Conference Session

Perspectives on Degree Completion and Graduate School Application

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio; Lynn L. Peterson, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. There are a number of ways to create such a community, and no single solution is sufficient. Thebest recommendation is for the university to have a holistic approach employing multiple strategiessuch as: tutoring, mentoring, learning centers, first-year student programs, at-risk student programs ,strong academic advising, and career awareness7.Over the years, much has been done to understand and improve the retention of students8-12.Universities use problem solving recitations, and the integration of math/science/engineering intomore exciting engineering courses with more active design projects for students. Many of theseefforts have had limited success and are often overwhelmed by changes in the student bodyattending the university, changes in

Conference Session

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen McClain, University of Alabama-Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

function set created provides the minimum number of thermodynamicfunctions required to teach a two-course sequence in undergraduate engineeringthermodynamics. Page 11.65.2Each computational analysis package has strengths and weaknesses when compared to theothers. EES also has the thermodynamic functions discussed here (and functions for many otherfluids). While EES is not a traditional structured programming language, the appearance of EESprograms is similar to the appearance of C or FORTRAN programs, and some users find the unitconversion procedures awkward in EES. MathCAD was chosen for this project because of itsmathematical report appearance

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi P.E., University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. In the 2012-13 accreditation cycle programs had to prepare students towork professionally in both thermal and mechanical systems areas. This required students tocomplete design projects both in thermal and mechanical systems areas. This requirement waschanged in 2013-14 accreditation cycle and the programs are now required to prepare students towork professionally in either thermal or mechanical systems while requiring topics in each area.Therefore the design projects are only needed in one area, but students must still be exposed totopics in both areas.Table 2. Changes in Curriculum requirements of ME Program Criteria Changes in Curriculum requirements of ME Program Criteria 2008-09 Accreditation Cycle 2012-13 Accreditation

Conference Session

Statics and Finite Element Analysis

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle A. Watson, University of the Pacific; Ashland O. Brown, University of the Pacific; Jiancheng Liu, University of the Pacific

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

-funded project that these learning modules are a component of can be foundelsewhere16.It should be noted that the pedagogical foundation for this project is based, in part, on the KolbLearning Cycle17, which presents a four-stage cyclical model of learning that stresses theimportance of these four stages in the learning process; these stages are often simplified asevents that involve “feeling”, “observing”, “thinking”, and “doing.” Kolb’s Learning Cycle hasbeen applied extensively in engineering education18-19 and it has been reported that learningactivities that involve students applying all four-stages of Kolb’s model provide the maximumopportunity for complete comprehension of the material20. More details of the implementationof Kolb’s

Conference Session

Manufacturing and Machine Component Design

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert L. Mott, University of Dayton; Ronald J. Bennett F.ASEE, F.ABET P.E., University of St. Thomas; Mark J. Stratton, SME (Society of Manufacturing Engineers); Scott Danielson, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

bestatistically valid and resulting data provide a groundbreaking view of mechanical engineeringeducation.In a broad-brush summary of the Vision 2030 survey data, the industry supervisors’ four greatestperceptions of weakness are worth highlighting. These four were focused on engineeringpractice—how devices are made and how they work, communication within diverse engineeringteams and with stakeholders in the organization, engineering codes and standards, and a systemsperspective. Notably, early career engineers judged their greatest weaknesses as practicalexperience, project management, knowledge of business processes and engineering codes andstandards.2 Many of these perceptions of weakness point unmistakably to a lack of emphasis ontranslating

Conference Session

Outreach, Engagement, and Undergraduate Research

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter John Arslanian, NASA/Computer Sciences Corporation; Payam Matin, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

engineering programs are challenged to thoroughly apply their learnedengineering knowledge and research skills toward design and implementation of a challengingsenior design project. A wind tunnel is often used in mechanical or aerospace engineeringprograms as a laboratory instrument to gather experimental data for investigation of fluid flowbehavior. The authors have conducted research to implement a comprehensive design of a smallsize inexpensive wind tunnel for instructional purposes {overall length: 1.8105m, maximumdiameter (contraction nozzle): 0.375m, working section dimensions: 0.25m in length X 0.125min diameter}. The objectives of this research project are to engage an undergraduate engineeringstudent: 1) to design a well-structured wind

