Conference Session

Mechatronics and Robotics II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Luis Alberto Rodriguez, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Michael D. Cook, Milwaukee School of Engineering; William C Farrow, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

SystemAbstractAffordable computing power and open source hardware have provided many opportunities toenhance STEM education for students. Consequently, numerous electronic retailers offer a diversearray of electronic or educational kits, however without a structured pedagogical framework,students without any prior experience simply learn how to interact with individual componentsand miss out on how they can be integrated into a system. In this paper, we present our experiencein implementing a freshman mechanical engineering course focused on the following mainobjectives: 1) promoting a computation mindset, 2) providing opportunities to develop essentialtroubleshooting skills of hardware and software programs, 3) encouraging programmingmultilingualism and 4

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum and Course Development

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Chris A. O'Riordan-Adjah, Wake Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. The goals were: (1) to engage undergraduatestudents in the self-initiative research process; (2) to demonstrate how what they are studyingand learning can be put to practical use; and (3) to teach the students the value of their chosenfield and how it benefits society. It should be further emphasized that the “nuts and bolts”specifics of the project, though important, were not the primary objective; learning the value ofteamwork, prioritization, time management and communication was.In picking a research topic, the students were asked to identify areas where unmanned aerialvehicles (drones) have been underused or totally unexploited, and to select one for furtherdetailed analysis. Unlike typical research projects, where the potential areas of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Experiences

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jacob Murray, Washington State University, Everett; Lucrezia Cuen Paxson, Washington State University, Everett; Soobin Seo, Washington State University, Everett; Mark Beattie, Washington State University, Everett

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, increased confidence, and cohesionamong disciplines. The results of this paper will inform and guide engineering educators increating interdisciplinary project-based coursework that meets the growing demands of theworkplace of today and the future.Keywords— Interdisciplinary, multi-disciplinary, engineering, communication, business,STEM, STEM communication, merged coursework, transformative educational experience,project-based learning, intellectual dexterityIntroductionWe have entered what is being referred to as the 4th Industrial Revolution [1]. Like the threeprevious revolutions, the 4th Industrial Revolution of cyber-physical systems, which are built ondigital technologies and the internet, is a disrupter. We are already seeing the impact of

Conference Session

Mechatronics and Robotics I

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Brandon Miles Gardner, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore ; Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Jesu Raj Pandya, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Rakesh Joshi, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Fredrick Landon Bickle, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Mark E. Williams, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

chosen water body. This projecthas allowed for the development of multidisciplinary research and experiential learning frameworkto engage students at UMES within and outside the classroom. Many different components ofengineering design, environmental sciences, and other related fields are integral to this project. Anoverview of the design challenges and accomplishments of the team are provided in this work.Introduction:STRIDER project has been ongoing at UMES in collaboration with USDA EMFS Laboratoryscientists and staff since 2014 and has provided a platform for experiential learning, research, andengineering design with the overarching goal of semi-autonomous sampling and water qualitymeasurements in relevant water bodies [1, 2]. The design

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

year. IMPaCT began as an adaptation of PurdueÓu"jkijn{"uweeguuhwn"EPICS (Engineering Projects in Community Service). The EPICS program was initiated in thefall of 1995 with NSF funding and has been hugely successful.1 In surveys of 1078 students whojcxg"rctvkekrcvgf"kp"vjg"rtqitco.":6'"qh"vjg"uvwfgpvu"tcvgf"vjg"rtqitco"cu"cp"qxgtcnn"ÐCÑ"qt"ÐDÑ"on a letter grade scale. The students rated such areas as how much the program helped theircommunication skills, ability to work on a team and understanding the design process, alongwith several other categories. The program has won several awards including the 1997 ASEEChester F. Carlson award for Innovation in Engineering Education. Also, Iowa State, NotreDame, Georgia Tech, Case Western, Penn State

