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Displaying results 91 - 120 of 168 in total
Conference Session
Gender Bias in Student Evaluations of Teaching
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Agnes G d'Entremont, University of British Columbia, Vancouver; Hannah Gustafson, University of British Columbia
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering
.Student ratings of male and female instructors are likely influenced by the genderedexpectations of the rater12. Two straightforward examples of gendered expectations are thatstudents are more likely to assume a male instructor holds a PhD as compared with a femaleinstructor13 and are more likely to refer to male instructors as “Doctor” or by their last namewhen writing evaluations of their instructors14. Each of these examples shows that the status andcredentials of female faculty are discounted. Female professors may be expected to be morecaring and nurturing than male professors, given that these traits are considered morefeminine12. Even though female instructors had more meetings with students outside of classhours, students were more likely
Conference Session
Special Resources and Activities for Minorities
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xiaoqing Qian, Alabama A&M University; Zhengtao Deng, Alabama A&M University; George Seweryniak, DoE Computational Science Division
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
-3.6 3.6-3.8 3.8-4.0 GPA Range Figure 2. Actual GPA history in academic year of 200-2001, 2003-2004, 2005-2006 and 2006-2007.Due to the strong competition, the minimum GPA required for receiving scholarship wasincreased from 3.0 to 3.25 in 2006. To apply for the scholarship, students need to fill out theapplication form, write an essay about their goal towards high performance computing, alongwith a faculty recommendation letter. Upon receipt of the scholarship, students agree tomaintain a GPA of 3.25, successfully complete a minimum of 12 credit hours per semester,and maintain a major in science, mathematics or engineering. Recipients are
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ieshya Anderson, Arizona State University; Shawn S. Jordan, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
[19]conducted work in the same realm ofculture-based education for Native American students by investigating the use of culture inteaching mathematics. This work introduced the idea of “identity accomplishment confusion,” Work in Progress: Seeking Wa:k Community Perceptions in Engineering 4where culture compromises the learning of fundamental skills. Although this report providesexamples of how teaching methods (e.g., peer learning) have had positive results in teachingfundamental mathematics among Native American students, it concedes that culturally infusedmethods have not been evaluated. This study also acknowledges Native Americans cannot andshould not be homogenized due to various environments, and
Conference Session
Attracting Young MINDS in Engineering - Part II
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University, Los Angeles; Jianyu Dong, California State University, Los Angeles; Eun-Young Kang, California State University, Los Angeles; Huiping Guo, California State University, Los Angeles; Mauricio Castillo, California State University, Los Angeles; Alexander Abramyan, California State University, Los Angeles; Keith Moo-Young, California State University, LA
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
encouragegraduate fellows to pursue a PhD, the program supports fellows to attend both professionalconferences and the NSF GK-12 National Conference to network with PhD students and doctoralresearch faculty. To date, fellows have published three papers6, 7, 8, presented five presentationsat national conferences, and attended twenty conferences. Fellows are also encouraged to formGRE study groups. In addition, seminars on graduate school, how to present scientific Page 15.1103.4presentations, and grant writing are held.Fostering Role ModelsThe IMPACT LA Program places graduate fellows, who are conducting masters-level researchin STEM disciplines, into middle
Conference Session
Learning Needs and Educational Success
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carolyn Skurla, Baylor University; Steven Eisenbarth, Baylor University; Richard Campbell, Baylor University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
avoiding student debt 6, 8 , o dealing with issues of social life within the university community 6.• work to improve career skills, including o resume writing 6, 8, o interviewing skills 6, o business etiquette 10.• increase participation in student organizations 1.• encourage undergraduate participation in research programs 1.• seek feedback from students and faculty 1.• increase student interaction/mentoring by peers, faculty, and industry professionals 1.Participants in these programs tended to achieve better grades and graduation rates amongunderrepresented minorities.Felder and Brent 11, in a review article about levels of intellectual development described, amongothers, the Baxter Magolda model that
Conference Session
Multimedia Tutorials and Web Development
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ramin Sadeghi, Power & Water University of Technology; Ali Mehrabian, University of Central Florida; Saeid Moslehpour, University of Hartford
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
; • Using MS Word forms for research projects: http://www.rit.edu/~kecncp/160/cc-part- 1-2-research.doc; 2. Message Boards at NTID • Message Boards are being used in several courses for Deaf students at NTID. I have found them very useful for short writing assignments and for stimulating peer review of students’ work. College Writing -- http://www.rit.edu/~kecncp/discus (moderated by KEC) • Other professors have put them to use for job interview practice situations and for art seminar discussions. Job Search and Freshman Art Seminar -- 3. Chat Rooms General Audience: • Chat and Newsgroups are online for English second language students. • One-on-one
