to provide this.Granta Design’s CES EduPack Eco-Edition offers

Conference Session

Materials Science and Engineering of 2020

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Seung Kim, Rochester Institute of Technology; Richard Fasse, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Materials

) which is used at RIT. The online activities were based on the objectives andoverall design of the course. Also, students actively participated in assigned activities online andshared their experiences online throughout the whole winter quarter.For the “Plastics Processing Technology” Blended Learning Pilot, I proposed canceling theWednesday sessions (although not the first and last sessions) and substituting several onlineactivities for these time periods throughout the quarter. The online activities were dividedamong small groups consisting of three students who would work together to complete theassigned online tasks, such as problem solving, projects, and discussions. The online discussionswere related to topics in the chapters of the