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Tovia, Philadelphia University; Muthu Govindaraj, Philadelphia University; David Brookstein, Philadelphia University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. Furthermore, two new programs,Architectural Engineering and a dual degree program in Environmental Engineering/B.S.Chemistry (environmental science) will be offered beginning fall 2007.To accomplish the above the School of Engineering and Textiles developed a five-year strategicplan around three major initiatives: 1) Recruitment and retention strategies oriented to attract,recruit and retain ultimately a diverse student body of 300 engineering students, 2) an integratedfirst two year engineering curriculum that emphasizes unity of knowledge across disciplines andpromotes engineering as both a profession and service to humanity, and 3) preparing students tobe life-long learners by developing student-centered learning communities enhanced by a state-of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lionel Craddock, Bluefield State College; Daphne Rainey, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Susan Faulkner, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Frank Hart, Bluefield State College; Martha Eborall, Bluefield State College; Lewis Foster, Bluefield State College; Stephen Cammer, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Betsy Tretola, Virginia Tech; Bruno Sobral, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Oswald Crasta, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Bruce Mutter, Bluefield State College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Page 12.479.5close contact with VBI researchers throughout the course. Near the end of the course, BSCstudents made a visit to the VBI facilities for a tour and discussion of course progress. Thus, theproject required team collaboration and consultation between and BSC faculty and VBIresearchers. For delivery of the learning modules BSC emphasized: (1) introduction to thescenario, (2) introduction to the multiple disciplines, (3) development of strategies, and (4)implementations and conclusions. The first two steps were conducted in the classroom andonline, while the last two were conducted jointly between BSC and VBI. At VBI the CI- TEAMprovided hands-on workshops for BSC faculty and allowed for student discussions with expertsin the

Conference Session

Capstone Design & Project Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Smith, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Tracy N Schierenbeck, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Linda McCloskey, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

professional staff at the Archer Center for StudentLeadership Development, the two 1-credit experiences (Professional Development I—PD-1and Professional Development III—PD-3, respectively) have become an indispensable part ofthe engineering educational experience of our students. A third part of this experience(Professional Development II—PD-2) is taught independently by faculty from the School ofHumanities and Social Sciences. Development began in the mid 1990s, and starting with theClass of 2001, these courses have been taken by all engineering students. The present paperdescribes our experiences in developing this experience and incorporating it into the curriculum,the assessment process that has been used to redesign the curricular content on a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

April Kedrowicz, University of Utah; Bob Nelson, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

teami For an exception, see Seat, E. and Lord, S. M., “Enabling Effective Engineering Teams: A Program for Teaching Page 12.564.2Interaction Skills,” Journal of Engineering Education, Oct. 1999, pp. 385-390.pedagogy) is that students find themselves in patterns of unproductive team communication thatcan lead to conflicts. What is more, they may be ill-equipped to manage or resolve thoseresulting conflicts, and thus find themselves inadequately prepared to handle team issues in theworkplace.1-2The Department of Mechanical Engineering at a large Western University recently adopted aformalized, integrated communication and engineering

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Catherine Skokan, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Heidi Barker, Regis University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

!∀∀# ∃ % & ∋( ∃ ) + , % + + % & − %& . % & ∋/ 0 ) 1 2 ∋3 ) 1 2 ∋4( ) 1 + 2% + + + %( + % 5 + 1 6# 7∀ !7 7∀2 , + %0 0 !∀∀6 ∋ )6 8 % + 69#:!% + ; ∋ < ) + %&

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahmoud Quweider, University of Texas-Brownsville; Juan Iglesias, University of Texas-Brownsville; Amajd Zaim, University of Texas-Brownsville

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

bring major concepts in Science, Mathematics, Physics and Computer Sciencetogether in a game-centric action-based project. The game consists of many modules, but we, asa first stage effort, specifically target the game modules which relate to the following:1. Mathematics and Physics a. Relation to vector analysis, probability, transformations, integration and differentiation, physics motion equations, exponential and doubly exponential functions used in fogging. b. Matrix operations for basic translation, rotation, and scaling.2. Computer Science a. Object Oriented Programming (OOP) i. Classes and objects as game components b. Data structures used in maintaining players information and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Hansberry, Northeastern University; Jennifer Love, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

today’s engineers at themultidisciplinary level. Literacy in graphics includes the ability to read the graphics dialectacross the engineering disciplines, create drawings as they are applied in the field includinginstrument and computer drawings, and to transfer mental images to a graphic design, which isthe beginning of the creative design process.IntroductionThe Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) sets the criteria for a broadbased engineering graphics program to include: “an ability to function on multi-disciplinaryteams”; “an ability to communicate effectively”; and “an ability to use the techniques, skills andmodern scientific and technical tools necessary for professional practice”.1 A multidisciplinarygraphics program