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy J. Jacobs, Texas A&M University; Jerald A. Caton, Texas A&M University; Jeffrey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University; Kumbakonam Ramamani Rajagopal, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

University of Michigan and began his faculty position at Texas A&M in 2006.Dr. Jerald A. Caton, Texas A&M UniversityDr. Jeffrey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University Dr. Jeffrey E. Froyd received the B.S. degree in mathematics from Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. He is a TEES Research Professor in the Office of Engineering Academic and Student Affairs at Texas A&M University, College Station. He has been an Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, and Pro- fessor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. He served as Project Director for the Foundation Coalition, a National

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Innovations

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John R. Baker, University of Kentucky; Vincent Capece, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

in a case where K-12 students learned about gravitational attraction and the motion offalling objects. That recent reference includes a significant literature review which can beconsulted for further reading. Ashby and Asay2 discuss recent use of high-speed video in auniversity engineering setting in which undergraduate students studied the dynamics of a vehiclerollover with an ejected passenger. A test was performed that included the video recording ofthe rollover event. According to student surveys, the overall project, which included the high-speed video, was effective in enhancing student understanding of dynamics principles. Okçayand Öztekin3 used a video camera which could record at 30 frames per second in a fluidmechanics course as

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ma Muktadir, North Carolina A&T State University; Sun Yi, North Carolina A&T State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering at North Carolina A&T State University. He has developed new and novel methods for sensing and control algorithms for dynamic systems, which are adaptive and robust. The methods have also been applied to networked robots and UAVs/UGVs using AI, neural networks, sensor fusion, machine visions, and adaptive control. He has managed research projects supported by DoD, NASA, Dept. Energy, and Dept. Transportation. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Machine Vision-Based Detection of Surface Defects of 3d Printed ObjectsAbstractDue to advances in 3D printing technologies, 3D object manufacturing has attracted significantattention nowadays

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne Whiteman, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

andresults include direct course assessment of student learning, design projects, coop and internship Page 14.1109.11employer feedback, undergraduate research papers, student portfolios, student exit surveys,alumni surveys, advisory board feedback, and national rankings, as examples. “Proceedings of the 2009 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright ©2009, American Society for Engineering Education”Sustainability of the process allows assessment to be ongoing and not episodic. Assessment ismost effective when it looks at performance over time. As depicted in the OATS and

Conference Session

What's New in Dynamics?

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward Perry, University of Memphis; Jeffrey Marchetta, University of Memphis

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

been well established in the literature5-7 that engineering students are typically visual ratherthan verbal learners. Nonetheless, we engineering instructors still rely heavily on the traditionallecture to teach our students. Granted that these lectures are often accompanied by sketches onthe chalkboard or pictures projected onto a screen, but the primary instructional tool is stillverbal in nature. All too often our instructional approach is still “instructor-centered” rather than“student-centered.”Accompanying the dramatic rise in the use of the internet in the past ten years has been thedevelopment and collection of online learning materials. A learning object is any entity, be itdigital or non-digital that may be used for education and/or

Conference Session

What's New in Dynamics?

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Avitabile, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Jeffrey Hodgkins, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Page 11.479.9VI. AcknowledgementSome of the work presented herein was partially funded by the NSF Engineering EducationDivision Grant EEC-0314875 entitled “Multi-Semester Interwoven Project for Teaching BasicCore STEM Material Critical for Solving Dynamic Systems Problems”. Any opinions, findings,and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and donot necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation The authors are gratefulfor the support obtained from NSF to further engineering education.VI Bibliography1 Higley,K.A., Marianno,C.M., “Making Engineering Education Fun”, Journal of Engineering Education, Vol 90, No. 1, pp105-107, January 20012 Knight,C.V., McDonald,G.H

