Conference Session

Engineering Mechanics Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Schuster, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

calculations.IntroductionStudent conceptual learning can be significantly enhanced by providing opportunities forstudents to see and feel the effects of their theoretical analysis. (1) This means more than justenhanced computer-based presentations. It means hands-on (physical or virtual) projects wherethe students get to directly test the theories given in textbooks and lectures.At our university, a quarter-long mechanical engineering senior technical elective course coversintermediate topics in stress analysis, including energy methods (Castigliano’s and Rayleigh- Page 22.101.2Ritz), torsion of non-circular cross-sections, axisymmetric problems, plates, shells

Conference Session

Design Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John E. Pakkala, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

and their multi-degree of freedomcouplings. In addition, nonlinear functions such as tire lateral forces may be altered within thesolver routines to make design decisions for vehicle components. Much of the detail provided inthis work is the result of those two theses. [1, 2]Dynamics ModelingThe modeling in the design tool is quite comprehensive and only a few of the modeling andsimulation methods and results are provided in this paper. The modeling and solvers weredesigned to simulate the behavior of a vehicle under various inputs by both the road and thedriver. Using these simulations, the influence of different design parameters on the vehiclebehavior may be evaluated.The vehicle is modeled as a 14-DOF system consisting of three

Conference Session

Why Industry Says that our Engineering Students Cannot Write

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William K. Durfee, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Benjamin Adams, University of Minnesota; Audrey J. Appelsies, University of Minnesota; Pamela Flash, University of Minnesota

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Mechanical Engineering

three-phase WEC process is (1) to develop awriting plan based on discipline-specific writing outcomes desired for graduating majors, (2)implement the plan and (2) assess the plan and revise based on the assessment. The plan formechanical engineering defined nine attributes of mechanical engineering writing and 14 desiredwriting ability outcomes for graduating majors. Stakeholders agreed that problem sets were thenumber one form of writing for engineering students and that attention paid to writing a problemset would help students to learn the material. The plan was implemented by targeting three corecourses for explicit writing instruction and raising the awareness of writing in other requiredcourses in the program. Assessment is on-going and

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laila Guessous, Oakland University; Qian Zou, Oakland University; Brian P. Sangeorzan, Oakland University; Xia Wang, Oakland University; Gary Barber, Oakland University; Lorenzo M. Smith, Oakland University; LianXiang Yang, Oakland University; David Schall, Oakland University, Department of Mechanical Engineering; Michael A. Latcha, Oakland University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

-life research is one of the most effective ways to attract and retaintalented undergraduates and motivate them towards pursuing careers in engineering and science.1-4 Data indicates that undergraduate students in general, and women and minority students inparticular, report increased skills, confidence and motivation to pursue science or engineeringcareers as a result of research experiences, positive relations with mentors, supportive campusclimate and opportunities to have the students’ work recognized through conferencepresentations or awards.5 Undergraduate research is one way for students to feel more connectedto their educational experience, to see the value of scientific inquiry in the “real world,” to feel agreater sense of

Conference Session

Mechatronics in the Curriculum

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Garrett M. Clayton, Villanova University; Rebecca A. Stein, University of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

with step-by-step instructions showing how to build and troubleshoot the motor. In addition, preliminaryexperiment testing and student reactions are presented.1) IntroductionMotors are an important part of the mechanical engineering (ME) curriculum as well as incurricula developed for high school science and robotics clubs – in fact, this experiment wasdeveloped as part of a curriculum to accompany the Navy’s SeaPerch program1, which focuseson junior high and high school students. In college ME programs, motors are introduced infreshman and sophomore introduction to engineering courses, and then elaborated upon in higherlevel classes, such as system dynamics, control systems, and mechatronics. Most commonly,experiments involving motors focus

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions: Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen R. Turns, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Peggy Noel Van Meter, Pennsyvlania State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

conceptsand principles, application of skills and strategies, and awareness and control of learning andproblem solving processes. In this paper, we describe each of these categories of knowledge, including importantcharacteristics, and how the knowledge relates to problem solving. We also discuss specificideas for how instructors can impact students’ acquisition of, and their ability to use, each type ofknowledge. Although this paper discusses how these methods can be applied to a specificthermodynamics course, the principles of instruction can be applied to a variety of engineeringcourses. A graphic overview of the organization of this paper and key points from each sectionare shown in Table 1.A Framework of Student Cognition: Three