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Crockett, California Polytechnic State University; Jon Whited, St. Jude Medical; Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

establishing a new program and department, we approached industry sponsorship froma broader perspective than the traditional dollar-based definition. We see industry as providingan enabling set of resources for a growing curricular program: a source of truly multidisciplinaryproject topics, technical mentors, and supporting infrastructure that expose engineering students,working in teams across multiple disciplines, to meaningful, real-world challenges.PBL has been defined as “learning which results from the process of working towards theunderstanding of, or resolution of, a problem.”1 PBL has been an extremely successful model formedical education: over 80% of medical schools currently use some form of Problem-BasedLearning2. Although primarily

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Kander, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

and, if feasible, to propose a type of program that will meetcurrent and future workplace needs for more qualified engineers, contribute to the overallacademic offerings of the university and the state, and attract additional qualified studentsinterested in science, technology, engineering, and math to the university.The task force established an aggressive timeline (Table 1) that took the group from concept toimplementation in little more than two years. In that time period, many external and internalsources of information were reviewed and considered in the design of the new program. Page 13.262.2 Table 1: Program Planning and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zachary Gutierrez, University of Wyoming; Charles Dolan, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

levels of cognitive reasoning: knowledge,comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. These are summarized inAppendix I. Each problem is developed to require students to apply concepts (Bloom’sTaxonomy level 3) and to analyze results (Bloom’s Taxonomy level 4). Each student’s submittalis evaluated and assigned a Learning Score between 1 and 6 roughly correlating to Bloom’sTaxonomy levels. The average Learning Score for a class should be between 3 and 4 the firsttime students are exposed to a problem. Over a longitudinal exposure to multiple problems, theLearning Scores would be expected to rise. In addition to Learning Scores, each problem isidentified with one or more of the ABET a-k outcomes4. Learning Scores in combination

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Dolan, University of Wyoming; Ovid Plumb, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

within a major. For example, civil engineers may require students usestructural and geotechnical skills in their project. The use of “interdisciplinary” in this paper isto suggest that a wide range of engineering studies are engaged in the program.In 2001 the University of Wyoming appointed the first permanent H. T. Person Professordedicated to improving undergraduate education. One objective for this professorship was toenhance engineering design activities into the college curriculum. The first three years werespent introducing design projects into the freshman Introduction to Engineering class. Once thefreshman program was established, the operation of the program transferred to other full timefaculty.1 In 2005 attention shifted to

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Rabb; David Chang, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Engineering.Presently about 80% of the students taking the course are Mechanical Engineering students and20% are Electrical Engineering Students. Table 1 below correlates sample electrical engineeringprogram outcomes to the course content using the following scale:1=No contribution; 2=Small contribution; 3=Average contribution; 4=Large contribution;5=Very large contribution Table 1. Relationship of Course to Electrical Engineering Program Outcome COURSE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROGRAM OUTCOMES DIRECTOR ASSESSMENT 1

Conference Session

Sustainability and Environmental Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Rosentrater, USDA-ARS; Elif Kongar, University of Bridgeport

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

useful to consider what industry is looking for in terms of employees. An onlinesearch reveals that there is definite interest by employers in sustainability issues, especially asthey relate to engineering positions. As shown in Table 1, the keywords “efficiency” and“environmental” appeared most frequently for the search that was conducted. “Sustainability”and “waste byproducts” were part of many job descriptions as well, but at a much lowerfrequency. Table 1. Number of job postings for the given keywords (“Monster.com” search conducted on October 30, 2007). Keyword # Raw Materials 19