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 10

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shalabh C. Maroo, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

76 79 Homework 10 % (paper submission) 15 % (online submission) Quizzes (in-class) 20 % 10 % Design Project 10 % 10 % 3 Exams (including final, 55 % 55 % in-class) LearnSmart Practice n/a 10 % (online through software) Attendance 5% ---The Spring 2016 course had homework problems assigned from the course textbook and studentssubmitted each homework assignment on paper, i.e. students would solve the problems on paperand submit to the

Conference Session

Dynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shaobo Huang, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; John M. Mativo, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

that application ofthe principles is a bottleneck to many students’ learning experience in fundamental engineeringcourses.While engineering design has been widely used to improve students’ skills in applications,students have limited opportunities to learn from projects in fundamental engineering coursesdue to broad spectrum of content, strict schedule, relatively large enrollment, limited budget, andstudents’ design skills. This study selected engineering dynamics course as an example toimprove students’ capability in applying the principles in dynamics into problem solving throughreflective learning practices.Engineering dynamics is a high-enrollment engineering core course; while one of the mostdifficult courses to teach and learn in

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin W. Burrus, University of Oklahoma; Diana Bairaktarova, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Figure 2: Bloom's Taxonomy4 Bloom’s Taxonomy was originally theorized by Benjamin Bloom around the 1950s. Thelevels of the model describe a higher level of learning with each ascending level.3 Once all levelsof the taxonomy are completed; the model implies that the student has mastery of the subject.The levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy, in order, are: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application,Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. Primarily, educators use lower level questions andexamples for assignments and teaching as they are easier to understand and grade. It is tedious tograde higher level questions as they have many more possibilities for correct answers. This maybe problems such as projects, papers, and oral reports that require rubrics for

Conference Session

Engineering Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

André J. Butler, Mercer University; William Moses, Mercer University; Stephen Hill, Mercer University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

sensorcalibration. Each of these exercises resulted in a formal lab report, which was either individualor group-based, depending on the lab exercise. The series of experiments was followed by threetwo-week projects, which were intended to introduce the practical concept of experimentaldesign to students. Typical laboratory objectives were:(i) Determine the effect of condenser pressure on the coefficient of performance of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle;(ii) Compare/contrast measured mass flow rates and meter coefficients determined by the venturi flow meter with mass flow rates and meter coefficients determined by using an orifice plate as a function of pressure tap location and orifice geometry, and(iii) Use the MTS

Conference Session

What's New in Dynamics?

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Wang; Oguz Soysal

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

with the course outcomes. Examplesmay include one or more of the following: an individual quiz or an exam question, anindividual laboratory assignment, a project assignment, or an individual homeworkproblem2.Table 2 Assessment tools and their relationship to the course learning outcomesAssessment Tools Course Learning Outcomes a e g i k Math Physics Engineering1. Test 1 – Problem 1 X X2. Quiz 5 X X3. Test 3 (Take home) X X X X X X X

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University; Tony Lee Kerzmann, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

kits to accommodate for design projects. The VEX Robotics DevelopmentSystem also provides pre-drawn SolidWorks VEX parts that would allow for the CAD design ofa mechanical system such as the robot vehicle shown in 6 by assembly of the parts. Figure 6: DDS SolidWorks Assembly of a Robot Vehicle Using Pre-Drawn VEX parts (DDS Photo Works rendered)ConclusionsTo further develop classroom understanding and course laboratories across the introductory,intermediate, and advanced levels of engineering, an initiative to introduce mechanical systemskits has been developed. The initiative incorporates the modularity and integrated softwarecapabilities of the VEX Robotics Development System as well as the SolidWorks CAD and