Conference Session
Foster Excellence
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claude Villiers, Florida Gulf Coast University; Neville Parker, The City College of The City University of New York
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
framework was used in theprevious project) with the other graduate students of the faculty member. These measures wereput in place to stimulate interest of STI students on conducting research. The authors believedthat young students learn effectively from their peers. Also, as can be seen in Table 3A, effortwas made to ensure that student’s communication and writing skills were assessed.Progressively, the students became excited to prepare asphalt mixtures including aggregatebatching and sieving, mixing of asphalt liquid and aggregate, and compacting of asphalt pillsusing the gyratory compactor. They conducted laboratory tests such as bulk and maximum
Conference Session
Myths About Gender and Race
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy E. Slaton, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Minorities in Engineering, Women in Engineering
projects include the blog STEMequity.com, and a study, with sociologist Mary Ebeling, of economic equity in nanotechnology training and employment. She is also writing on distributions of blame between workers and materials for failures in contemporary building technologies, as economies of scale and automation continue their long incursion on the labor of commercial construction. Page 22.1061.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Metrics of Marginality: How Studies of Minority Self-Efficacy Hide Structural InequitiesAbstractIn ongoing
Conference Session
Build Diversity in Engineering Graduate Programs
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carmen G. Villa, Texas A&M University; Felecia M. Nave, Prairie View A&M University; Sherri S. Frizell, Prairie View A&M University; Mary V. Alfred, Texas A&M University; Fred Arthur Bonner II, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
method12.The dataobtained from faculty interviews and student focus groups were treated as independent groups.Therefore, for each institution, the faculty interviews were analyzed as one unit and the studentfocus groups were analyzed as a separate unit of data.The research team met as a group to analyze the data from the first two institutions. The teamfollowed this procedure to identify strong categories for the initial themes and to utilize peer Page 22.1499.3debriefing concurrently. The interviews for these particular institutions were transcribed andindividual units of data were placed on note cards. The note cards, particularly for the
Conference Session
Adaptive and Supportive Learning Environments
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
W. Vincent Wilding, Brigham Young University; Thomas Allen Knotts IV, Brigham Young University; William G. Pitt, Brigham Young University; Morris D. Argyle, Brigham Young University
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering, Minorities in Engineering
, where he has served since 1987. He is currently the Pope Professor of chemical engineering at BYU and an Adjunct Research Professor in the Bioengineering Department of the University of Utah. During his 24 years at BYU, his teaching has been in the areas of materials, polymers, and transport phenomena. His research has spanned many disciplines ranging from biomedical material surfaces and composite materials to his current work in controlled drug and gene delivery. With colleagues and students at BYU and other institutions, he has more than 110 peer-reviewed journal publications.Prof. Morris D. Argyle, Brigham Young University
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 4
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wendy A. Dannels, Rochester Institute of Technology/National Technical Institute for the Deaf; Chris Campbell, Rochester Institute of Technology; Brian Trager, Rochester Institute of Technology; Byron Behm, Rochester Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
students still do not yet experience full access to information inpostsecondary education that is equal to that of their hearing peers. Many existing anddeveloping technologies have significant potential to serve as effective “access technologies” forDHH people.Access technologies refer to technologies or devices that can be utilized by DHH students toassist them in acquiring or sharing information, communicating, or otherwise participating ineducational opportunities, including classroom, online learning, and laboratory experiences, aswell as educational experiences taking place outside of the classroom. To address the uniquechallenges of utilizing or adapting new technologies for use in postsecondary educationalsettings, Rochester Institute of
Conference Session
Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University; Douglas E. Oppliger, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
offers frequent networkingopportunities among the teachers (peer support) and a regularly scheduled direct link touniversity program managers (programmatic support). Most instances of HSE function asafterschool programs, and teacher-coaches are paid for their coaching and mentorship just asthose who direct afterschool athletics. Students on HSE teams work on projects that are selected Page 22.539.2by the coach and team and that have local significance for the students and their community.These projects can continue from one academic year to the next. In the course of their HSEexperience, the students write business plans, solve real-world
