Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maizey Benner, Purdue University; Daniel M. Ferguson, Purdue University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University; Behzad Beigpourian, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

multiple factors [1]. A key assumption of factor analysis is that factors areunique and uncorrelated with another. This assumption naturally leads to the idea that variablesare only correlated because of their common factor [2]. Detailed explanations of the CATME dimensions and the factor analysis method used canbe found in the paper by Loughry, Ohland, and Moore (2007) [3]. Analyzing individualdimensions of teamwork is not unique to the CATME system. Solansky (2010) developed a setof factors to describe teamwork, identifying the five factors of agreeableness, team meanconscientiousness, openness to experience, collectivism, and preference for teamwork [4].Greguras, Robie, and Born (2001) also developed a five factor system of cooperation

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajendran Swamidurai, Alabama State University; Cadavious M. Jones, Alabama State University ; Carl Pettis, Alabama State University ; Uma Kannan, Alabama State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

in 2017. She specialized in Cybersecurity, particularly on the prediction and modelling of insidious cyber-attack patterns on host network layers. She also actively involved in core computing courses teaching and project development since 1992 in universities and companies. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Big Data Analytics: with an infusion of statistics for the modern student1. IntroductionRecent technological advancements in various fields such as e-commerce, smart phones, andsocial media generate huge volumes of data on a scale never seen before [1]. New data aregenerated every second. For example, every second on average 40,000 search queries areperformed on Google; 520,834

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University; Hazal Ceyhan, Ankara University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

f ( x ) = 0 , x → −∞ x →∞ lim − f ( x ) = −∞ , lim + f ( x ) = ∞ , x → − 3 x → − 2 Vertical asymptotes at x = − 3 and x = 2 , Horizontal asymptote at y = 0 , f ′( − 2 ) < 0 , f ′ (1 ) < 0 , f ′′( x ) < 0 when x < − 3 , f ′′( x

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division - Visualization and Mathematics

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen L. Sanford Bernhardt P.E., Lafayette College; Mary Roth P.E., Lafayette College

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs, Mathematics

2015, the authors used asimple concept map assignment, given on the first and last day of each section, to evaluatestudent learning in the course [1]. This pilot project compared student learning in two sections ofthe course taught by faculty in the same engineering discipline but with different student learningoutcomes. The authors found the exercise to be a useful way to understand student learning inrelation to the overall and specific student learning outcomes for each of their sections as well asvariations in student learning across the two course sections. The latter proved to be a usefulfoundation for in-depth discussions regarding the different pedagogical approaches used by theauthors. The work led to the development of multiple

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott W. Campbell, University of South Florida; Carlos A. Smith PhD, University of South Florida; Silvia M. Calderon, Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 A Course in Differential Equations, Modeling and Simulation for Engineering StudentsIntroductionA course in differential equations generally is taken at a critical point in engineeringcurricula – where a turn is made away from basic math and science courses towardscourses in which basic skills and knowledge are synthesized and applied. This raises thequestion of whether the course should be a mathematics course, an engineering course, ora hybrid. It has been argued [1], with supporting results, that the teaching of differentialequations through the modeling of physical and chemical phenomena is effective becauseit allows students to overcome the cognitive

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2: Poster Presentations

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Alexander Henderson, San Jose State University ; Alexander Garcia, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

as to whySTEM is important in today’s world through small examples of what already exists. This is doneas a step toward increasing the standing that the United States holds currently within the world’sSTEM community, which is low compared to other countries. This is partially due to a lack ofinterest that many American students have in STEM-related fields. To fix this, the STEM-relatedactivities that students perform in schools today need to incorporate what they do in theireveryday lives.1. Introduction: Math in Engineering and STEMThe first question to ask here is, "What is STEM?" STEM is an acronym for "Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics." It is an educational curriculum dedicated to thesubjects stated in the name. The term

