case study, the term learning is a student activity that may includeexplorative strategies, scheduling, or reflection. In contrast, the term instruction is a purposefulfunction of the educator to communicate with learners that often includes scaffolds such asprompting, modeling and phasing task assignments.Literature Review Page 24.1220.2 There is enduring, convincing evidence of knowledge transformation throughcollaboration. When compared to individual learning, collaborative learning has been shown tobeneficially impact learner achievement, self-efficacy, and relationships among learners4. In areview of 168 studies contrasting
statics.21 The organization of knowledge is constructed at the time of learning and can beinfluenced by instruction8 and study behaviors.13 In fact, studies comparing the knowledgeorganization of successful and struggling students in postsecondary classrooms shows that moresuccessful students’ express an organizational structure that more closely resembles that ofexperts than do their less successful peers (e.g., Refs. 22, 23). These differences have beenassociated with performance on classroom assessments24 and problem solving measures.2 Taken together, this body of research suggests that one way in which an instructor couldimprove students’ problem solving is by helping students to develop a well-organized knowledgebase and showing
racial understanding), self-efficacy, leadership (leadershipactivities, self-rated leadership ability, interpersonal skills), choice of a service career,and plans to participate in service after college. “These findings directly replicate anumber of recent studies using different samples and methodologies.”6 They found thatS-L to be significantly better in 8 out of 11 measures than just service without the courseintegration and discovered “strong support for the notion that service learning should beincluded in the student’s major field.” 6 Page 12.1274.4Eyler and Giles7 in a classic study included 1500 students from 20 colleges/universities ina study
oralpresentations, effective teamwork and project management, and demonstration of creativity (inaesthetics and functionality) using the morphological design process [16].Using Arduino in an undergraduate mechanical engineering design course is not new [2-9].Many higher institutions have chosen to incorporate it into a sophomore-level design classeswhere most students have already gained design, CAD, or coding skills prior to registration. Inthese courses, students typically enjoy a single hands-on project while learning aboutmanufacturing. Students have generally responded positively to adding Arduino into thecurriculum, with high levels of self-efficacy in basic mechatronics projects [2]. Whenintroduced early in the curriculum, students gain confidence
contribute, but rather due to “a reduced senseof self-efficacy” and confidence2. Pentland posits less global, more interpersonal reasons why ateam member may appear unengaged: Are they trying to communicate and being ignored or cut off? Do they cut others off and not listen, thereby discouraging colleagues from seeking their opinions? Do they communicate with only one other team member? Do they face other people in meetings or tend to hide from the group physically? Do they speak loudly enough?8Research has shown that emotion and stress impact individual and team communication duringthe decision-making process; however, results regarding the nature of the impact oncommunication are mixed. For example, De Grada et al