Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yue Bi, University of Virginia; Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Michael C. Smith, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

―enhancement of student learning by means of reflection, analysis, anddiplomatic criticism‖. Other benefits include the increased amount of more immediatefeedback12 and the potential of extending learning to a public domain13. More recently, online peer review has become popular. DiGiovanni and Nagaswami14conducted a study on online peer review in two English-as-Second-Language classes andobserved that ―when our students were online, they remained on task and focused‖.According to DiGiovanni and Nagaswami, other advantages, compared to face-to-face peerreview, include closer monitoring of student interaction and independence on students’memory to revise draft based on peer feedback. Effects are not only seen in writing classes;Tseng and Tsai15, in

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo Biswas, Texas A&M International University; Runchang Lin, Texas A&M International University; Ramesh Hanumanthgari, Texas A&M International University; Sri Bala Vojjala

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

Web toenhance students' learning has been recognized, and to this end a pilot web-based system hasbeen developed as an online interactive resource for the teaching and learning of anundergraduate module on Communications within the Department of Electrical Engineering andElectronics. Rüschoff and Ritter[28] discussed the current state of the art with regard to the use ofnew technologies in the classrooms. Lu and Bol[20] found that peer review has becomecommonplace in composition courses and is increasingly employed in the context oftelecommunication technology. The results of their research from both semesters showed thatstudents participating in anonymous e-peer review performed better on the writing performance taskand provided more

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo Biswas, Texas A&M International University; Runchang Lin, Texas A&M International University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

found that incorporating new technologies to establish great relationshipsamong the professor and students are a part of the interactive teaching. Warschauer and Healey30provided an overview of current teaching practices and research related to the uses of computersin the language classroom. Lu and Bol20 found that peer review has become commonplace incomposition courses and the results of their research from both semesters showed that studentsparticipating in anonymous e-peer review performed better on the writing performance task andprovided more critical feedback to their peers than did students participating in the identifiable e-peer review. Lowes et al.19 studied the online professional development courses with thediscussion forums and

Conference Session

Capstone Design Courses and Tools in support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pablo Biswas, Texas A&M International University; Runchang Lin, Texas A&M International University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

and is increasingly employed in the context oftelecommunication technology. The results of their research from both semesters showed thatstudents participating in anonymous e-peer review performed better on the writing performancetask and provided more critical feedback to their peers than did students participating in theidentifiable e-peer review. Lowes et al.[22] studied the online professional development courseswith the discussion forums for teachers and students. Their study described the insights into theeffectiveness of the course design and facilitation and correlated these with participantsatisfaction, and argues for using a combination of methods when studying discussion forums inonline courses. Similar studies are carried out by

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Terri M. Lynch-Caris, Kettering University; Jonathan Weaver, University of Detroit Mercy; Darrell K. Kleinke, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

the importance of developing their professional identity by integrating classroomresources and experiences with work/life applications. In addition, learning is enhanced throughthe preparation of a professional presentation. Critical thinking is encouraged through theassessment of peer presentations. The authors believe that students need to be strong not just atsolving well defined technical problems, but should be able to identify problems worth solving,be able to generate a wide array of possible alternatives to a given design problem, andunderstand the commercialization considerations associated with a given design alternative.The prototype Biomimicry Innovation Tool (BIT) described herein is an attempt to integratethese other aspects

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Joanne Bechta Dugan, University of Virginia; Alexandra Coso Strong, Georgia Institute of Technology; Matthew E. McFarland, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

-LEPpeers on real world projects. Finally, a performance activity will be used to directly observe ifand how LEP students approach systems integration problems differently from their peers.IntroductionEngineering majors at East Central State University are similar to those at other schoolsthroughout the nation – students choose to major in one area and they follow a curriculum that islargely specified but has a few electives of various types sprinkled throughout. The primarycommonalities to all majors are a set of math, physics, chemistry, writing, and technology andsociety courses. With this structure, it is not surprising to learn that students in different majorsdevelop different sets of rigorous technical skills and that these skills do not