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2: Poster Presentations

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

MiKyla Jean Harjamaki, Playful Learning Lab; Annmarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas; Krista Schumacher, University of St. Thomas; Abby Bensen, University of St. Thomas; Emma Michelle Monson, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

featured choreographedtreadmill dances, massive Rube Goldberg machines, and stop motion animation using laser cuttoast. This paper will focus on engineering education materials and applications for two of theband’s videos: ● “The One Moment” music video incorporates high speed photography, projectile, and flip books to make a four-minute music video out of 4.2 seconds of footage. ● “Upside Down & Inside Out” music video was filmed while simulating the effects of microgravity through parabolic flight (see Figure 1). Figure 1: “Upside Down & Inside Out” music video includes members of OK Go in microgravity.What is OK Go Sandbox? Because of

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2: Poster Presentations

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yosi Shibberu, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

teaching an undergraduate course in deep learning in a mathematicsdepartment. Also presented are data that suggest that weak programming skills may not be assignificant an obstacle for STEM majors as the author originally feared.IntroductionDeep learning—sometime referred to colloquially as AI—is at the center of a wave of innovationthat is changing the way consumers interact with products. It is being used to solve challengingtechnical problems such as autonomous driving in unstructured environments or enabling robotsto grasp arbitrary objects. Deep learning is a special type of machine learning that automates thegeneration of useful data features. An introduction to deep learning for mathematicians isprovided by Higham et at 1 .Deep learning is

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3: Diversity in Mathematics Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nicholas A. Baine, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Series1 0.00% 3.85% 16.13% 8.11% 42.59% Figure 1: Six-Year graduation rate vs starting math course for a cohort in 2009. The titles of the courses listed are MTH 097 Elementary Algebra, MTH 110 Algebra, MTH 122 College Algebra, MTH 123 Trigonometry, MTH 201 Calculus I 6 Year Graduation Rate vs. Starting Math (Older Cohorts) 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% MTH 097 MTH 110 MTH 122 MTH 123 MTH 201 Series1 1.85% 7.85% 23.70% 21.39% 27.46% Figure 2: Six-Year graduation

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3: Diversity in Mathematics Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Lee Singleton, Whatcom Community College; Eric Davishahl, Whatcom Community College; Todd Haskell, Western Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

. Wewill also compare relevant exam question responses and online concept question results,including common themes present or absent in student reasoning.IntroductionWe don’t pay attention to boring things. Stimulate more of the senses. We are powerful andnatural explorers. These are just a few of the dozen statements describing how our brains workin John Medina’s book “Brain Rules” [1]. These also provide insight into the fundamentalreasons for our Integral Calculus reforms developed over the last year.We don’t pay attention to boring things. Math courses are notorious for being boring, lecture-heavy periods of time that are unavoidable since they are necessary for earning a degree. Overthe years, several interventions have described ways to

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2: Poster Presentations

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Anibal Sosa, Universidad Icesi, Colombia; Norha M. Villegas, Universidad Icesi, Colombia; Stephanie Celis Gallego, Universidad Icesi, Colombia; Diego Antonio Bohórquez, Universidad Icesi, Colombia

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

. We evaluated the effectiveness of theproposed approach through qualitative evidence gathered by an external observer, thereflection made by the instructor himself, and through two tests that allowed us to assessstudent performance. The first test (diagnostic) was applied before the intervention tomeasure the level of attainment of prerequisites. The second test (closure) was applied afterthe intervention to measure the level of attainment of the learning objectives addressed inthe case study. Findings demonstrate that our proposed approach effectively contributed toimprove the level of attainment of learning objectives associated with the concept ofsubspace in linear algebra.1. IntroductionOne of the most difficult courses for science and

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 5: From Functions to Big Data–A Hands-on Challenge

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Emre Tokgoz, Quinnipiac University; Hasan Alp Tekalp; Elif Naz Tekalp; Berrak Seren Tekalp, Quinnipiac University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of University Students’ Ability to Relate Calculus Knowledge to Function Graphs 1 Emre Tokgöz, 1Berrak S. Tekalp, 1Elif. N. Tekalp, and 2Hasan A. Tekalp 1 Emre.Tokgoz@qu.edu, 1Elif.Tekalp@qu.edu, 1Berrak.Tekalp@qu.edu, 2Hasan.Tekalp@qu.edu 1 Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, 06518 2 Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, 06518In this work, 19 undergraduate engineering students’ responses to a set of power series questions are collectedat a university located on the