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Farison, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

B.S. in Engineering and 1 B.S.in General Engineering) are still operating and accredited. In 2005, ASEE became the leadsociety for the ABET evaluation of multidisciplinary engineering programs (B.S. in Engineeringand three other related titles). At last count, there were 32 accredited B.S.E. programs in theU.S. (plus 3 General Engineering, 17 B.S. in Engineering Physics and 11 B.S. in EngineeringScience programs also under ASEE purview). This paper provides a case study of a currentB.S.E. program, the shortest and most generic of the multidisciplinary engineering programtitles. The B.S.E. program at Baylor University was first accredited in 1988-89 and has servedand continues to serve effectively in multiple roles for our institution since

Conference Session

Sustainability and Environmental Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

P. Paxton Marshall, University of Virginia; Farhad Omar, University of Virginia; Alexander Hydrogen Martin, University of Virginia; James Durand, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

barge will not be operated in the winter. In designing an electrical system that relies on intermittent sources such as solarand wind it is essential to understand the load requirements of the barge. Any appliancethat is connected to an electrical circuit and consumes power is defined as a load. Todetermine the maximum power consumption on the barge we can add the total wattageconsumed by each individual load. The following table shows a summary of the loadsonboard the barge and their respective wattage. Components Watt / item Instantaneous Power (Loads) Quantity (Watt) (Quantity * Watt/item) (Watts) Navigation Light 1

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Darryl Morrell, Arizona State University; Mark Henderson, Arizona State University; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University; Robert Hinks, Arizona State University; Robert Grondin, Arizona State University; Thomas Sugar, Arizona State University; Chen-Yuan Kuo, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

to create the student outcomes with input from students,faculty, and industry. Important influences on the outcomes structure are attributed to Perry's2model of intellectual development that spans nine stages of student progression and to theassessment approach at Alverno College3,4. Table 1 shows the program student outcomes andfour developmental levels associated with each outcome.The outcomes reflect the developmental nature of student growth as they progress through thecurriculum. Instead of viewing outcomes as subjects covered in one or two courses, we viewoutcomes as incrementally developed over the entire engineering learning experience. Eachoutcome has four associated developmental levels describing student progress in achieving

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harvey Palmer, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

thecourse sequence high praise for exposing them to business-related issues of which they weretotally unaware, and providing meaningful perspectives on these issues. Students also give highpraise for a signature element of the honors curriculum: the week-long domestic andinternational “field trips” that the class takes with their faculty mentors. The integration of thesetrips into the curriculum is illustrated in the following table.Table 1. Curricular structure of the college-centric elements of the honors program for thehonors students in the Kate Gleason College. Fall Quarter Winter Quarter Spring Break Spring Quarter 1 credit: Product 0 credit

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Engineering to take classes in advance to be a definite part of the program. Thispaper will address the main issues as to how we go about teaching technology and engineeringappreciation to non-engineering students.IntroductionThe need for more technological literacy is one of the major items on today’s nationaleducational agenda.1-4 This is a task that has been nationally advertised by many educational,political, social, and international organizations. Technological literacy is a strong component ofthe success of nations in the future. The global need for more understanding of technology,technology trends, and technological development is seen by all governments as well ashumanitarian and cultural organizations.1,2In the United States, a fundamental

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Forouzan Golshani, Wright State University; Michele Wheatly, Wright State University; Mary Ellen Bargerhuff, Wright State University; John Flach, Wright State University; Jeffrey Vernooy, Wright State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

, thecurriculum includes a mandatory practicum at one of the partnering organizations, such as thelocal rehabilitation center, the Goodwill/Easter Seals foundation or the county Mental Page 12.72.4Retardation/Developmental Disability facility.Faculty members from the four participating doctoral programs have developed theinterdisciplinary required coursework. The courses are divided into three components: 1)Required core courses within the primary doctoral program; 2) Elective courses and; 3) TheLearning with Disability core courses as outlined below. At least 16 (quarter) hours must becompleted from the LWD menu. This intentionally prescribed program of

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josef Rojter, Victoria University of Tech.