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Curriculum and Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

student and their peers (independence). The emphasis in writing is on the process or development of the piece, whereby the student controls the various versions, not the instructor. 4. Use the tools – In languages the best way to learn is to continue to use it. Several tools are taught in systems engineering classes. The best way to learn and retain them is to use them. Again, the instructor is there pointing the way, and the student has to gather up the courage to go places theretofore unknown. They learn how to think about the engineering tools not from memorized rules, but through their use.ArtsThere are many activities that are used with art appreciation/visual art classes to engage studentsin active and

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Stansbury, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Massood Towhidnejad, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Jayson F. Clifford; Michael P. Dop, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

planning.Stand-up MeetingsStandup meetings are common across the majority of agile processes encountered. Each workday, before work begins, a standup meetings occurs; first, between the members of eachindividual team leads followed by a standup meeting between the team leads and faculty mentors(if present).A standup meeting should involve the participants standing. They are more prone to focus andkeeps them away from computers and other distractions. A standup meeting should last between5 to 10 minutes. Its primary goal is to boost accountability and awareness between the teammembers. Students are asked to face their peers and honestly discuss the progress made. Thisshould be conducted under some level of personal safety such that participants should be

Conference Session

A Systems-Thinking Approach to Solving Problems

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald C. Rosenberg, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

competitive peer comparisons.The self-assessment report data provided documented evidence of significant growth in oralcommunication skills for almost every student. Furthermore, the data provided insight into waysfor the instructors to improve the students’ experiences in subsequent course offerings.Introduction: course context and goals for student learningThe recent impetus to rethink our national policy for engineering education originated with theNational Academy for Engineering report Educating the Engineer of 2020.1 As Redish andSmith expressed it: “The increasing importance of technology in our modern economic systemand the increased globalization of scientific and technological ideas, development, andproduction have focused national

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

S. Gary Teng, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

leadership and collaborations is emphasized during their project work. In additionto the technical part of project tasks, students also need to work on their skills for leadership,project management, communications, and collaborations.The project requirement calls for all students to present at least once or twice among threerequired team presentations. Students evaluate other team’s presentations, and perform peerevaluations on their own teammates’ contribution to their project. Peer reviews done at proposaland progress report milestones include providing each team member’s percentage of contributionto the project work to date. Peer review at the final report milestone includes a seven categorycomprehensive evaluation of all project team members

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 1: Course Design & SE Competencies

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachana Ashok Gupta, North Carolina State University; Greg A. Dunko, NantHealth

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

comprehensive understanding of the specific needs ofthe customer and sponsors/stakeholders. Solution to this struggle is not addressed in theseSystem Engineering resources. Several of these resources cannot be taught in a few lecturesessions or exercised as in-class activities. Based on our survey, 80 to 90 % of students face thisproblem irrespective of the available resources. The novelty of the 4-step method/approachintroduced in this paper is the logical breakdown of the required steps for defining productrequirements into simple questions and tasks, which can be quickly incorporated as in-classworkshops, peer review exercises, case studies of previous projects and/or sponsor meetings.Moreover, the method tasks and questions can be applied to a wide

Conference Session

Integrating Systems Engineering into the Capstone Project

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred J. Looft, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

engineering students aware of the role of their professions in society. The importance of such an understanding has been reinforced by the ABET Engineering Criteria 2000, which require that engineering programs demonstrate that their graduates have "the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global societal context."  The IQP is by design interdisciplinary. Students obtain practice in dealing with unstructured, open-ended, interdisciplinary problems, opportunities to work independently with peers and extensive experience in writing about previously unfamiliar concepts utilizing new terminology.The second project is completed in the fourth year of study and for engineering majors

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Learning Outcomes and Assessment

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kamran Iqbal, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Gary T. Anderson, University of Arkansas, Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

student outcome were met, but were within 3% of beingunsatisfactory. Table 1: Assessment instruments used to assess student outcomes Assessment Instrument Student Outcomes Assessed a b c d e f g h i j k Homework Problems x x x x x x x Exams x x x x x Capstone Project Assessment x x Peer Evaluations x Video and Exam x Capstone Reports x x x x x