Conference Session
Developing Young MINDS in Engineering: Part I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michelle Kobus, Hillsborough Community College; Cesar Guerrero, University of South Florida; Miguel Labrador, University of South Florida; Rafael Perez, University of South Florida
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
, personalized advising service, mentoring at USF and HCC, paid research experiences for undergraduates, a peer tutoring program, and professional development opportunities. All of these programs are used to recruit, retain, and prepare community college students to continue on their educational path toward a four-year university experience.≠ Bridge students from community colleges to four-year universities and graduate school. CSTEP offers two summer programs with strong math, programming, and research components. These components are taught in formal courses that allow the students to be admitted directly to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, bridging the students from HCC to USF.≠ Increase graduation rates
Conference Session
Retention Issues
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Phyllis Tedford, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi; John Fernandez, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Conference Session
Building and Engaging Communities for Scholarship, Advocacy, and Action for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Janet Callahan, Boise State University; Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Adrienne Robyn Minerick, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Topics
ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity
Tagged Divisions
International, Minorities in Engineering
students, and havingmutual respect and admiration for the academic engagement of their traditionally aged peers orfriends.” Adult students across campuses felt socially excluded due to life commitments andchallenges relating to traditional students. While class performance improved with theproportion of adult students, these students graduate at a lower rate than traditional students.Social integration was identified as a key to retention since anxiety leads to questioning abilitiesand thus stunted performance. Interviews revealed that Adult learners viewed themselves asmore experienced, more career focused, and less interested in social activities than the traditionalstudents. The authors conclude by encouraging educators to be cognizant of the
Conference Session
Moving the Needle: The Complexities of Race and Gender in Engineering Education
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leroy L. Long III, The Ohio State University; Joseph Allen Kitchen, The Ohio State University; Trevion S. Henderson, The Ohio State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
. Data analysis, in short, proceeded in several stages using the constantcomparison method by reducing a preliminary set of codes into larger themes through aniterative process of reading, categorizing, and comparing categories/codes both within and acrosstranscripts.33 Several strategies were employed to establish credibility: member checking (i.e.,asking a participant to review his transcript for accuracy and completeness), triangulation of datasources (e.g., interviews, demographic questionnaire), and peer debriefing (i.e., researcherstalked with colleagues regularly for the purpose of exploring implicit aspects of the study).ResultsCategory 1: Confident and resilient (Buoyant Believers)Using Strayhorn’s typology as a guide for the first time
Conference Session
New Research & Trends for Minorities in Engineering
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yvette Pearson Weatherton, University of Texas, Arlington; Stephanie Lynn Daza, University of Texas at Arlington; Vu V. Pham, University of Texas, Arlington
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
the federally recognized categories of impairment (hearing, visual, and mobility), surveys allowedparticipants to write-in other disabilities; these are denoted by an asterisk.Using a five-point Likert scale (―strongly disagree‖ to ―strongly agree‖), high school studentparticipants responded to statements about STEM courses, such as ―It seems like Science,Technology, Math and Engineering classes are geared more for boys than girls.‖ High schoolteachers helped develop appropriate language for the student surveys. These questions shed lighton students‘ perceptions of courses versus fields by gender, race, and (dis)ability.Likert scales, while limited in various ways, are useful because ―they build in a degree ofsensitivity and differentiation
Conference Session
Minority Student Success
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Annita Alting, Grove School of Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York; Feridun Delale, City College of the City University of New York; Joseph Barba, City College of the City University of New York
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
interested in transferring to a bachelor’s program in engineering.The purpose of the course is to introduce potential Grove students to the practice of engineering Page 23.249.4research in the engineering disciplines the school offers. The course consists of a group researchassignment, lab and library visits, guest lectures on engineering ethics and statistics, groupreports and presentations, math tutoring, and writing exercises analyzing a research article andexploring a research problem. A program description is provided in appendix 2. The studentswere recruited by Grove’s office of student programs using its contacts in many communitycolleges and
Conference Session
Mentoring Graduate Students - Diversity and Assessment