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3: Diversity in Mathematics Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy; Kirstie A. Plantenberg, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

the Calculus sequence. Anextensive survey of the many studies that have been done to investigate this problem can be foundin [1]. Many students who could have otherwise been very successful engineers leave thediscipline demoralized and with a sense of inadequacy. A large percentage of students affectedare first generation college students, women and minorities. This is not a good situation as theprofession loses valuable talents who could be very successful engineers.The traditional method of calculus teaching emphasized building mathematical intellect and skillsthrough rigor and hard work, in a way quite similar to athletic training. During the 1980s, a greatdebate started about whether and how the failure and attrition rates in calculus

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 4: Assessing Success in Mathematics Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Rebecca Ann George, University of Houston; Weihua Fan, University of Houston; Daijiazi Tang, University of Houston

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Engineering, or other collegesdemonstrated significantly different expectations on their success in Calculus. The surveyresults also indicated an interaction effect of students’ grade level of the association betweenthe colleges they are in and their expectation of their final score in the course.Keywords: Calculus, self efficacy, survey, statistical analysis I NTRODUCTIONAccording to the Insights and Recommendations from the Mathematics Association of Amer-ica (MAA), college Calculus holds a position as a “gatekeeper” to Science, Technology, En-gineering, and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines because the majority of STEM majors re-quire at least one semester of Calculus [1]. As part of this five-year study of

Conference Session

Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

lines, and graphs of functions (in this case, their growthcurves) with the data about the growth rate of the algae, their treatments of the algae sample,their calculated growth rates and other related concepts from the accompanying biology lecture Page 12.914.3course: 1. What does is mean for the growth rate to be large? 2. What does is mean for the growth rate to be small? 3. Can a growth rate be negative? Why or why not? What would the curve look like if these were so? 4. Can a growth rate be zero? Why or why not? What would the curve look like if this were so? 5. Looking at your graph for Control A, how are the growth

Conference Session

Innovative Instruction Strategies in Calculus

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elton Graves, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

equations and modeling. Day Seventeen: Projectile motion, linear differential equations. Day Eighteen: Line integrals, work, and flux. Day Nineteen: Double integrals. Day Twenty: Centers of mass, moments of inertia. Day Twenty-one: Triple integrals. Day Twenty-two: Moments in space and change of coordinate systems. Day Twenty-three: Area of polar curves cylindrical coordinates. Page 12.1324.4 Day Twenty-four: Spherical coordinates. Day Twenty-five: Final exam.Weekly ScheduleIn order to cover all the material each day is tightly organized. The students are in classfrom 8:05 AM until 12:00 noon and from 1

Conference Session

Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Günter Bischof, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive Engineering,; Emilia Bratschitsch, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive; Annette Casey, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive Engineering,; Domagoj Rubesa, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive Engineering,

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

increases the students’motivation. The outcome of some of these undergraduate projects has found application inindustry or has been published in professional journals.In this paper the idea of project based learning in engineering mathematics is exemplified onthe basis of students’ projects carried out in the third semester of their degree program.IntroductionIt seems that the critical issue in teaching mathematics to engineering students is to find theright balance between practical applications of mathematical methods and in-depthunderstanding 1. Project based learning has proved to be a particularly suitable method todemonstrate the need of mathematics in professional engineering. Students are confronted,complementary to their regular courses

Conference Session

Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shane Palmquist, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

integrations, derivatives, and partial derivatives to solve problems. Some of thetheorems and methods with graphical notation and corresponding equations as applied to asimply supported beam with a distributed load are given in Table 1.. y w(x) x E, I L Figure 1. Simply Support Beam with a Distributed Load Page 12.1545.4 Table 1. Classical Structural Analysis Methods a