Conference Session

Instructional Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Naveen Seth, New Community College at CUNY; Donald P. O'Keefe, Farmingdale State College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

a real-world frameworkfor classroom concepts and building students’ research and writing skills, such practicesreinforce business related professional skills such as communication (as recommended by theIACBE4, 2011).A few semesters back, one of the authors used these ideas in one section as a projectmanagement assignment and gave more artificially constructed, abstract assignments to studentsin another section. The degree of student engagement and quality of assignments were markedlyhigher in the section where students were able to tie what they were learning in class to what washappening in the world outside. In other respects, the class requirements were identical—otherassignments, exams etc.—and students fared equally well on those

Conference Session

Capstone Design Projects and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tim L. Brower, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

water tower apparatus must be easily drainable 7 Power input must be typical 110 V 8 Device must be fully automatedEach team was allocated a role and a set of responsibilities, viz: 1) Integrating Contractor Team a. Acts as the Project Manager for the project b. Acts as budget officer c. Assures an adequate amount of energy available and characterizes flow d. Determines timeline, tracks progress e. Assembles integration specifications from each team f. Writes final report 2) Sensor Design Team a. Responsible for sensor, pump, & shut-off system specification and design b. Computer interface and readout, coding and formatting c

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Education and K-12

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eva Andrijcic, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

to the newspaper articles on the nuclear crisis16-18, and they either confirmedtheir initial suggestions on how to improve the risk communication process addressed in thearticles, or they refined them with more sophisticated ideas learned from the summary sheets.Lesson 6 was a summary session in which students presented their group projects to an audienceof peers and teachers. Students were broken into groups of four and required to present an Page 25.675.5original project of their choosing that integrated some of the concepts and models that they
learned in class. While students were given the liberty to choose a problem of their liking

Conference Session

Pedagogical Advancements in Engineering Management

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

of ASME, SIAM, ASEE, and AGU. He is actively involved in CELT activities and regularly participates and presents at the Lilly Conference. He has been the recipient of several Faculty Learning Community awards. He is also very active in assessment activities and has presented more than thirty five papers at various assessment institutes. His posters in the areas of assessment, Bloom’s Taxonomy, and Socratic Inquisition have received widespread acclaim from several scholars in the area of cogni- tive science and educational methodologies. He has received the Assessment of Critical Thinking Award twice and is currently working towards incorporating writing assignments that enhance students’ critical thinking

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith G. Sheppard, Stevens Institute of Technology; John A Nastasi, Stevens Institute of Technology; Eirik Hole, Stevens Institute of Technology; Peter L. Russell, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

for undergraduates)in the academic year before the capstone project. This is to obtain buy-in from the appropriatefaculty mentors and allow them to socialize it with their students. This way the team can largelybe in place and know what to expect before the end of the spring semester. This would reducethe 2-4 week “ramp-up” time resulting from different schedules and team assignment practices indifferent engineering programs.It took longer than expected for the students to leave the comfort of their own discipline andinteract in an interdisciplinary way with their peers to develop a thorough understanding of thechallenge at hand and develop conceptual solution alternatives at the system level. We have alsohad challenges in aligning the

Conference Session

Integrating Systems Engineering into the Capstone Project

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Armand Joseph Chaput, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

mission simulation. The semester ends withpresentation of competitive team proposals at an Alternate System Concept Review (ASCR) andsubmittal of substantiating design and SE documentation. Down-select is based 50/50 onpresentation and design documentation quality including SE related topics such as requirementcompliance and decision documentation and implementation. Student grades are based onindividual student exam and project grades combined with individual shares of team gradesbased on team peer evaluations of individual student contributions. Figure 2: ASCR reviewers include the instructional staff and local industry/former students who evaluate proposal briefings to defined exit criteriaAt the beginning of the 2nd semester