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sylvanus N. Wosu, University of Pittsburgh; Devdas M. Pai, North Carolina A&T State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies, Minorities in Engineering
the ever-increasing diversity in the U.S., expected large-scaleretirements from the STEM disciplines, and the need to ensure a stable future STEM workforceto maintain U.S. competitiveness in science and engineering. Nelson and Rogers write, “Ifsignificant progress is to be made within the next couple of decades, new and totally differentapproaches to solving problems facing women and minority faculty will be needed.13”This paper presents a comprehensive multi-dimensional approach to addressing the above three-body pipeline problem that result in low production of URM PhD and under-representation ofURM faculty in STEM. The model premise is that multi-campus recruiting pipeline, graduatementoring, retention system, and institutional receptivity
Conference Session
New Approaches in Engineering
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Audrey Lynn LaVallie, Turtle Mountain Community College; Eric Asa, North Dakota State University; G. Padmanabhan P.E., North Dakota State University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
students reiterated that these studies were much longer than any previous study they had undertaken in the past and that they had not worked before in a collaborative effort. The students were also able to note that planning and execution followed distinct stages- literature search, experimental design, data collection and evaluation , and drawing of conclusions. Exposure to technical writing was invaluable for most of the students- although writing skills are poor across the board in the U.S., scores are particularly low at TCCs. Science and math scores on assessment tests such as the Praxis (for secondary education students) are moderately lower than national medians, but English skills are very much lower. In
Conference Session
Interest and Movitation: Formulating New Paradigms to Increase URM Participation in Engineering
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michele Yatchmeneff, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Alaska Native Science & Engineering Program (ANSEP) Deputy Direc- tor and managed its Summer Bridge, Academies of Engineering, and University Success components. I earned a BS in Civil Engineering from University of Alaska Anchorage (UAA) in 2005 and a MS in En- gineering Management from UAA in 2009. I have taught the Introduction to Engineering course at UAA 5 times. I have more than five years of construction and engineering professional experience in Alaska. I specialized in water and sewer projects in remote Alaskan villages. My responsibilities have included design assistance, technical report and permit writing, feasibility studies, and business plan preparations. Previous work includes conceptual design of
Conference Session
MIND - Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tremayne Waller, Virginia Tech; Sharnnia Artis, Virginia Tech; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
males at the university. TheBMC also sponsors several other programs each year, including general membershipmeeting, discussions on academic and career success, a Black Men’s Retreat, and aKwanzaa celebration, to name just a few. Cross-generational mentoring and rolemodeling occurs in the BMC informally and through the connections made between Page 12.1451.4participants. A formal peer mentoring program was recently developed to foster anintentional link between continuing African American male students and first-yearstudents. Overall, the BCM is perceived by the Rutgers administration as havingprovided a successful initial attempt to help develop and
Conference Session
Impact Student Success
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Society of Black Engineers (NSBE) [1] which is a large country-wide organization (and local chapters) with lots of opportunities for networking, job search, career advancement, etc. (10) Write a follow-up paper to be submitted to the ASEE Conference for dissemination.In addition. it is important to establish a pipeline from our BS to our graduate programs and fromhigh schools to our BS programs. This pipeline will help us in recruiting. It is also important to offerall minority students in engineering mentoring on the issues of retention, graduation and careeradvancement.To pursue these objectives, we received a grant from the James Irvine Foundation.After the first quarter, we held a survey of freshman mostly in Engineering
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 8
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maria Teresa Napoli, University of California, Santa Barbara; Elizabeth Sciaky, University of California, Santa Barbara, Center for Science and Engineering Partnerships; Diana Jaleh Arya, University of California, Santa Barbara; Noreen Balos, University of California, Santa Barbara
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
content and evolution of their journal writing (details will bediscussed in a separate publication). In short, PIPELINES is an example of how different entities can work together towardsachieving their respective goals, all of which are focused on increasing a currently dwindlingengineering workforce in the U.S.Workforce Learning through STEM Design Experiences PIPELINES Navy design experience emphasizes collaborative, problem-based learning,with a focus on Navy STEM problems. Such activities support and encourage students todevelop skills, such as critical thinking and problem solving that are essential for academic andworkplace success. A survey of the literature reveals that engineering students leave their major
Conference Session
Factors Affecting Minority Engineering Students