Conference Session

Innovative Instruction Strategies in Calculus

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martha Allen, Georgia College & State University; Amy Kelley, Georgia College & State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

teamwork. Finally, we willoutline our plans for further investigation of questions raised as a result of teaching withinnovative activities designed to encourage teamwork and communication skills while allowingstudents to take a more active role in the learning of calculus.IntroductionTeamwork and communication skills are recognized as important outcomes in undergraduateengineering curricula. Accordingly, Criterion 3 of the ABET guidelines states that a student musthave an “ability to apply knowledge of mathematics,” an “ability to function on multi-disciplinaryteams,” and an “ability to communicate effectively.”1 In addition, the Committee on theUndergraduate Program in Mathematics (CUPM) of the Mathematical Association of America2004 Curriculum

Conference Session

Integrating Math, Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josue Njock-Libii

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

engineering courses.We consider the ordinary differential equation given byx - y n2 x ? 0,%% (1)with the following initial conditionsx (t ? 0) ? x0 (2)x%(t ? 0) ? v0where x is a function of time, the dots indicate derivatives of x with respect to time, andy n2 is a quantity that is independent of time. Page 13.1364.2 This equation has been used to model a variety of physical phenomena. For example, itcan represent the motion of a mass, m, suspended onto a linear spring of stiffness k, whenlosses

Conference Session

Engineering and Math Potpouri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University; Jean Hodges, VCU\Qatar Campus

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

were very much impressed by the past projects and wantedto compete with each other to find new projects that illustrate mathematical principles. Theauthors demonstrate and illustrate the procedures for several of these course topics, beginningwith sequences and series.Sequences, Series, and Fibonacci NumbersTo motivate students’ interest, the instructor then begins with discussing mathematics in theMuslim Community, since most of the students are Muslims and VCUQ exists in a Muslimcountry. The first (Fig. 1 below) indicates several Muslim achievements such as inventingAlgebra and the notion of zero, etc. Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarzimi wrote the famous Kitabal-Jabr wa al-Mugabala, the first book on algebra 6.The Fibonacci sequence is presented

Conference Session

Engineering and Math Potpouri

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S.K. Sen, Florida Institute of Technology; Gholam Ali Shaykhian, NASA

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

changing based on thetools/power of tools  often innovative  available to mankind. We discuss here briefly howthe computing scenes go on evolving based on the availability and usage of newer and newercomputing tools leading to early twenty-first century computing scene due to electronicsupercomputing devices.1 IntroductionComputing has been the necessity since time immemorial, even before the dawn of civilization.It must have come to exist when a human being realized the concept of his/herpossession/property such as children, food items, and places for dwelling. Computing alongwith counting started evolving since then. We present here the pre-computer agemethodology/psychology of computing based on the then available tools [1] along with

Conference Session

Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Engineering

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Quintanilla, University of North Texas; Nandika D'Souza, University of North Texas; Jianguo Liu, University of North Texas; Reza Mirshams, University of North Texas

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

quasiequilibrium process by integrating W = ∫ Vi V 1.3 dV . • The endpoints of a beam of length L under a load tend to move closer together by a slight amount because of the deflection. This displacement, called the curvature L 1 shortening, is given by λ = ∫ [v' ( x)] dx, where the deflection curve of the beam 2 20 4δ

Conference Session

Mathematics in Transition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet Callahan; Joe Guarino, Boise State University; Seung Youn Chyung, Boise State University; John Gardner, Boise State University; Amy Moll, Boise State University; Pat Pyke, Boise State University; Cheryl Schrader, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

State University is 64%for engineering students, and 63% overall.1 This is low when compared with the nationalaverage2 of all four-year institutions, 69% and provides strong motivation for investigating waysto increase freshman success.This study focuses on helping students succeed in Precalculus, a 5-credit mathematics course, inwhich 84 first-semester engineering students were enrolled in fall 2006 (19% of the incomingfreshmen engineering class). An additional 37 engineering students classified as non-freshmenalso enrolled in Precalculus (transfer students, repeat takers, etc.). These 121 engineeringstudents were enrolled in ten sections of Precalculus which had an average enrollment of 33students per section, with engineering students thus