Conference Session

Programs in Support of Systems Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan K Donohue, University of Virginia; Ali Bouabid, Khalifa University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

its share of controversy. There is no argument that traffic volume on US 29, a main north-south artery, is far beyond capacity; the arguments revolve around proposed solutions, their impacts, and costs. We research the main problem and related issues and perform an analysis similar to the one for the Community Water Plan.Because of the writing-intensive nature of the course, second-year standing became a pre-requisite for the second offering of the course. This change ensured that students would havehad the PVCC English Composition sequence before the class. Students who had not completedthis sequence had some issues completing the case studies, and we wanted to support studentsuccess in this course as well as

Conference Session

Student Development and Assessment in IE Programs

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yaseen Mahmud, Morgan State University; Masud Salimian, Morgan State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

extend them to realworld problems. Since assessment of student development in three of the above four categoriesis not an easy task, the majority of schools[6] that offer OR courses have their main focus on theimplementation of the third item (developing operational skills).Based on that, students learn how to perform the simplex method, its iterations, write the dualproblem, and perform sensitivity analysis with or without the use of software. An instructorspends many hours trying to teach the procedural steps which are tedious, repetitive, and requirecareful attention to the details, but it is easy to learn.The concepts, on the other hand, require a higher learning mechanism and instructorstraditionally find insufficient time for such

Conference Session

Research Projects, Course Development, and Industry Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John W Pritchard, Iowa State University; Mani Mina, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

-day electronic devices. Page 25.688.4Common, low-cost devices that are simple to operate were chosen as the focus of the systems-level thinking activities. Students would make general observations about the device, thendisassemble it, discover how it works, and in some cases reverse engineer it. It was stressed thatprevious knowledge of electrical components was not required which made it easier for studentsto write a systems level diagram.Specifically, labs involved the use of a solar powered garden lamp and a disposable camera asthe focus of the systems-level thinking activities. For example, when discovering the disposablecamera, the

Conference Session

Instructional Design

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K.J. Rogers, University of Texas, Arlington; Melanie L. Sattler, University of Texas, Arlington; Andrea M. Graham, University of Texas, Arlington; Stephen P. Mattingly, University of Texas, Arlington

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Industrial Engineering, Systems Engineering

AC 2012-4103: ”LIFE CYCLE SUSTAINABILITY ECONOMICS” MOD-ULEDr. K.J. Rogers, University of Texas, ArlingtonDr. Melanie L. Sattler, University of Texas, Arlington Melanie Sattler serves as an Associate Professor at the University of Texas, Arlington, where she teaches courses and conducts research related to air quality and sustainable energy. Her research has been spon- sored by the National Science Foundation, Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, Luminant Power, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. She has published more than 60 peer- reviewed papers and conference proceedings. In 2010, she received UT Arlington’s Lockheed Martin Excellence in Engineering Education Award. She is a registered

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curriculum, Part I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Guerra, NASA Headquarters; Wallace T. Fowler, University of Texas, Austin; Martin James Brennan, University of Texas, Austin, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

twice per week basis. Thecourse modules developed for the SSED course are Introduction, Teamwork, Project Life Cycle,Scope and Concept of Operations, System Architecture, System Hierarchy and Work BreakdownStructure, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Requirements–Basics, Requirements–Writing,Requirements-Configuration and CM, Functional Analysis, System Synthesis, Design,Interfaces, Margins, Technical Performance Measures, Cost, Risk, Technology, Trade Studies,Reliability, Verification, Technical Reviews, Schedule, Management, and Ethics. All modulesare available to the students on the course website and remain available to them in the capstonedesign course.Space Systems Laboratory (SSL) The SSL is a one semester-credit-hour laboratory course

Conference Session

Research Projects, Course Development, and Industry Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Bodenhamer, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Ivan G. Guardiola, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Steven Michael Corns; Cihan H. Dagli, Missouri University of Science & Technology