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratories I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory J. Michna, South Dakota State University; Stephen Gent, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Spring 2010 students. Althoughthe sample size was small, the comparison of the survey results shows that the changes improvedthe course significantly.1. IntroductionIn the National Academy of Engineering’s The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in theNew Century1, strong analytical skills, practical ingenuity, creativity, good communication skills,mastery of the principles of business and management, leadership, high ethical standards, a senseof professionalism, dynamism, agility, resilience, flexibility, and an attitude of lifelong learningare identified as attributes that will be required of successful engineers in the 21st century. Manyof these attributes, including practical ingenuity, creativity, and communication skills, are

Conference Session

Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brent Nelson, Northern Arizona University; Constantin Ciocanel, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

regress in their conceptual understanding, regardlessof their academic performance within the class.1 Students frequently fail to understand how toapply mathematical concepts to real problems.Within mechanical engineering curriculum, heat transfer is considered a notoriously difficultcourse for students.2,3 Concept inventories have been developed to assess students’ level ofconceptual understanding; reported student scores on these inventories have been quite low, withaverage performance in the range of 50%.2,4 The incorporation of active learning approacheswithin classes and programs have been shown to increase conceptual understanding of corecontent,5 but are infrequently utilized in core content engineering courses such as those in thethermal

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall Manteufel, The University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

moistair. It provide several examples demonstrating the efficiency of “Solver” and “Goal Seek” toolsof Excel in solving problems requiring iterative processes.Definitions and Basic Equations PsychrometricsThe following paragraphs provide the basic definitions and equations used in psychrometricanalysis.At low pressures a mixture of air and water vapor behaves as an ideal gas. Therefore, ideal gasequations can be used for thermodynamic analysis of moist air close to atmospheric pressures.The equation of state for ideal gases can be expressed in the following forms: PV ? nR T ? mRT (1)where, R is the universal gas constant, R ? R M , and M is the molecular weight of

Conference Session

Design Projects in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Vuksanovich, Youngstown State University; Darrell Wallace, Youngstown State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

-produce the worldduring WWII. Innovation put us on the moon and fueled the computer and internet boom of the1990’s. Studies going back as far as 1959 have identified engineering creativity as a vitalcontributor to industry competitiveness and the national welfare. 1 A preponderance of literaturepublished in the past five years points to a lack of soft skills, including creative innovation, asfactors in declining global competitiveness. 2,3,4,5 At the root of this problem is a deeplyentrenched educational paradigm that does not encourage creative thinkers.This innovation was possible because there were people that not only understood engineeringprinciples; they also knew how to apply them in ways that satisfied a human need. Theseengineers were

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natasha Smith, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

between the questionsaddressed by Statics (i.e. forces on rigid bodies) and those they will face in Strengths ofMaterials. The final objective is to demonstrate how stiffness is affected by both geometry andmaterial, highlighting implications for design. The lab has been conducted in various forms inboth an introductory design course and as a first lab in Strengths of Materials.IntroductionTwo vital skills for an engineering graduate are the abilities to reason and communicateeffectively. ABET outcomes for baccalaureate engineering programs include abilities to"analyze and interpret data" as well as "to communicate effectively" 1. The Boeing Corporationalso lists these critical thinking and good communication as skill sets in their published

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Patterson, San Diego State University; Christopher Paolini, San Diego State University; Subrata Bhattacharjee, San Diego State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

settings are transmitted to the serverin snippets through asynchronous calls known as Web Services and the server responds with dataor computed results, which are further processed locally upon arrival.Rich Internet Applications refer loosely to a group of technologies which allow for browserbased programs to mimic features of traditional software programs. In 2002 Macromedia definedthe features of rich clients and rich Internet applications as a way to overcome the shortcomingsof HTML. Some of limitations of traditional HTML include the need to generate large amountsof text to transmit simple data, the lack of client-side data storage, and the rudimentary graphicscapabilities[1