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey G Marchetta, University of Memphis; Edward H. Perry, University of Memphis; Carol Stephens, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

compared to other components such as graded homework, projects, etc. Instructorsgenerally note an increase in student enthusiasm and attentiveness when instructors link contentin a lecture or worked example with an upcoming exam. Given all those observations, theauthors hypothesized that it may be possible to increase student participation in assignedhomework by explicitly linking the homework with the exam component of the course.The difficulty with explicit linking of the homework to the course exams is that it leads to aregurgitation of homework solutions on the exams. This is not an effective approach inevaluating the student’s understanding of the principles covered in the class. The trick, then, isto give the students incentive to

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall D. Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

used in grading homework assignments andexams. A number of examples of homework problems and projects given in the course forhelping students to learn and apply the fundamental concepts are also included in the paper.Student Access to Solution ManualMost engineering textbooks provide a large number of excellent problems at the end of eachchapter for homework assignments. The publishers also provide solution manuals as a resourcefor the instructors. Most modern solution manuals provide detailed solutions for each problem in Page 25.228.3the textbook. In more recent years the textbooks solution manuals are prepared in digital format,which makes it

Conference Session

Delivery Methods in Mechanical Engineering Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David J. Dimas, The University of California, Irvine; Faryar Jabbari, University of California, Irvine; Jia Frydenberg, University of California, Irvine

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

courses with asignificant amount of design and team project work include subsections of the course shell thatprovide access-controlled, group project collaboration and presentation functions.Study DesignIn this study three face-to-face courses in the Department of Mechanical and AerospaceEngineering with varying levels of additional online content were assessed over a three yearperiod beginning in the winter quarter of 2011 and ending in the winter of 2013. Each course is10 weeks in length and each carries 4 units or credit. The courses meet from between 3-4 hoursof lecture per week and each requires students to attend at least one 1-hour discussion per weekusually taught by graduate student teaching assistants. The courses varied in size between

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering (ME) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan C Morales, Universidad del Turabo; Michael J. Prince, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

authentic engineering projects. Engineering curricula andteaching methods are often not well aligned with these goals”. Also, in a recent article thataddresses the challenges of diffusing engineering education innovations, Borrego3 states that“despite decades of effort focused on improvement of engineering education, many recentadvances have not resulted in systemic change”. In addition, the Research Council of theNational Academies’ report on transforming STEM education4 states that support is required toimplement “innovative SME&T course development that exceeds substantially the normalcourse preparation commitment“. It also states: “The authoring committee recognizes thatimplementing the visions of this report could require new funds or

Conference Session

Thermal Sciences

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georg Pingen, Union University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

) 1. Lift on a Quonset Hut Design Aerodynamic Design 2. Drag effect on Shotgun BB shot Boundary Layer Flow (Handout) 3. Final Project: Bicycle Potential Flow (Handout) Aerohelmet Design/Construction Flow over a Flat Plate Bicycle Aerodynamics (Handout) IV: External Forced Convection: Flat Plate Design of a Heat Sink Convection Natural Convection V: Internal Flow Laminar/Turbulent Pipe Flow 1. Drain Cleaning Robot Flow and Heat Transfer Pipe Networks and Pumps Analysis Thermal Pipe Flow 2

Conference Session

Mechanics & Mechanics Related

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brian Lani, Pennsylvania State University, Erie Campus; Charlotte Marr de Vries, Pennsylvania State University, Behrend College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

2019Hoover [1] reported that there was a 20% enrollment drop since 2010 at state-owned universitiesin PA and forecasts another 15% drop to come. With a declining number of high schoolgraduates entering the system, the School of Engineering has made student retention a priority.Justification for RecitationIn order to effectively engage engineering students, improve passing rates, and increase retentionin their programs, universities have looked to innovative teaching pedagogies. Active learning[2], increased class time [3], recitation [4], project-based learning [5], and peer tutoring [6] arejust a few of the methods chosen to enhance traditional lecture-based courses. However, studiesfor some of these methods point to mixed results when integrated

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University; Kaitlin Engle Mallouk, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