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

deliverables outlined in Table 2. Page 25.1382.4Table 1: Systems Engineering 368 Student TasksTopic Students Tasks and DeliverablesTopic Students Tasks and DeliverablesRequirements / Technical  Extract top level requirements from statement of need and stakeholder Performance Measures interviews.  Write succinct, quality requirements that in addition to functional needs address regulatory, health & safety, and non-functional needs.  Perform requirement analysis  Manage

Conference Session

Research Projects, Course Development, and Industry Issues

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wolter J. Fabrycky PE P.E., Virginia Tech and Academic Applications International

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

.3. Demonstrate professionalism. Grow professionally through continued learning and involvement in professional activities. Contribute to the growth of the profession. Contribute to society through ethical and responsible behavior.4. Communicate (read, write, speak, listen, and illustrate) effectively in oral, written, and newly developing modes and media, especially with stakeholders and colleagues.Outcomes from GRCSE are statements about the competencies possessed by a graduate uponcompletion of the program. Ideally, outcomes are derived from objectives. Graduates of amaster’s program that aligns with the GRCSE recommendations will achieve a specified list of13 outcomes. These are reminiscent of the outcomes character of

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Learning Outcomes and Assessment

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peizhu Zhang, Stevens Institute of Technology; Douglas A. Bodner, Georgia Institute of Technology; Richard Glenn Turner, Stevens Institute of Technology; Ross David Arnold, Stevens Institute of Technology; Jon Patrick Wade, Stevens Institute of Technology (School of Systems & Enterprises)

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

of program elements (via testing/tuning)  Develop artifacts to be populated with simulation output to provide learner insight into current and previous program status  Develop non-player characters and state-based dialog whereby the learner can query the NPCs to discover additional information (or be distracted by inconsequential minutia).  Embed challenges and landmines into simulation models and NPC dialog.  Develop/write desired artifacts (e.g., program background material, learner decision/recommendation forms, etc.).  Write scripted feedback to learner based on alternate learner decisions, linked to program outcomes  Integrate artifacts, simulation models, NPC dialogs, and learner

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Madeleine C Brannon, George Washington University ; Zoe Szajnfarber; Thomas Andrew Mazzuchi, George Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Engineering course forfirst semester freshman at George Washington University. Herein is described the planning andimplementation of the course, the student feedback, and the lessons learned.II. Curriculum DesignIn planning for the course, a review of what peer universities were attempting was conducted. Alist published by INCOSE in July 2013 of the Systems Engineering programs was used to deriveprograms for undergraduate students. Several universities were contacted from the INCOSE list,Table 1 represents the information obtained from these universities on methodologies. Inaddition to the responses below, 6 universities reported that they did not have an introduction toSystems Engineering course. The list is by no means comprehensive but gives a

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University; Michael A. Swartwout, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Paper ID #12760Systems Engineering Entrepreneurship Modules Across Aerospace Engineer-ing CurriculumDr. Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng. Dr. Sanjay Jayaram is an associate professor in the Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Department of Saint Louis University. He obtained his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from University of Central Florida in 2004. He teaches control systems/mechatronics, space systems engineering and astronautics related courses as well as engineering sciences courses. He has published several peer reviewed journal and conference papers in these areas. His research areas

Conference Session

SE Capstone Design Projects, Part II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radu F. Babiceanu, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Daniel Rucker, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Hussain M Al-Rizzo, University of Arkansas, Little Rock; Seshadri Mohan, University of Arkansas, Little Rock

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering, Systems Engineering

academic achievements he won the nomination by the University of New Brunswick as the best doctoral graduate in science and engineering. Since 2000, he joined the Systems Engineering Department, Uni- versity Arkansas at Little Rock where he is currently a tenured Professor. He has published over 35 peer- reviewed journal papers, 70 conference presentations, and two patents. He won the UALR’ excellence awards in teaching and research in 2007 and 2009, respectively. His research areas include implantable antennass and wireless systems, smart antennas, WLAN deployment and load balancing, electromagnetic wave scattering by complex objects, design, modeling and testing of high-power microwave applicators, design and analysis