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randall Manteufel, University of Texas, San Antonio; Amir Karimi, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

compared with historical data for the Page 15.628.3course. Statistical difference doesn’t establish causality, but do indicate unreasonablevariability.Table 1 provides a summary of the final grades for 24 classes of engineering statics taughtby 10 different instructors from the fall 2004 to summer 2009. The class size format variedfrom 16-week long semesters with two- or three-meeting per week, to 10-week summersessions meeting twice per week. Over the 5 year period, 860 students enrolled orattempted statics. Of these students, 535 passed the statics course and were tracked intosubsequent engineering courses.The data includes those students who

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanical Systems: What's New

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arun Chintalapati, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Hong Sheng, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Richard Hall, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Robert Landers, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

to simulate theequipment enhances the quality of education as well as accommodates students with variouslearning styles.2An important aspect of such educational software is that it should be easy to use, learn andunderstand. In essence it should be usable. Usability is defined as “the capability of the softwareproduct to be understood, learned, used and attractive to the user, when used under specifiedconditions.”1 Usability testing plays an important role in the development of interactiveeducational software and user-centered design is quintessential for promoting its usage.“Usability problems of educational software can be one source of disturbance within the learningprocess by distracting attention from the learning task and consequently

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer-Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

B. Terry Beck, Kansas State University; Greg Payne, Kansas State University; Trevor Heitman, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Page 15.1204.2IntroductionThe Pitot-static tube or Pitot-static probe is probably one of the most common instruments usedfor measurement of local air velocity, and is still an integral part of wind tunnel testing facilities.It is the instrument used for airspeed measurement in commercial aircraft, and is a testinstrument for airflow measurement in building duct systems. It functions on a very simpleimpact pressure principle, based on the application of Bernoulli’s equation to relate the local“dynamic pressure” or “velocity pressure” to a measurable pressure difference (assumingapproximately incompressible flow) given by 1 pdynamic = ρU 2 = pstagnation − pstatic

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brandon Field, University of Southern Indiana; David Ellert, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

methods were needed in both thecomputer and hand calculations of the building loads.The purpose to running the classes without textbooks was to familiarize the students with themultiple real-world references that would be needed in their engineering careers. The lack of anassigned textbook was not seen to be a hinder on the student ability to use the referencesprovided. At the end of each semester the University administers evaluations, and one of thequestions on this evaluation is: “The course materials used, such as visuals, texts, handouts andon-line items, helped me learn.” The students respond on a scale of 5 to 1 with 5 being“Significantly Agree” and 1 being “Significantly Disagree.” In all of these semesters, theaverage for this question

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions - Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra Mascaro, University of Utah; Stacy Bamberg, University of Utah; Robert Roemer, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the entire curriculum that (1)reinforces student understanding and retention through reinforcement at short intervals, and (2)minimizes fading of conceptual knowledge due to extended disuse – as is often problematic inthe traditional ME curriculum.IntroductionHistorically, engineering education has followed a linear model in which engineering topics aretaught in separate, disconnected classes that “serially encapsulate” the course material in thestudents’ minds. In contrast, our newly developed first-year course sequence, funded by a CourseCurriculum and Laboratory Improvement Phase 1 Grant from the National Science Foundationtitled “Design-Based SPIRAL Learning Curriculum” (DUE-0837759), strives to integrate avariety of engineering topics in

Conference Session

Manufacturing and Machine Component Design

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott F. Kiefer, York College of Pennsylvania

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, build, and test project. Students will then be ready to apply designanalysis to create simple devices that they can manufacture in the machine shop. Finally, acapstone course will naturally make use of manufacturing skills. Assessing the importance of including machining and design documentation experiencesin the mechanical engineering curriculum for all students was substantiated with student andalumni feedback and with data from local industries. Specific examples are given of studentproject work, industry feedback, and course outcomes.1. Introduction This paper provides the history of how and why machining, detailing drawings, andtolerancing are being incorporated throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum at YorkCollege