(M.E.) department, the discrete courses ofthermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics were integrated into a yearlong 12 creditThermal-Fluid Sciences course series: Thermal-Fluid Sciences I course (6 credit hours) offeredin the Fall semester and Thermal-Fluid Sciences II (6 credit hours) course offered in the Springsemester. A total of 4 credit hours over the year are dedicated to Practicum, where students applytheir thermal-fluid sciences knowledge to design, test, and solve hands-on engineering designproblems. Past projects have included an air engine design, air cannon design, solar air heaterdesign, and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) design study of racecar aerodynamics. Thefocus on design projects as opposed to experiments has

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Novoselich, United States Military Academy; Bobby Crawford, United States Military Academy; Erica Young, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

proved possible early inthe semester, but, as the remote education students’ schedules began to diverge, so did theirassignment turn-in times. Ultimately, homework solutions for the resident students were madeavailable through the internal “Blackboard Site”. Solutions for remote education students wereemailed along with their graded assignments.Based on this course presentation strategy, the remote learning students received identicalcontent as the resident students with one minor exception: the Engineering Design Project wasslightly modified to strictly engineering analysis, no actual fabrication was required. Point totalsfor the assignments were adjusted accordingly.Resource AllocationBased on the model used for the development of remote

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer - I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Kean, California Polytechnic State University; Ronald Miller, Colorado School of Mines; Brian Self, California Polytechnic State University; Tamara Moore, University Of Minnesota; Barbara Olds, Colorado School of Mines; Eric Hamilton, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

-solving strategies from studentsin mathematics classes, but have now been expanded to other disciplines including ethics andengineering science2,3.Through a collaborative, large-scale National Science Foundation project, MEAs are now beingdeveloped to elicit student misconceptions about important but poorly understood concepts inthermal science. For example, misconceptions about the second law of thermodynamics and itseffect on energy quality are being explored in an MEA where students estimate the overallthermal efficiency of electric vs. hybrid vs. gasoline cars. Student teams must use a systemsapproach and include all relevant energy conversion steps in their problem solving process.In this paper, we will describe MEAs and how they are being

Conference Session

ME Demonstrations and Laboratories

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pamela L Dickrell, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

electron exchange; how assumedcurrent flow direction in circuit equations opposes actual electron flow, and how two “potatobatteries” in series add effective voltage for application use. The societal impact discussionhighlights a research project at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem using boiled potato slices togreatly improve the operational life of using food or food waste to create batteries and potentialimpact for power in third world countries and using food waste an an alternative power source. Figure 2: The demonstration flow chart as applied to Potato Clock demonstration.The potato clock kit used is found for less than $12 on Amazon, the brand being “Green SciencePotato Clock”, along with the kit, two potatoes, and a standard multi

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Philip Jackson, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

numerical heat transfer, fluids, and magnetohydrodynamic simulations and facilitating undergraduate students to engage in similar projects. He is also focused on the implementation of engineering freshman design experiences. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 A Study of Voluntary Problem Sets on Student Interest, Motivation, and PerformanceAbstractVarious types of course assignments are often structured with different learning goals in mind.Homework assignments are designed to provide students with the necessary practice to honeskills, quizzes are designed to make sure students stay current with course topics, and exams aredesigned to allow students to

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaobin Le P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Richard L Roberts, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Anthony William Duva P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Herb Connors

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 2004[12] Le, X., & Moazed, A. R., & Duva, A. W., “The Design Projects for the Simulation-Based Design Course,” 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, New Orleans, Louisiana, June 2016[13] Hagigat, C., “Using Commercially Available Finite Element Software For Fatigue Analysis,” 2005 ASEE Annual Conference, Portland, Oregon, June 2005[14] Brown, A.O., Rencis, J.J., Jensen, D.A., Chen, C.C., Ibrahim, E., Labay, V., and Schimpf, P., "Finite Element Learning Modules for Undergraduate Engineering Topics using Commercial Software,” 2008 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Pittsburgh, PA, June 2008.[15] Brown, A. O., & Rencis, J. J., & Jensen, D. D., & Schimpf, P. H., &