Conference Session

Project and Model-Based Mathematics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dennis Berkey, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Bogdan Vernescu, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2007-2014: A MODEL FOR VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF REAL-WORLDPROBLEMS IN MATHEMATICSDennis Berkey, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Dennis Berkey became the fifteenth president of Worcester Polytechnic Institute on July 1, 2004. Prior to that he had served as Provost and Dean of Arts and Sciences at Boston University where he had joined the faculty in 1974. His undergraduate and graduate degrees are in mathematics (B.A., Muskingum College; Ph.D., University of Cincinnati) and his published research is in applied mathematics and optimal control theory. He is an accomplished teacher, having won Boston University’s highest teaching award, and is the author of two calculus textbooks

Conference Session

Mathematics in Transition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne McClain, University of Alabama-Birmingham; Dale Feldman, University of Alabama-Birmingham; Lee Meadows, University of Alabama Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

-based learning curricula modeled after the NationalCouncil of Teachers of Mathematics, Principles and Standards for School Mathematics throughcontent and pedagogical preparation of future teachers, the professional development ofpracticing teachers, and the placement of interns in classrooms that model exemplary practices[1]. Page 12.617.2The engineering faculty contribution to the partnership lies in the connection of mathematics toreal world applications and to users of mathematics within this framework of an inquiry-basedmiddle school mathematics classroom. In developing these connections, the engineering facultyhope to provide middle

Conference Session

Improving the Mathematical Preparation of Students

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University; Ruth Ellen Hanna, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

(Assessment and LEarning inKnowledge Spaces)1 in an effort to provide a more effective mathematics tutoring program forour students. The goals were to 1) increase student retention and success in freshman andsophomore-level mathematics courses (such as calculus, which all engineering majors take), and2) increase the willingness of students to utilize the available tutorial services. Note that “studentsuccess” is defined as “making an “A”, “B” or “C” in the course” (since all engineering andscience majors are required to earn a grade of “C” or higher in all math courses which areprerequisites for other courses).ALEKS is a web-based system (versus software-based) that can be accessed from any computerwith web access and a java-enabled web browser. The

Conference Session

Innovative Instruction Strategies

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Schmeelk, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

, (x1, y1), will be designated by f(x1, y1).However before we continue with the edge detection analysis, we first review a fewmatrix and calculus techniques. We first recall the familiar dot product for two vectors, 2x, y, to be x••y= ∑ xi y i . From this dot or inner product we define the norm to be i =1 2 = ∑ xi yi . Then we obtain the familiar and very important result to many 2 x Page 11.483.2 i =1applications that the cosine of the angle between the two vectors, x and y, satisfy theequation that cos(θ)=x•y/( x y ). We know the maximum value for the cosine occurswhen the two

Conference Session

Innovative Instruction Strategies in Calculus

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenna Carpenter, Louisiana Tech University; Ruth Ellen Hanna, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

is, students with higher Math ACT scores spendslightly less time using ALEKS. This could be caused by a lower perceived need for assistanceamong students with higher Math ACT scores.BackgroundFive years ago the Mathematics Program at Louisiana Tech University began using a web-basedtutorial program marketed by McGraw-Hill entitled ALEKS (Assessment and LEarning inKnowledge Spaces)1 in an effort to provide a more effective mathematics tutoring program forour students. The goals were to 1) increase student retention and success in freshman andsophomore-level mathematics courses (such as calculus, which all engineering majors take), and2) increase the willingness of students to utilize the available tutorial services. Note that “studentsuccess

Conference Session

Use of Technology in Teaching Mathematics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sabina Jeschke, Technische Universitat Berlin, Inst. f. Mathematik; Lars Knipping, Technische Universitat Berlin; Raul Rojas, Freie Universitat Berlin; Ruedi Seiler, Technische Universitat Berlin

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

handles a wide range of multimedia enhancements. These may be used to enliven thelessons by visualization, allowing the system to surpass the didactic potentials of the traditionalchalkboard. The system records all actions and provides both a live transmission and a replay ofthe lecture from the web. Systematic evaluations from regular use at two universities arepresented.1. IntroductionUniversity teachers have often come to rely on the wide-spread use of slideware (such asMicrosoft PowerPoint) for additional motivation of their students by providing a modern touchto their lectures. These tools allow the teacher to easily produce materials with a professional,polished look and facilitate simplified publishing, both electronically or as hardcopies