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David C. Zietlow, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

in bold font while theassociated explanations are in normal font. The bold numbers preceding each instructioncorresponds to the summary of the deductive problem-solving strategy given in Appendix A.The deductive problem-solving strategy is a technique which provides structure to solving open-ended problems where the inputs are not known initially. The first key step, in solving any engineering problem, is to [1] draw a schematic of thesystem as shown in Figure 1. In this schematic, the heat exchangers are represented by two righttriangles. Each side of the right triangle represents the inlet or outlet for the fluid passingthrough the heat exchanger. The hypotenuse represents the heat transfer surface area. Identifyall energy flows

Conference Session

Mechanical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goodarz Ahmadi, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

described in [1]. In fact, majority for air pollution and smug incities are due to particulate maters. Particle resuspension form flooring has beenidentified as a health issue for indoor air pollution. In the last decade, significant research progress in the areas of particle transport,deposition and removal has been made. The primary objective of this combined researchand curriculum development project is to make the fruits of these new important researchfindings available to seniors and first year graduate students in engineering through thedevelopment and offering of a sequence of specialized courses. In these courses, theprocess of particle transport, deposition and removal and re-entrainment are described.The topic of particle transport

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment in ME

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark F. Schar, Stanford University; Sarah L. Billington, Stanford University; Sheri D. Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

is closely related to business skill self-efficacy, having a“divergent” learning style, and a “systemizing” approach to problem solving. This suggests thateSBL curriculum could be an important tool in preparing engineering students for a career inentrepreneurship or other business-related activity within core engineering course content. Inaddition, faculty impressions on instruction using this curricular tool are shared.1. Introduction: Engineering + XThe career pathway for engineering students overwhelmingly leads to industry. A recent studyby the National Science Foundation of newly graduated engineering bachelor and master’sdegree recipients shows that 75 percent of graduates are employed by “private industry orbusiness.”1 It is apparent

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy J. Jacobs, Texas A&M University; Jerald A. Caton, Texas A&M University; Jeffrey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University; Kumbakonam Ramamani Rajagopal, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

concepts related to thesecond law (reversibility, impossibility, entropy, and exergy) than those to the first law. Forexample, a Delphi study 1 identified thermodynamic concepts of high importance but with littlestudent-understanding 2; the study reveals a second law concept (reversibility) to be ranked 7thamong 28 concepts because very few students understand it but experts generally consider itimportant. During the development of second-law oriented tutorials, Cochran and Heronobserved severe deficiencies of students’ second-law understanding 3.To address issues about students’ challenges in mastering the second law, it is necessary to Page

Conference Session

Manufacturing and Machine Component Design

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Edwin M. Odom, University of Idaho, Moscow; Jay Patrick McCormack, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Dan Cordon, University of Idaho, Moscow

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

self-directed, point-of-use access by connecting design artifacts and design tools with internet-delivered, interactive displays. For now, the medium for this connection is QR codes, but wehope to replace this method with image recognition utilities in the near future.Mindworks ComponentsCentral to our design program is a learning environment known as Mindworks. This is infusedthroughout the design suite and is aligned with our core values. It was created to (1) promote aculture of professional decision making in engineering design, (2) house a variety of physicaland virtual resources that support project learning, and (3) serve as the delivery system for avariety of engineering graphics, manufacturing, and simulation courses as well as the

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment in ME

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott L. Post, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

inform instructional decisions?1 Asmore and more progress is being made towards implementing active learning and cooperativelearning in higher education classes, it is worthwhile to re-examine grading procedures to see ifthey are appropriately supporting active learning strategies. The efficacy of active learningactivities2 and cooperative learning strategies3-5 has been demonstrated convincingly in theliterature.So how should grading being conducted, in light of the research showing the efficacy of activeand cooperative learning? We can broadly divide grading strategies into two types ofassessments: formative and summative. Formative assessments can be thought of as a loop,where “students and teachers focus on a learning target, evaluating