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leo McAfee, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Component: A communication skills instruction component,structured to be in parallel with and to document the research project, has three segments: aproject description, a progress report, and a final report. A faculty member of the UMTechnical Communication Program provides class instruction, assigns homework, andprovides extensive feedback after first drafts of reports and oral presentation practices.During the first segment, and after the student has been involved for about two weeksbecoming familiar with the research project, each student writes a project description of theresearch to be conducted during the following eight weeks. The project description containsa project title, project goal, review of literature, research methods, tasks
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 1
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Harvey Abramowitz EngScD, Purdue University Northwest, Hammond; Roy L. Hamilton, Purdue University Northwest
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
problem of retaining students in a program of study in engineering has long beena problem for engineering educators…Roughly fifty percent of the students who begin inengineering leave the field before receiving their engineering degree [1].” According toAnderson-Rowland [2], the enrollment of minority freshman in engineering had increased morethan six fold during the 1980s and 1990s. However the attrition rate for freshman engineeringminorities was still high. Moreover, after five years of study, the graduation rate for minoritystudents (African American, Hispanic American, and Native American), is much lower than thatof non-minorities. Peter Schmidt [3], writing in The Chronicle of Higher Education, noted thatinadequate preparation for college
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donna Auguste, University of Colorado, Boulder; Tanya D. Ennis, University of Colorado, Boulder; Shelly Lynn Miller, University of Colorado Boulder; Joseph L. Polman, University of Colorado Boulder
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
modeling studies of industrial odors and wellbeing in Colorado com- munities, diesel exhaust pollution, indoor environmental quality and respiratory health, asthma and air pollution, and radon. She has published over 60 peer reviewed articles on air quality.Dr. Joseph L. Polman, University of Colorado Boulder Joe Polman is a Professor of Learning Sciences and Science Education, as well as Associate Dean for Research, in the School of Education at University of Colorado Boulder. He designs and studies project- based learning environments for youth in schools and community programs. He focuses on learning and identity development connected to practices of science, literacy, history, and journalism, with a particular aim
Conference Session
Dissecting the Nuances that Hinder Broad Participation in Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brian A. Burt, Iowa State University; Alade S McKen, Iowa State University; Jordan Anthony Burkhart, Iowa State University; Jennifer Hormell, Iowa State University; Alec James Knight, Iowa State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
Paper ID #14786Racial Microaggressions within the Advisor-advisee Relationship: Implica-tions for Engineering Research, Policy, and PracticeDr. Brian A. Burt, Iowa State University Brian A. Burt is Assistant Professor of Higher Education at Iowa State University. He studies graduate stu- dents’ learning and achievement, particularly those from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM fields. He also examines the institutional policies and practices that influence students’ educational and work- force pathways. His research, writing, and teaching and advising directly relate to his personal journey as a collegiate student
Conference Session
MIND - Poster Session
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ibironke Lawal, Virginia Commonwealth University
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
of high school take fewer science andmathematics courses, also scoring low on science achievement tests.9,10 In a recent study, Bakerand Leary interviewed forty girls in grades 2,5,8 and 11 using semi-structured protocol. The Page 12.1613.3interview focused on feelings about science, science careers, peer and parental support, and howscience is taught. All of the girls asserted that women can and should do science. In this report,Baker and Leary11 stated that teacher-student interactions are biased in favor of boys as early asin elementary schools. In the face of failure, boys are encouraged to try again, and girls areallowed to give up.12
Conference Session
Minorities in Engineering Division Technical Session 7
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jinny Rhee, San Jose State University; Camille Johnson, San Jose State University; Clifton M. Oyamot Jr., San Jose State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Minorities in Engineering
that thesense of belonging in women students is consistently higher in departments where they arerepresented in higher numbers9. At Arizona State University, the long-term effects to a suite ofstrategies designed to increase sense of belonging were found to be an increase in retention from0.9% per year to 1.6% per year in their undergraduate engineering cohorts from 1998 to 201310.Four areas were identified at the University of Washington as being important to thedevelopment of community and belonging of ethnic minority students: co-curricular activities,peer support, faculty/department support, and residence programs. They found that supportmechanisms changed with time and responsive strategies should reflect that11. Sophomore andjunior level