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

disquiet5,6concerning skills and knowledge of engineeringgraduates from Australian universities. The trend towards softer skills can be gauged throughjob advertisements7,8for professional engineers. Since the 1970’s the demand for engineeringskills has undergone a major paradigm shift from one requiring high technical competence toone requiring social and environmental awareness, good oral and written communication aswell as teamwork skills. It is understood that the nature of engineering practice is a multi-disciplinary one. It is world-wise and its context is people.The Australian Science, Technology and Engineering Council identified5 the changinglandscape of engineering practice. The forces responsible for the change were: 1. Global Integration. The

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Chamberlain, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

. Page 13.913.2IntroductionStudent-led international engineering projects can be both exciting and educational.Projects with Engineers Without Borders-USA (EWB-USA) offer the student anexperience that is technically stimulating and immensely rewarding as its impactsbecome realized in the lives of the members of a developing community. EWB-USA is anon-profit humanitarian organization established in the year 2000 to partner withdeveloping communities worldwide in order to improve their quality of life. Thispartnership involves the implementation of sustainable engineering projects, whileinvolving and training internationally responsible engineers and engineering students[1].Engineering projects are initiated by the host community and must be

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Teams

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samantha Jacques; Deepti Suri, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

course/instructor evaluation or from one-on-oneconversations with the student teams. No direct or indirect assessment was undertaken becausethe focus of the improvements were on the collaboration and not on assessing the interaction forABET.Indirect MeasuresBy 2006, the course structure and content had been improved to the point where the focus ofimprovements turned to assessment. As a first attempt, a survey was given to both the SE and BEstudents in the 2006 experience to start an informal assessment on what they thought about thecollaborative experience. To gather this initial baseline data, the BE and SE students were askedto answer questions (enumerated in Table 1) on a Lickert scale of “1” through “5” where “1” wasan indication that they

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Odon Musimbi, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; David Munoz, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

professionals are often perceived by the publicto be concerned with their own personal interests and material goals rather than with the needs ofsociety 1- 4. In other words, the public’s perception of engineering and the goals of engineering asa field are inconsistent. The failure of society to recognize the important contributions ofengineers and the field of engineering to society has been cited as a potential factor that hascontributed to the steady decline in engineering enrollment over the last decade, as well as thepersistent under-representation of women and minorities in the field6.In order to address these concerns, the Engineering Division and the Liberal Arts andInternational Studies Division at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM), with

Conference Session

Capstone Design & Project Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Waldron, Grand Valley State University; Pramod Chaphalkar, Grand Valley State University; Shabbir Choudhuri, Grand Valley State University; John Farris, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

additional motivation for the students to do their best work1.Figures 1-4 show four examples of the dishwasher designs from the winter 2006 semester. Thefirst two designs include rack and pinion systems to move the lower rack out of the dishwasherenclosure. After moving the lower rack out of the enclosure, these two designs raise the lowerrack using an electric cylinder and four arms that raise the rack with spur gears, respectively.The design in Figure 3 uses a scissor mechanism to raise the rack in one fluid motion. The lastdesign (shown in Figure 4) incorporates a four-bar linkage, wheel and track system, and ispowered from below by a ball screw and electric motor. Altogether there were approximately 20different designs last winter, but no

Conference Session

Sustainability & Environmental Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sonya Quinn, University of Limerick; William Gaughran, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

currentimpact on the environment. In the words of Vicomte de Chateaubriand, a Frenchdiplomat and writer “Forests precede civilization, deserts follow them”Design of experimental studyResearch QuestionsA survey of students and teachers in second level schools was designed to answer thefollowing questions: 1. How knowledgeable are students and teachers about environmental problems and solutions 2. What specific issues are best and least understood 3. Does the level of eco-literacy predict attitudes towards the environment? 4. To obtain a snapshot of second level schools thinking to create a baseline before intervention strategies are implementedA short 9-item questionnaire to test environmental knowledge was designed by