Conference Session

Attracting, Developing and Retaining Talented ME Students

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marisa K. Orr, Louisiana Tech University; Susan M Lord, University of San Diego; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University and Central Queensland University; Richard A. Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

pathways of ME and AsE students at schools with first yearengineering (FYE) programs and schools where students matriculate directly to specificengineering majors, the Semester 1 ME and AsE enrollments at FYE schools are imputed. Thisimputed Semester 1 enrollment, Semester 1*, is calculated by allocating the total FYEmatriculated population to specific majors at semester 1 in the same proportion as students choseeach major after FYE. This assumes that the retention through the transition from FYE programsis the same for all engineering majors. For example, if 100 students matriculate to FYEprograms, and 75 students declare a specific engineering major immediately after leaving FYE,then there is 75% retention. If 15 students declared ME after FYE

Conference Session

Mechanical Division Poster Session

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Diane L. Peters, Kettering University; Joy Arbor, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

research project.The research purpose of this project is to (1) show how students can be prompted to make suchlinks between academics and work, through this classroom assignment; (2) determine what linksstudents see between the course and their work assignments; and (3) provide data to allowinstructors to better show students how the material they learn is relevant to a variety of workenvironments. The collection of assignment essays for which the students gave consent wasanalyzed to determine the students’ opinions regarding the strength of the relationships betweentheir co-op assignments and the work they were doing in the Statics course. The result of thisessay analysis is discussed in the context of relevant literature and presents

Conference Session

Programming, Simulation, and Dynamic Modeling

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaobin Le P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Anthony William Duva P.E., Wentworth Institute of Technology; Michael Jackson, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

plan &summary and both student and faculty experiences when the balance of theory, simulation andprojects was implemented in the course. Valuable information from students’ survey will bepresented and analyzed. According to the students’ survey in our three classes, the majority ofstudents strongly agreed with that the teaching approach “the balance of theory, simulation andproject” was the best one for teaching the course “Design of Machine Elements”.1. IntroductionThe trend in engineering education is swinging from an emphasis on theory to a balance betweentheory and applied design activities [1-4]. There are certainly some gaps or differences betweenthe academic settings and the industrial settings for mechanical engineering programs

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids and Heat Transfer II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Shepard, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

student. As theinstructor has likely studied the subject in-depth and taught it many times it can be difficult forthem to recall what was confusing to them when they learned it the first time, while the studentsin the course can be keenly aware of where confusion is arising. Peer tutoring is a practicewhich takes advantage of this to improve student learning by having students learn from otherstudents. It is important to note that peer tutoring can be accomplished in a variety of ways andTopping1 identifies ten dimensions which can be varied depending on the specificimplementation used: 1. curriculum content covered by peer tutors 2. number of tutors and tutees 3. tutor and tutee year(s) of study – tutors could be from same year of study or

Conference Session

ME Curriculum and Assessment

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christopher E. Larsen, University of Missouri; Rose M. Marra Ph.D, University of Missouri, Columbia; Nai-En Tang; David H. Jonassen, University of Missouri, Columbia; Robert Andrew Winholtz

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

ascertain – 1. Which instructional scaffolds and technological affordances do students perceive as helpful when collaborating through online tools? 2. Which instructional scaffolds and technological affordances do engineering instructors perceive as effective for online collaboration? Presented in this research is a qualitative case study that searches for an optimal balanceof instructional scaffolds for online collaborative tools employed in mechanical engineering froma learning perspective. The concept of the Goldilocks continuum represents the naturalinclination of humans to move toward the most agreeable or the least disagreeable position; anoptimal balance along the continuum. For sake of this

Conference Session

New Teaching Pedagogies: Methods and Assessments

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey F. Rhoads, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Eric Nauman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Beth M. Holloway, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Charles Morton Krousgrill, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics

1 depicts two pages of the ME 27400 Lecturebook which are representative ofLecturebook sections designed for factual content delivery and to introduce an example problem,respectively. As evident, the style of factual information delivery largely mirrors a traditionaltext, while the example problems are cast in terms of a Given-Find format. The latter is designedto bring clarity to the thought processes of novice students who are still establishing theirbaseline problem-solving skills. To exercise higher levels of cognition, the aforementionedcontent is augmented on both an intra- and inter-topic basis with Challenge Questions andConceptual Problems. The Challenge Questions are specifically designed to have studentsexpand their depth of